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Yoga and exercise: implications for mental health and hopeMcLeod, Jane Unknown Date
No description available.
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Schizophrenia in Turkey : a meaning-centered study of psychosis, culture and subjectivityRahimi, Sadeq. January 2005 (has links)
This dissertation develops a meaning oriented model of the relationship between culture and the subjective experience of psychosis, by analyzing interviews and other ethnographic data collected over the course of a 12 month fieldwork in Istanbul, Turkey. The theoretic framework for the study is introduced on the basis of detailed discussions of the notion of schizophrenia, the questions of Turkey and Turkish identity, and the basic theories of semiotics. Derived from the theoretic framework, four principles are then proposed as fundamental features of the relationship between culture, meaning systems, subjectivity and psychosis, as follows. (1) the inseparability of the notions of subject, culture, and meaning system.(2) the simultaneous synchronicity and diachnoricity of sign systems. (3) the heteroglossic nature of private associative networks and narratives. (4) the conglomerate composition of subjective autobiographical narratives. Based on these principles, an analytic approach is then developed and applied towards in-depth cultural semiotic analyses of data collected from interviews with three psychotic inpatients, their families and their clinicians. The results of the analyses demonstrate strong evidence for an interrelational model of culture, meaning, subjectivity and psychosis, as well as a fundamental presence of diachronic modality in patterns of association and networks of meaning in patients' discursive efforts to re-establish psychic wholeness and self-identity. Based on these findings and in reference to the earlier theoretical principles, the results are formalized to conclude three principal modes of 'continuity': (1) the mutual continuity of private experience and collective meaning, which reflects the importance of understanding private psychological and subjective phenomena as contextualizated processes always embedded within collective systems of meaning and power, such as culture and politics. (2) the continuity of psychotic and non-psychotic modes of subjectivity, which further highlights the embeddedness of psychotic models of experience and behavior in local systems of meaning and power. (3) the continuity of systems in time, which highlights the temporal dimension of private and collective modes of experience, and thus emphasizes the significance of considering not only private life histories, but also local historical and political trajectories in clinical and intellectual assessment of subjective and psychological experiences such as psychosis.
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Canadian psychiatrists' current attitudes, practices, and knowledge related to fitness-to-drive in persons with mental illnessMénard, Ingrid. January 2005 (has links)
Mental illness is characterized by alterations in thinking, mood and behavior and is associated with significant distress and impaired functioning. Many mental illnesses and medications used in their treatment, can in some way impair fitness-to-drive. / This thesis comprises two independent but complementary articles. In the first article, the authors review the most recent literature on fitness-to-drive amongst individuals with mental illness, including those using psychotropic medications. In the second article, the authors assess current attitudes, practices, and knowledge of Canadian psychiatrists concerning driving safety amongst individuals with mental illness using a nation wide cross-sectional survey based on a random sample of practicing Canadian psychiatrists.
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Neuroanatomical correlates of Child Behavior Checklist Aggressive Behavior scores in typically developing childrenDucharme, Simon January 2011 (has links)
Background: The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) and basal ganglia have been implicated in the neurobiology of pathological aggression. They are thought to be the structures involved in top-down regulation of impulses from the limbic system. This study aimed at identifying neuroanatomical correlates of impulsive aggression in healthy children. Methods: Data from 193 representative 6-18 year-old healthy children were obtained from the NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development after a blinded quality control (1). Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes were obtained with automated software. Aggression levels were measured with the Aggressive Behavior scale (AGG) of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). AGG scores were regressed against cortical thickness and basal ganglia volumes using first and second-order linear models while controlling for age, gender, scanner site and total brain volume. 