by Chung-Kwong Wong. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Includes bibliographies. / Title Page / Dedication / Table of Contents --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.ix / List of Pictures and Figure --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xiv / Acknowledgements --- p.xviii / Statement of Originality --- p.xxi / Chapter PART I --- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUNDS TO THE STUDY / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS --- p.2 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- CHILD PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES --- p.7 / "Definition of ""Caseness""" --- p.7 / Classification of Specific Psychiatric Syndromes --- p.9 / Sampling --- p.12 / Sources of Information --- p.13 / Data Acquisition Through Questionnaires --- p.16 / Data Acquisition Through Interviews --- p.17 / The Multi-stage and the Multi-method Approach --- p.19 / Statistical Presentations --- p.20 / Summary --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- PREVALENCE OF CHILD PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY： A CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE --- p.22 / Some Earlier and More Problematic Studies --- p.22 / Some Earlier and Better Designed Studies --- p.24 / Chapter (1) --- The Buffalo Study (U.S.) --- p.24 / Chapter (2) --- The Isle of Wight and London Studies (U.K.) --- p.25 / Chapter (3) --- The Newcastle Studies (U.K.) --- p.26 / More Recent Studies --- p.28 / Chapter (1) --- The Ontario Child Health Study (Canada) --- p.28 / Chapter (2) --- The Queensland Study (Australia) --- p.29 / Chapter (3) --- The Dunedin Study (New Zealand) --- p.29 / Chapter (4) --- The North Troendelag County Study (Norway) --- p.31 / Chapter (5) --- The Puerto Rico Study (U.S.) --- p.32 / Chapter (6) --- Other Studies --- p.33 / Summary --- p.34 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- THE PURSUIT OF AETIOLOGICAL FACTORS --- p.35 / The Search for Aetiological Factors - General Conceptual Issues --- p.35 / The Search for Aetiological Factors ´ؤ General Methodological Issues --- p.41 / Normal and Psychiatrically Disturbed Children 一 a Comparison of Their Families --- p.42 / The Search for Aetiological Factors - the Life Event Approach --- p.45 / Summary --- p.48 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- THE PREVALENCE OF PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY AMONG CHINESE CHILDREN --- p.50 / Psychiatric Morbidity among Chinese Children --- p.50 / Summary --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- CHILD PSYCHIATRY IN HONG KONG: HISTORICAL AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES --- p.55 / A Historical Perspective of Child Psychiatry in Hong Kong --- p.55 / The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit at The Prince of Wales Hospital --- p.58 / Chapter (1) --- Clinical Practice --- p.60 / Chapter (2) --- Undergraduate Teaching --- p.66 / Chapter (3) --- Postgraduate Training and Training of Other Professional Disciplines --- p.67 / Chapter (4) --- Research --- p.67 / Summary --- p.68 / Chapter PART II --- THE STUDY: PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY AMONG CHILDREN FROM A PRIMARY SCHOOL IN A LOWER MIDDLE SOCIAL CLASS AREA IN HONG KONG / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN --- "THE STUDY: THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESES, THE SAMPLE AND THE METHOD" --- p.70 / The Research Hypotheses --- p.70 / Description of the Sample --- p.71 / The First Stage of the Study --- p.73 / Chapter (1) --- The Design of the Multiple Criterion Screening Procedures --- p.69 / Chapter (2) --- The Individual Components of the Multi-component Scale --- p.78 / Chapter (3) --- The Cut-off Point on the Aggregate Score of the Multi-component Scale --- p.81 / Chapter (4) --- The Specific Probing Questions --- p.82 / Chapter (5) --- Missing Cases --- p.83 / The Second Stage of the Study --- p.84 / Chapter (1) --- The Second Stage Sample --- p.84 / Chapter (2) --- The Diagnostic Interview --- p.84 / The Third Stage of the Study --- p.86 / Chapter (1) --- The Third Stage Sample --- p.86 / Chapter (2) --- Interview by Medical Students --- p.86 / Aspects of Diagnosis --- p.87 / An Appraisal of the Method --- p.87 / Summary --- p.88 / Chapter CHAPTER EIGHT --- ASSESSMENT OF THE SCREENING PROCEDURES --- p.89 / "Definition of ""Caseness""" --- p.89 / An Overall Evaluation of the Screening Procedures --- p.90 / An Evaluation of the Individual Components of the Screening Procedures --- p.95 / Constructing Simplified Screening Procedures --- p.104 / Discussion --- p.108 / Chapter (1) --- An Overall Appraisal of the Performance of the Screening Procedures --- p.108 / Chapter (2) --- A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Screening Procedures --- p.109 / Chapter (3) --- Simplified Alternatives of the Screening Procedures --- p.112 / Chapter (4) --- Alternative Research Approaches to Designing Child Psychiatric Screening Procedures for Hongkong --- p.113 / Summary --- p.114 / Chapter CHAPTER NINE --- THE PREVALENCE OF PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY --- p.116 / Aspects of Diagnosis --- p.117 / Chapter (1) --- Classification of Specific Psychiatric Syndromes --- p.117 / Chapter (2) --- The Level of Adaptive Functioning --- p.121 / Chapter (3) --- The Duration of Morbidity --- p.122 / Calculation of Prevalence Rates and Confidence Limits --- p.123 / Prevalence Rates of Specific Psychiatric Syndromes --- p.125 / Discussion --- p.131 / Chapter (1) --- An Appraisal of the Method --- p.131 / Chapter (2) --- The Cross´ؤCultural Similarities --- p.135 / Chapter (3) --- The Controversial Case of the Hyperkinetic Syndromes --- p.137 / Chapter (4) --- The Cross-Cultural Differences --- p.139 / Chapter (5) --- The Subclinical Cases: Implications for Preventive Psychiatry --- p.140 / Chapter (6) --- Representativeness of the Sample and the Generalizability of the Results --- p.141 / Summary --- p.142 / Chapter CHAPTER TEN --- ASSOCIATED ABNORMAL PSYCHOSOCIAL SITUATIONS --- p.144 / Definitions of the Psychosocial Aetiological Factors --- p.145 / Statistical Approaches --- p.148 / The Psychosocial Aetiological Factors in the Sample --- p.150 / Discussion --- p.162 / Chapter (1) --- An Appraisal of the Method --- p.162 / Chapter (2) --- Abnormal Psychosocial Situations in Emotional Disorder and the Two Conduct Disorders in Boys --- p.166 / Chapter (3) --- Abnormal Psychosocial Situations in Conduct Disorders and the Hyperkinetic Syndromes in Boys --- p.168 / Chapter (4) --- Current Abnormal Psychosocial Situations and Emotional Disorder in Girlsi The Gender Factor --- p.171 / Chapter (5) --- Abnormal Psychosocial Situations and Subclinical Cases --- p.172 / Chapter (6) --- The Chinese Approach to Parenting and Socialization - the Influence of Culture --- p.173 / Summary --- p.175 / Chapter CHAPTER ELEVEN --- IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD PSYCHIATRY IN HONG KONG --- p.177 / Treatment of Psychiatrically Disturbed Children --- p.177 / Prevention --- p.178 / Undergraduate Medical Education --- p.180 / Research --- p.180 / Child and Adolescent Psychiatry as an Independent Subspecialty in Hong Kong --- p.181 / Summary --- p.182 / Chapter CHAPTER TWELVE --- CONCLUSION --- p.184 / Methodology --- p.184 / Salient Aspects of the Results --- p.186 / Implications for the Future --- p.187 / References --- p.189 / Chapter Appendix --- Selected Publications by the Author --- p.215

by Shing Chi Yuen. / Thesis (M.S.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 49-56. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.V / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.vii / Chapter CHAPTER I - --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / The influence of family --- p.1 / Coping responses --- p.7 / Hopelessness --- p.13 / Purpose of the Present Study --- p.18 / Chapter CHAPTER II - --- METHOD --- p.21 / Subjects --- p.21 / Instruments --- p.21 / Procedure --- p.25 / Chapter CHAPTER III - --- RESULTS --- p.26 / "Differences between child psychiatric patients and school children in family relations, hopelessness, and coping responses" --- p.26 / "Interrelationships among family relations, hopelessness, coping responses and emotional disturbance" --- p.29 / "Predictive power of family relations, hopelessness and coping responses in predicting emotional disturbance" --- p.33 / The mediating effect of coping responses --- p.38 / Chapter CHAPTER IV - --- Discussion --- p.41 / REFERENCES --- p.49 / APPENDICES --- p.57

This thesis contributes to the executive dysfunction account of autism by demonstrating that impairments in inhibitory control, an aspect of executive functioning, are partially responsible for deficits in the cooperative play of highfunctioning children with autism (HFA). As past research on whether inhibitory control is impaired in autism has been inconclusive, a meta-analysis of 42 empirical studies (57 effect sizes, total n = 2,256) was conducted, which provided clear evidence for impaired inhibition in HFA children. It was also found that the degree of impairment shown does not vary across measures of inhibition, which has important methodological implications for future research. Two experimental studies were carried out to directly test the link between inhibition and three components of cooperation: reciprocity, accepting the play partner's input, and fairness. In study one, HFA children in primary school and agematched typically-developing (TD) peers were tested on engaging in joint attention, theory of mind (ToM), measures of inhibition, and a cooperative drawing task. The groups did not differ on first-order ToM and joint attention, but HFA participants demonstrated poorer inhibitory control and less cooperative behaviour. Importantly, the degree of impairment in inhibitory control predicted reciprocity and accepting the play partner's input in HFA children. The second experimental study investigated whether poor inhibitory control can explain the well-established discrepancy between moral reasoning and actual sharing behaviour. A sample of HFA and TD children of primary school age completed a moral reasoning interview, inhibitory control tasks, and a Dictator Game. The results showed that while HFA children