Under international law, every state has the sovereign right to establish the conditions under which it will grant its nationality to a vessel. By consequence, different schemes for ship registration have been developed, traditionally the nationalist and open system. While the nationalist system imposes strict requirements regarding national ownership and manning, along with burdensome fiscal regimes for the shipping industry, the open system offered flexible requirements and a friendly taxation environment, that help shipowners to minimize their operation costs. / Open registries have been criticized for not complying with international accepted shipping standards in safety, environmental, and labour aspects. However, some of them have made great efforts to raise these standards, mainly obliged by the new demands of the shipping industry. Nonetheless, the shift to a new culture of quality shipping is not only a responsibility of flag states, but of all the actors of a maritime scenario.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre théorique très général de la sécurité des systèmes complexes. Son terrain d’application est la marine marchande. L’objectif de cette recherche est double : 1. Investiguer la gestion du risque d’abordage grâce à une démarche systémique s’intéressant à la fois aux conditions de l’échec et à celles du succès. 2. Explorer les liens entre les trois concepts liés à la sécurité que sont la Culture de sécurité, le Système de Management de la Sécurité et la Résilience. La culture de sécurité constitue un sous-ensemble de la culture organisationnelle globale. Elle se compose d’un ensemble de valeurs, de croyances, d’attitudes, de normes et de pratiques concernant la sécurité. Partagé par les membres d’une organisation, cet ensemble influence directement les comportements mis en oeuvre dans le cadre du travail. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons tout d’abord réalisé une analyse du domaine de travail du système du transport maritime, ainsi, qu’une étude des cas d’abordage entre navires répertoriés par le MAIB (Marine Accident Investigation Branch). Ces analyses ont permis, respectivement, d’identifier les barrières de défense du système et de mettre en évidence les principales causes à l’origine des accidents. Les études suivantes ont cherché à appréhender la culture de sécurité d’un armement réputé sûr, grâce à un couplage de méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives. L’analyse du système de management de l’armement a démontré que celui-ci était performant. Il s’appuie sur un solide système de retour d’expérience et se montre participatif. Une enquête portant sur le climat de sécurité a été menée auprès de plusieurs équipages, à l’aide d’un questionnaire inspiré de celui de Håvold. Elle montre qu’une grande majorité des opérateurs adhère à une culture de sécurité positive, bien que les scores soient significativement influencés par la fonction et par le niveau hiérarchique des répondants. Enfin, l’analyse de l’activité des chefs de quart en passerelle a mis en évidence des mécanismes de gestion diachronique et synchronique des risques externes (i.e. Risque de collision). Les résultats de ces différentes études conduisent à discuter de l’articulation entre Culture de Sécurité, Résilience et Système de Management de la Sécurité. La proposition d’un modèle tridimensionnel de la sécurité montre que la Culture de Sécurité semble en effet agir comme le médiateur des deux autres concepts. Elle permettrait également au système de conserver une importante part de sécurité gérée, malgré la forte composante de sécurité réglée liée aux contraintes réglementaires importantes du secteur. / This thesis belongs in the general theoretical area of the safety of complex systems. Its field of application is the merchant navy. Its object is twofold: 1. To investigate the management of collision risks by a systemic approach which takes into account both factors leading to failure and those leading to success; and, 2. To explore the links between three concepts of safety : Safety culture, Safety Management Systems and Resilience. Safety culture is a subset of the overall organizational culture. It consists of a set of values, beliefs, attitudes, norms and practices concerning safety. Shared by members of an organization, this directly influences behaviour at work. The first step in the research was to study the marine transportation system and collisions between merchant vessels listed by the United Kingdom’s Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB), focussing on two areas: the safety barriers system and the main failures leading to accidents. Qualitative and quantitative methods were then applied to gain an understanding of the safety culture of a shipping company with a good safety record. Analysis of this company’s management system showed it to be effective: it was built on a strong reporting system and seemed to be participatory. A survey of the safety climate was conducted with several crews, using a questionnaire inspired by Håvold’s questionnaire. This showed that a large majority of the company’s personnel had a positive safety culture, although the scores were significantly influenced by the duty and the hierarchical level of individual respondents. Finally, the activities of bridge watchkeeping officers were studied to identify diachronic and synchronic mechanisms implemented to manage the collision risk. The results of these studies enable a discussion of the relationship between Safety Culture, Resilience and Safety Management System. A proposal for a generic three-dimensional safety model shows that Safety Culture seems to act as the mediator of the other two concepts. Safety Culture would also allow the system to maintain a significant portion of “managed safety”, complementing a strong element of “prescribed safety” flowing from regulation.

No description available.

Lam Kam Fai Jeffrey. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2001-2002, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69). / Chapter Part I --- General Research on Maritime Safety / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Scope of interest / Chapter 1.2 --- What is a maritime safety center / Chapter 1.3 --- Users benefited from the center / Chapter 2. --- Port Traffic and Water Transportation in Hong Kong / Chapter 2.1 --- Total amount of goods transported through water in the past and future / Chapter 2.2 --- Percentage of goods transported through water / Chapter 3. --- International Maritime Safety and The International Maritime Organization / Chapter 3.1 --- General background and objective of The International Maritime Organization / Chapter 3.2 --- Convention introduced by the IMO / Chapter 3.3 --- "Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers" / Chapter 4. --- Local Training Facilities and Activities / Chapter 4.1 --- Seamen's Training Center / Chapter 4.1.1 --- General background / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Training provided / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Building and facilities / Chapter 4.2 --- The Hong Kong Marine Department / Chapter 4.2.1 --- New training facilities / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Other safety isses / Chapter 5. --- Overseas Training Example- the Jovellanos Integral Maritime Safety Center / Chapter 5.1 --- General background / Chapter 5.2 --- Function of the center / Chapter 5.3 --- Facilities / Chapter Part II --- Design Report / Chapter 6. --- Proposed Design Brief and Site Consideration / Chapter 6.1 --- Design Brief / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Maritime safety academy / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Public Interface / Chapter 6.2 --- Site selection / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Site selection criteria / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Site characteristics / Chapter 7. --- Preliminary Design / Chapter 7.1 --- Building form / Chapter 7.2 --- Visitor center / Chapter 7.3 --- Entrance / Chapter 7.4 --- Access / Chapter 8. --- Design Development / Chapter 8.1 --- Spatial relationship of the academy and the public interface / Chapter 8.2 --- Architectural expression of the two programs / Chapter 8.3 --- Form and facade treatment / Chapter 8.4 --- Special study - the use of pre-cast panels / Chapter 8.5 --- Detail and construction consideration / Chapter 9. --- Final Presentation Documentation / Chapter Part III --- Bibliography / Chapter Part IV --- Appendix / Appendix I: / "Summary Statistics on Port Traffic in Hong Kong as at July 2001," / Hong Kong Port and Maritime Board / Appendix II: / "Articles from the Hong Kong Maritime News," / Hong Kong Marine Department