'Gender by AGG' interactions were analyzed. Whole brain random field theory corrections for multiple comparisons were implemented.Results: There were positive associations between bilateral striatal volumes and AGG scores (right: r=0.238, p=0.001; left: r=0.188, p=0.01). A significant association was found with right ACC and subgenual ACC cortical thickness in a second-order linear model (p < 0.05, corrected). High AGG scores were associated with a relatively thin right ACC cortex. An 'AGG by gender' interaction trend was found in bilateral OFC and ACC associations with AGG scores. Conclusion: This study shows the existence of relationships between impulsive aggression in healthy children and the structure of the striatum and right ACC. It also suggests the existence of gender specific patterns of association in OFC/ACC grey matter. These results may guide research on oppositional-defiant and conduct disorders.KEYWORDS: Aggression, Cortical Thickness, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Orbito-Frontal Cortex, Striatum, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) / Contexte: Le cortex cingulaire antérieur (CCA), le cortex orbito-frontal (COF) et les noyaux gris centraux ont été identifiés dans les recherches sur la neurobiologie de l'agressivité pathologique. Ces structures seraient impliquées dans la régulation 'top-down' des impulsions produites dans le système limbique. Le but de cette étude était d'identifier les corrélations neuroanatomiques de l'agressivité impulsive chez les enfants en santé ayant un développement normal. Méthodologie: Les données de 193 sujets de 6 à 18 ans ont été obtenues de l'étude NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development après un contrôle visuel de qualité des données (1). L'épaisseur corticale et les volumes sous-corticaux ont été obtenus avec des programmes automatisés. Le niveau d'agressivité a été mesuré avec l'échelle de comportements agressifs (AGG) obtenue du questionnaire Child Behavior Checklist. Les scores de AGG ont été analysés en régression linéaire avec l'épaisseur corticale et le volume des noyaux gris centraux en utilisant des modèles de premier et de deuxième ordre, et en contrôlant pour les effets de l'âge, du sexe, du numéro de scanner et du volume cérébral total. L'interaction 'AGG X sexe' a aussi été analysée. Une correction statistique de type random field theory pour comparaisons multiples a été appliquée aux résultats.Résultats: Une association positive a été trouvée entre les scores de AGG et le volume du striatum bilatéralement (droite: r=0.238, p=0.001; gauche: r=0.188, p=0.01). Une association significative était aussi présente entre AGG et l'épaisseur corticale du CCA droit et du CCA sous-géniculé droit dans un modèle linéaire de deuxième ordre (p < 0.05, corrigé). Les scores AGG élevés étaient associés à un CCA droit relativement mince. Une tendance d'association entre l'épaisseur corticale et l'interaction 'AGG X sexe' a aussi été trouvée dans le COF et le CCA bilatéralement. Conclusion: Cette étude démontre l'existence d'une relation entre l'agressivité impulsive chez les enfants en santé et la structure anatomique du striatum, ainsi que du CCA droit. Elle suggère également l'existence de patterns d'associations spécifiques au sexe dans la matière grise du COF et du CCA. Ces résultats pourraient guider la recherche clinique sur le trouble oppositionnel avec provocation et le trouble des conduites. MOTS CLÉS: Agressivité, Épaisseur corticale, Cortex cingulaire antérieur, Cortex orbito-frontal, Striatum, Imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM)
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The treatment of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The impact on marital relationships and family functioningErrington, Tara January 2012 (has links)
This mixed method pilot study examined whether the treatment of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) would have an impact on marital relationships and family functioning. Eight patients receiving treatment from an adult ADHD Research Program and their spouses completed two questionnaires measuring marital adjustment and family functioning prior to and following 12 weeks of treatment. Follow-up semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with five of the couples. Quantitative results indicated that adults with ADHD observed an improvement in marital relationships following treatment. However, spouses did not observe a significant change. Neither adults with ADHD, nor their spouses reported family functioning changing as a result of treatment. The qualitative interviews suggested that adults with ADHD were more likely to describe their relationships as improving, whereas spouses were more cautious in their interpretation of their relationships following treatment. Neither adults with ADHD, nor their spouses reported changes in family functioning following treatment. In general, both adults with ADHD and their spouses supported the use of multimodal treatment for the treatment of ADHD. / Cette étude pilote utilise une méthode mixte pour examiner si le traitement d'un partenaire ayant le trouble de déficit de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDAH) avait un effet sur les relations conjugales et fonctionnement de la famille. Huit patients qui ont reçu le traitement du programme de recherche du TDAH et leurs conjoints ont terminé deux questionnaires, qui mesurent l'état de leur relation conjugale et le fonctionnement de la famille, avant et après 12 semaines du traitement. Des entretiens semi-structurés ont été complétés avec cinq couples. Le résultat quantitatif suggère que les adultes avec le TDAH montrent des améliorations à leurs relations conjugales. Mais, leurs conjoints n'avaient pas observé cette amélioration. Ni les adultes avec le TDAH et ni leurs conjoints ont observé un changement dans le fonctionnement de la famille. Les entretiens qualitatifs suggèrent que les adultes avec le TDAH étaient plus susceptibles de décrire que leurs relations améliorent, mais les conjoints étaient plus prudents avec leurs interprétations de leurs relations après le traitement. Ni les adultes avec le TDAH et ni leurs conjoints ont observé un changement dans le fonctionnement de la famille après le traitement. En général, les adultes avec le TDAH et leurs conjoints soutenues utilisé un traitement multimodale pour le traitement du TDAH.