demonstrated age-typical levels of moral reasoning and sharing, inhibitory control emerged as the most important predictor of sharing behaviour, lending support to the hypothesis that the ability to suppress one's own desires is a prerequisite of acting considerately. The last study comprises a qualitative investigation of TD children's experience of engaging in cooperative play with their sibling who has a diagnosis of HFA. Six children between the ages of 5 and 11 were interviewed, and their reports analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Five themes emerged: poor emotion regulation, restricted interests, and no acceptance of the playmate's contributions reduced the hedonistic value of joint play for the participants, but these were mitigated by appreciation for the HFA sibling's creativity and adjustment to the HFA sibling's behavioural atypicalities. These results can inform the development of support programmes for TD siblings and social skills training for HFA children. Overall, the results of the studies included in this thesis provide evidence that deficits in inhibitory control moderate the relationship between relatively intact social knowledge and impaired social competence in HFA children. This refinement of the executive dysfunction account is a useful building block for an improved multiple-deficit model of the autism phenotype.

Background: The definition of mental illness is characterized by a lack of management regarding mood, thoughts or behavior. It is difficult for the person to cope with everyday duties as well as relationships with other people. The study revealed that the society should take action to prevent social isolation for those with mental illness. The central concepts of care theory is love, learning and well-being, where nurses' conditions and actions create results in the patient. Aim: Describe skills and prerequisites nurses need at the meeting of patients with mental illness. A further aim was to examine the ethical considerations included studies made use of. Method: A descriptive literature study Main result: Nurses feel they do not have skills regarding mental illness. When nurses care for patients with mental illness are often formed stigmatizations regarding these patient groups and care will suffer. That creates difficulties in dealing with situations where patients' mental health problems are preventing optimal care efforts. The nurses felt that the general nursing care was better if the right knowledge and training in mental health raised further. Conclusion: Nurses need increased knowledge and training regarding mental illness in order to have skills and opportunities.

The thesis examines the emergence of anti-psychiatry since the early 1960s, addressing two questions: 1. Why did anti-psychiatry emerge at this time? 2. How influential is anti-psychiatry today? Anti -psychiatry was found not to consist of one identifiable set of' proposals, but a shifting package of views. One factor remains consistent across versions of anti-psychiatry: criticism of medicalisation of mental disorder. Anti-psychiatry emerged during the 1960s for two reasons: a) Psychiatrists had adopted positivistic conceptualisations of human disorder, which reduced psychiatric patients to 'malfunctioning machines'. Anti-psychiatry restored the patient's subjectivity to the centre of psychiatric practice, b) The mid-twentieth century saw the expansion of state planning and a reduced emphasis upon individual liberty. Anti-psychiatry was part of the counter- culture, which criticised the welfare' state as a machine for producing 'normality'/conformity. 1960s Anti -psychiatry was more libertarian than Marxist. By the 1970s, anti-psychiatry divided into two distinct forms: radical psychotherapy and Marxist anti-therapy. Versions of Marxist anti-therapy fail to propose alternatives to therapy which are not themselves therapeutic or paratherapeutic. This problem derives from excessive reliance upon Szasz's libertarian critique which is flawed. Anti-psychiatry is less influential today; having suffered from academic criticism and failed to offer solutions to the problems posed by 'community care’. It competes with critiques which are pro-democracy, rather than anti- medicine. Italian reforms provide one possible model. MIND's mental health campaigns are democratically rather than anti -psychiatrically based. The user movement includes both anti -psychiatry c users and democratically-minded ones". Democratisation of mental health provision is complicated by the continuing need for expert professionals and some compulsory treatment, and by problems inherent within the user movement. However, democracy rather than anti-psychiatry now offers the best basis for political critiques of psychiatry.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Sundsvall : Mittuniversitetet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Dissertation (Ph.D.).--University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at San Antonio, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1997. / "December 1997." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-39). Also available on the Internet.