The purpose of the present descriptive study was to explore the influence of friendship status and running skill on school-age boys' social comparison production. Specifically, the frequency, function, and content of social comparison statements produced before, during, and after a running task were examined. Forty pairs of first and second grade boys were filmed as they: rated their own running ability; rated their classmates' running ability; rated classmates as friends and nonfriends using a sociometric nomination procedure; participated in an interview/timed running task with a partner; and answered a post-race questionnaire. Social comparison statements were identified and coded for content and function from video recordings. Boys primarily liked or loved running, perceived themselves to be "very good" or "excellent" and "very fast" or "fast" runners, and rated friends as being faster runners than nonfriends. Boys made primarily superiority/inferiority statements centered on their running performance and attributes of their performance. No grade differences were found in the frequency, function, and content of children's social comparison statements. While the frequency of social comparison statements did not vary by friendship status, multiple significant differences in social comparison frequency, content, and function were identified when running ability of the comparer, running ability of the comparee, and friendship status were considered together. / A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Family and Child Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2005. / April 28, 2005. / Self-Evaluation Of Ability, Classroom Environment, Achievement Evaluation, Athletic Competence, Performance Evaluation, Social Comparison, Task Performance, Ability Evaluation / Includes bibliographical references. / Christine A. Readdick, Professor Directing Dissertation; Nicholas Mazza, Outside Committee Member; Ronald L. Mullis, Committee Member.

Orientador: Silvio Yasui / Banca: Laura Camargo Macruz Feuerwerker / Banca: Elizabeth Maria Freire de Araujo Lima / Resumo: O presente trabalho consiste em uma narrativa sobre os movimentos, pactuações e (des) articulações presentes na política de saúde mental de uma região, localizada a oeste do Estado de São Paulo, considerando o período que antecede à instituição da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS), pelo Ministério da Saúde, até os dias atuais. Imersa neste campo enquanto pesquisadora, trabalhadora do SUS e participante do Grupo Condutor regional da RAPS, eu disserto sobre as memórias, registros e afetações - minhas e de oito trabalhadoras atuantes neste campo - frente aos desafios na constituição de uma rede de atenção psicossocial regional alinhada com os princípios da Reforma Psiquiátrica. Neste percurso, além das entrevistas com as trabalhadoras e os diários de campo da pesquisadora, foram realizadas análises documentais da legislação que normatiza a atual Política Nacional de Saúde Mental, considerando-se os atravessamentos desta e do cenário atual de precarização das políticas públicas e perdas de direitos sociais na política regional. Com base na cartografia como metodologia de pesquisa, o trabalho visa acompanhar os efeitos da política pública de saúde mental, na microrregião do interior paulista, enquanto política de Estado e enquanto movimentos que produzem política, com suas contradições, disputas e agenciamentos, uma vez que a política é viva, produzindo-se o tempo todo, em todos os espaços / Abstract: This work consists of a narrative with regard to movements, pacts and (dis) articulations present in the mental health policy of a region located to the west of São Paulo State, considering the period before the establishment of the Psychosocial Care Network (RAPS), by the Ministry of Health, to the present day. As a deeply concerned researcher in this field, being a SUS worker and participant of RAPS Regional Conductor Group, I lecture about the memories, records and affectations - of mine and of eight others working in this field - facing the challenges in the constitution of a regional psychosocial care network, aligned with the principles of the Psychiatric Reform. On this course, besides the interviews with the workers and the researcher's field diaries, documentary analyzes of the legislation that regulates the current National Mental Health Policy were performed, considering the overpassing of that legislation and the current scenario of precariousness of public policies and losses of social rights in regional policy. Patterned after cartography as a research methodology, this work is aimed at following the effects of public mental health policy in a micro-region in the countryside of São Paulo state, as a state policy and as movements producing politics, with its contradictions, disputes and negotiantions, since politics is something alive, yielding itself all the time, in all spaces / Mestre

Magister en Psicología, mención Psicología Clínica Infanto Juvenil / La presente investigación cualitativa, estudia los significados de la vivencia depresiva del adolescente, en el curso de su desarrollo. Nuestro objetivo es conocer los significados que adolescentes diagnosticados y tratados por depresión, tienen acerca de su vivencia depresiva, se complementa esta información, con los relatos de sus madres, comprendiendo que ellas poseen información relevante respecto de la gestación y del desarrollo de estos jóvenes, además, ellas son quienes acompañan el ingreso y proceso de intervención, de estos jóvenes a los sistemas de salud. Se trabajó con 5 adolescentes, que están siendo tratados, en el Hospital Psiquiátrico Del Salvador de Valparaíso. Para el análisis se utilizó el método fenomenológico hermenéutico desarrollado por Lindseth & Norberg (2004), basado en el trabajo del filósofo Paul Ricoeur