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Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among college students in Gujurat, IndiaNath, Yogini January 2009 (has links)
Research on suicidal behaviors from non-Western countries is limited, and knowledge from Western studies may not be suitable for developing appropriate intervention strategies in other cultures. An understanding of the sociocultural context within which suicidal behaviors take place can provide valuable insight into the processes that contribute to risk of suicide. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and identify correlates of suicide ideation and suicide attempt in a population of college age youth in India. The cross-sectional study took place in Ahmedabad, the largest city in the western state of Gujarat. A total of 1,817 undergraduate college students aged 18-24 years completed a questionnaire with self-report measures assessing suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts in the past 12 months and over their lifetime, as well as potential risk factors. Independent risk factors were identified through logistic regression models. Overall, 11.7% of youth reported suicidal thoughts in their lifetime, and 4.0% reported lifetime suicide attempts. Results indicate that suicidal behaviors were significantly associated with economic stress, illness or mental health problems of a family member, experiences of caste discrimination or caste conflict, religious or political conflict, and depressive symptoms. The findings underscore the importance of sociocultural factors in determining vulnerability to suicidal behaviors in the Indian context and point to the need for culturally appropriate and locally informed approaches in mental health service delivery. / Force est de constater que la recherche sur les comportements suicidaires dans les pays non occidentaux ne revêt qu’une valeur limitée. Ainsi, les conclusions d’études occidentales ne peuvent pas toujours être transposées à d’autres cultures et servir à l’élaboration de stratégies d’intervention au sein de ces différentes cultures. Or, la compréhension du contexte socioculturel dans lequel les comportements suicidaires interviennent peut fournir de précieux renseignements sur les processus qui contribuent au risque de les comportements suicidaires. Le but de la présente étude était d’estimer la prévalence et identifier les corrélats de l’idéation suicidaire et des tentatives de suicide au sein d’une population de jeunes collégiens indiens. L’étude transversale a été menée à Ahmedabad, la plus grande ville de l’Ouest de l’État du Gujarat. Un total de 1817 étudiants de premier cycle âgés entre 18 à 24 ans ont rempli un questionnaire comportant des mesures auto déclarées évaluant les pensées suicidaires et les tentatives de suicide au cours des 12 derniers mois et tout au long de leur vie, ainsi que des facteurs de risque potentiels. En outre, des facteurs de risque indépendants ont été identifiés à l’aide de modèles de régression logistique. Globalement, 11,7% des jeunes ont rapportés avoir entretenu des pensées suicidaires au cours de leur vie, et 4,0% ont déclaré avoir fait une tentative de suicide durant leur vie. Les résultats indiquent que les comportements suicidaires sont associés de façon significative au stress économique, à la maladie ou aux problèmes de santé mentale d’un membre de la famille, aux expériences de discrimination de castes ou aux conflits parmi les castes, aux conflits religieux ou politiques, et aux symptômes dépressifs. Les résultats soulignent l’importance des facteurs socioculturels dans la détermination de la vulnérabilité au les comportements suicida
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Investigation and treatment of ABeta- and TGF-Beta1- related cerebrovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's DiseaseNicolakakis, Nektaria January 2009 (has links)
ABSTRACT Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neurodegeneration, memory loss and premature cerebral circulatory deficits marked by a vascular structural pathology thought to involve elevated levels of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). We sought to investigate the role of Aβ and TGF-β1 in promoting cerebrovascular dysfunction as well as disturbances in glial, neuronal and cognitive function using transgenic mice overexpressing either (APP, TGF mice) or both (APP/TGF mice) peptides. We attempted to remedy arterial and hemodynamic deficits using a pharmacological approach with free radical scavengers and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone, compounds known to correct peripheral vascular dysfunction. In addition, we evaluated treatment outcome on glial, neuronal and cognitive AD markers. We found that cerebrovascular dysfunction in APP mice was mediated by a pro-oxidant pathway activated by soluble Aβ, and that it was completely remedied with antioxidant treatment and pioglitazone, even at an advanced age. In contrast, cerebrovascular impairments of TGF mice were insensitive to antioxidants, related to alterations in signaling molecules within the vessel wall, accompanied by vascular fibrosis and responsive only to pioglitazone. APP mice also featured AD-like glial, neuronal and memory deficits, and contrary to an antioxidant, pioglitazone completely reversed most of these in aged animals, although earlier treatment may be warranted to restore memory. In contrast, TGF mice experiencing chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency lacked neuronal and cognitive impairments. This suggested that, alone or at insufficient levels, hemodynamic deregulation does not necessarily lead to memory loss, but constitutes an aggravating factor in the presence of underlying pathology. In APP/TGF mice, the vascular phenotype was predominantly TGF-like, featuring / La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) est caractérisée par la mort neuronale, la perte de la mémoire, une dysfonction cérébrovasculaire et pathologie structurelle des vaisseaux cérébraux, que l'on croit associées aux niveaux élevés d'amyloïde-bêta (Aβ) et du «transforming growth factor-beta 1» (TGF-β1). Nous avons évalué le rôle de ces deux protéines dans la pathologie cérébrovasculaire associée à la MA, ainsi qu'aux changements gliaux, neuronaux et cognitifs, en se servant de souris transgéniques qui sur-expriment l'une ou les deux (modèles APP, TGF et APP/TGF) de ces protéines. Nous avons tenté d'améliorer les déficits artériels et hémodynamiques, ainsi que marqueurs gliaux, neuronaux et cognitifs, avec des antioxydants et un agoniste des récepteurs PPARγ, la pioglitazone, composés efficaces contre les troubles vasculaires périphériques. Chez les souris APP, les problèmes cérébrovasculaires ont été attribués au stress oxydatif engendré par l'Aβ soluble, et étaient complètement normalisés par les antioxydants et la pioglitazone, en dépit de l'âge avancé des souris. Seule la pioglitazone a été efficace chez les souris TGF, dont les dysfonctions cérébrovasculaires étaient accompagnées par une fibrose, et plutôt reliées à des changements dans les molécules vasomotrices de la paroi vasculaire. Les souris APP exhibaient des déficits gliaux, neuronaux et cognitifs, dont la plupart ont été complètement normalisés par la pioglitazone, quoiqu'un traitement précoce soit peut-être requis pour restaurer la mémoire. En revanche, malgré une insuffisance cérébrovasculaire chronique, les indices neuronaux et mnémoniques des souris TGF étaient intacts. Ceci suggère qu'un trouble hémodynamique seul ou au seuil observé dans le modèle TGF, en l'absence d'une pathologie sous-jacente, ne suffit pas à perturber la mémoire, et constitue donc un facteur aggravant dans la MA. Le$
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Use of cultural consultation to resolve uncertainty of psychosis diagnosis in ethno-cultural minority and immigrant patientsAdeponle, Ademola January 2010 (has links)
In North America, ethnic minority patients are at high risk for misdiagnosis of psychosis. A number of care models are in use for delivery of mental health services in multicultural settings, cultural consultation being one. Research on how these models address bias in diagnosis however remains sparse. We analyzed data from a cultural consultation service to determin e the frequency of re-diagnoses and associated factors, and describe the reasoning process used in resolving uncertainty of a psychosis diagnosis. Re-diagnoses occurred in 49% of cases and was more likely in recent immigrants and persons of non-Black ethnicity. A 3-step reasoning process was identified: (1) problematizing the original diagnosis; (2) explaining symptoms in terms of biomedical, psychological or social processes; (3) confirming or re-interpreting the diagnosis of a psychotic disorder. This process sheds light on psychiatric reasoning in complex cases and can be used in refining cultural competence training and service delivery. / En Amérique du Nord, les patients issus de minorités ethniques sont à haut risque de diagnostic erroné de la psychose. Un certain nombre de modèles de soins sont en cours d'utilisation pour la fourniture de services de santé mentale dans un environnement multiculturel, de consultation culturelle en être un. La recherche sur la façon dont l'adresse biais de ces modèles dans le diagnostic reste cependant rare. Nous avons analysé les données d'un service de consultation culturelle de déterminer la fréquence de ré-diagnostics et les facteurs associés, et de décrire le processus de raisonnement utilisé dans la résolution de l'incertitude d'un diagnostic de psychose. Re-diagnostics eu lieu dans 49% des cas et était plus élevée chez les immigrants récents et les personnes d'origine ethnique non-Noire. Un processus de raisonnement en 3 étapes a été identifié: (1) problématiser le diagnostic initial, (2) expliquer les symptômes en termes de recherche biomédicale, les processus psychologiques ou sociaux, (3) de confirmer ou de ré-interpréter le diagnostic d'un trouble psychotique. Ce processus met en lumière le raisonnement psychiatriques dans les cas complexes et peuvent être utilisés dans le raffinage de formation des compétences culturelles et la prestation des services. fr
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Longitudinal dynamics of the therapy process during and following brief treatment for depressionHawley, Lance. January 2006 (has links)