Introduction: Over the last few decades, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been a major public health problem both globally and in low- to-middle-income countries (LMICs) such as South Africa. Pregnant women and new mothers are particularly vulnerable; and PAE may be associated with adverse child neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, few studies have explored the association of PAE, including risk factors, and subsequent neurodevelopmental trajectories over multiple timepoints in the early years. Given the high burden of PAE and associated risk factors, and the relative paucity of empirical data, further work in South African populations is warranted. This thesis aimed to investigate the association between PAE and early neurodevelopmental outcomes in the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS), a South African birth cohort. The specific objectives included: 1. a systematic review on the available longitudinal studies exploring the impact of PAE on language, speech and communication development (Chapter 3 Manuscript 1); 2. an exploration of the association between PAE and motor, language and cognitive outcomes in infancy (Chapter 4- Manuscript 2); 3. an investigation of the association between PAE, including interactions of tobacco smoking exposure, and the neurodevelopmental trajectories (motor, language and cognitive outcomes) of children across the first 4 years of life (Chapter 5 Manuscript 3); 4. a comparison of the conversational turn-taking between mothers and their alcohol exposed children compared to those between mothers and their unexposed children (Chapter 6 Manuscript 4). Methods: This thesis included four publications, three of which present data from the DCHS. Pregnant women were enrolled from two public primary healthcare clinics, Mbekweni (a predominantly black African population) and TC Newman (a mixed-ancestry population), and more than 1000 mother-child dyads were followed longitudinally from birth through the first 5 years of life. For this study, both antenatal and postnatal maternal measures were used to assess moderate-to-severe levels of PAE. These measures included the (i) Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) antenatally, (ii) a retrospective alcohol questionnaire in the postnatal period at 3-6 weeks and/or 24 months testing age. At 6, 24 and 42 months, early neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using the Bayley-III Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III), the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II) or the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-IV). Conversational turn-taking in mother-child dyads was also assessed at 42 months testing age. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyse the data. Results: The findings of this thesisshowed that PAE was significantly associated with both fine motor (B=-3.30, 95%CI 0.06-0.46, p=0.001) and gross motor scores (B=-0.30, 95%CI 0.06-0.44 p=0.001) at 6 months (Chapter 4 Manuscript 2). Chapter 5 (Manuscript 3) showed that when accounting for the interaction between prenatal alcohol and tobacco smoking exposure, impaired fine motor functioning occurred up till 24 months (B=-12.59, 95%CI -21.98- -3.19, p=0.01), but these effects attenuated by 42 months. Significant interactions occurred between prenatal alcohol, including tobacco smoking exposure, and impaired receptive vocabulary (B=-2.49, 95%CI -5.24 -0.27, p=0.02) and cognitive functioning at 24 months (B=- 3.25, 95%CI -5.98- -0.52, p=0.02) (Chapter 5 Manuscript 3). Finally, when exploring conversational turn-taking in alcohol exposed mother-child dyads and unexposed dyads, PAE was significantly associated with conversational turn-taking i.e. child overlapping utterances (OR=3.25, CI 0.98-10.76, p=0.050) (Chapter 6 Manuscript 4). Conclusion: The associations of PAE with early neurodevelopmental outcomes shown here expand on the previous literature. Our findings reported that PAE may influence early neurodevelopmental outcomes, however, future studies should include additional longitudinal studies to replicate the findings, and ongoing follow-up of our own cohort may continue clarify the potential association of PAE and additional risk factors on later neurodevelopmental outcomes at school age and beyond. Effective alcohol programmes targeting pregnant women and interventions to address child developmental impairments in this vulnerable cohort are required.

There is a large body of research showing that sleep disorders are becoming more prevalent, especially in developing children in the United States. The negative effects of sleep disorders are well researched in adults. One such negative effect is the connection between sleep disorders and mental health disorders. Though this connection is well researched in adults, less is known about the connection between sleep disorders and mental health in developing children. The primary purpose of this paper is to review existing literature on the negative effects of sleep disorders, the causes of sleep disorders in children, and how sleep disorders may affect the mental well-being of developing teenagers in their time of vulnerability.

The location of mental nerve has been extensively studied anatomically and radiographically. This systematic review aims to summarize the common location of mental foramen (MF) as well as its anatomical variation, the accessory mental foramen (AMF). The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were both searched for the available study until Jan 2020. The database search yield 2766 study of which 47 were included in this study according to the inclusion criteria. The study concludes that in general the position of the mental foramen is between area distal to the first premolar root apex and the long axis of the apex of second premolar in 82% to 90% according to panoramic and CBCT studies reported until 2020 respectively. Importantly, AMF incident has been found in 8.3% of the population, according the all of the CBCT studies included in this systematic review.

It was the purpose of this study to investigate some of the factors related to employers' attitudes toward the hiring of a mentally retarded individual. More specifically, an attempt was made to answer the question, "Why do employers hold favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward the hiring of the retarded?"

The design of this experiment was developed to investigate the presence of success-striving and failure-avoidant motivational patterns in the level of aspiration behavior of retarded subjects. The primary objective of this study is to show that success-strivers are present in mentally retarded groups, even if in the minority.

No description available.

Includes abstract. / Includes bibliographical references. / Second generation HIV surveillance surveys that collect biological and behavioural data from populations of interest is urgently needed to demonstrate accountability to domestic and international HIV funders, monitor trends in HIV and risk behaviours over time, and provide evidence of the effectiveness of HIV prevention efforts.