Given the pervasive, debilitating nature of major depressive disorder, a large body of clinical research has evaluated the efficacy of short-term treatments for depression. Researchers have attempted to understand the complex mechanism of therapeutic change by examining treatment response, which is typically defined as the extent of symptom change between the intake and termination sessions. However, this approach fails to recognize that therapy is a non-linear, dynamic longitudinal process. An alternative approach involves analysis of longitudinal repeated measures process and outcome indicators in order to examine change both during treatment as well as following treatment. In order to evaluate dynamic, longitudinal hypotheses, it is necessary to use an appropriate analytical framework. A structural modelling technique termed Latent Difference Score Analysis (LDS) is well suited for this purpose, allowing for evaluation of longitudinal growth within a time series, while also considering multivariate relationships and determinants. / The purpose of this research was to evaluate established theories of depression vulnerability as well as theories of psychotherapy process, both during and following depression treatment. The research described in Chapter 2 examined several theories of the longitudinal relationship between depression and perfectionism during depression treatment, while considering the role of the therapeutic alliance. Longitudinal LDS analyses supported a "personality vulnerability" model of depression, in which perfectionism predicted the subsequent rate of depression change throughout treatment. Results indicate that patients with high levels of perfectionism experience less reduction in their depression scores throughout treatment. Furthermore, the strength of the therapeutic alliance significantly predicted the rate of change in personality vulnerability throughout therapy. The research described in Chapter 3 examined several theories of the longitudinal relationship between depression and stress following treatment termination. Results supported a "stress reactivity" model, in which stressful events led to elevations in the rate of depression change following therapy. Multigroup LDS analysis indicated that stress reactivity only occurred for patients who had been treated with medication, and not for those who had received psychotherapy. / These findings have several implications. First, comprehensive analyses of treatment efficacy can move beyond symptom reduction by examining mechanisms underlying treatment response using an appropriate statistical framework. The first paper demonstrates that an efficient route to symptom reduction involves establishing an adequate therapeutic alliance in order to target personality vulnerability. The second paper demonstrates that importance of evaluating treatment efficacy by considering whether a treatment leads to enduring change. Specifically, results indicate that the enduring effects of psychotherapy (in comparison to medication treatments) following treatment termination involves increased resiliency to stressful life events.
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The potential role of giftedness in the evolutionary perpetuation of schizophreniaBarnes, Jessica January 2012 (has links)
Timothy Crow's evolutionary theory of schizophrenia has received a great deal of attention since its incarnation in the 1990s (Crow, 1990); the theory postulates schizophrenia to be a form a developmental delay resulting from deficient lateralization of function, at least "for some key aspects of language" (1990). However, since rates of schizophrenic psychopathology hold stable (WHO, 1967), Crow himself acknowledges the theory is thus limited by the absence of a potential balancing factor to account for the retention of the cortical symmetry he believes automatically generates symptomatology (Crow, 1997); research has of yet been unable to identify such a factor. Consequently, this manuscript attempts to shift Crow's framework by positing cortical symmetry as not in itself pathological, but merely as an alternative form of human brain organization, with degrees of functionality ranging from giftedness to schizophrenia. Evidence for this, as well as for the varying factors that may contribute to distinguishing between the varying forms of phenotypic presentation for Crow's 'symmetry gene' are discussed in depth, so as to construct an etiological model of the potential probability of schizophrenic incidence amongst this subgroup. / La théorie évolutive de la schizophrénie émise par Timothy Crow a reçu énormément d'attention depuis son incarnation dans les années 90. Par contre, vu que le taux de psychopathologie schizophrénique reste stable, Crow reconnaît lui-même que la théorie est limitée par l'absence d'un éventuel facteur d'équilibre, pour rendre compte de la rétention de la symétrie corticale qu'il pose comme générant automatiquement la symptomatologie. Les recherches jusqu'à présent n'ont pourtant pu identifier un facteur approprié. Conséquemment, ce manuscrit est une tentative de déplacement du cadre d'analyse de Crow à un cadre dans lequel la symétrie corticale est posée comme n'étant pas pathologique en soi, mais comme étant une forme alternative de l'organisation du cerveau humain – avec des degrés de fonctionnement allant d'un niveau élevé de surdoué à la pathologie schizophrénique. Les preuves à l'appui, et celles à l'appui des différents facteurs qui pourraient contribuer à une distinction entre les différentes présentations phénotypiques du 'gène de symétrie' de Crow, sont discutées de manière approfondie, pour construire un modèle étiologique de l'éventuelle probabilité d'incidence de schizophrénie parmi ce sous-groupe de la population.
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