In this thesis we propose a multi-channel wireless network based on nodes that use multiple 802. 11 radio interfaces. The proposed system is singular, as it does not require new hardware or a new MAC, but instead leverages commodity 802. 11-based products. With this system, we target scenarios where the nodes are stationary and where their location can often be controlled. We evaluate the performance in this setup using an ad-hoc network approach whereby nodes generate as well as forward data. We also present and appraise a purely-wireless multi-channel infrastructure, which operates like the WLAN infrastructure-based networks in existence today, but without any fixed-line support. In such an infrastructure nodes dedicated for routing purposes provide wireless connectivity to users. We show that a multi-interface system provide significantly higher capacity in many scenarios. Our work puts forward various challenges, points to various anomalies in the operation of the 802. 11 MAC protocol, and shows the need to tackle unfairness issues. Our experiments demonstrate that the mere use of more dual-interface nodes does not necessarily create higher capacity. We also show that traffic differentiation significantly increases aggregate throughput in realistic scenarios. Finally, we provide an example of how simple channel-allocation algorithms in controlled random topologies can allow us to take advantage of a multi-interface system.

The use of 802.11-based wireless mesh networks (WMNs) as an alternative network backbone technology is growing rapidly. The primary advantages of this approach are ease of deployment and lower cost. However, such networks typically exhibit poor fairness properties, often starving nodes if they are too many hops distant from the gateway. Researchers have shown a growing interest in this problem in recent years. Many solutions proposed amount to some level of source rate control, either by policing directly at the source, or via TCP congestion control reacting to a gateway-enforced rate limit. However, there has been limited study on the effectiveness of source rate control. In this thesis we first demonstrate that source rate control can only partially solve the fairness issue in 802.11-based WMNs, with some routers experiencing an undesirable degree of unfairness, which we call structural unfairness. We then identify the four necessary factors that cause structural unfairness. If we can eliminate or reduce any one of these conditions, we can eliminate or ameliorate the unfairness problem. We first investigate two techniques to improve 802.11 MAC scheduling: fixing the contention window and packet spacing at every router node, both means achievable with commodity 802.11 hardware. We show that the combination of these mechanisms provides a significant gain in fairness. We also perform case studies using another three techniques, channel re-assignment, routing changes, and careful router placement, to remove or reduce other necessary conditions. We demonstrate that these techniques, whenever applicable, can eliminate the unfairness problem entirely at times, or at least improve the situation.

The accuracy of a fluid flow simulation depends not only on the numerical method used for discretizing the governing equations, but also on the distribution and topology of the mesh elements. Mesh adaptation is a technique for automatically modifying the mesh in order to improve the simulation accuracy in an attempt to reduce the manual work required for mesh generation. The conventional approach to mesh adaptation is based on a feature-based criterion that identifies the distinctive features in the flow field such as shock waves and boundary layers. Although this approach has proved to be simple and effective in many CFD applications, its implementation may require a lot of trial and error for determining the appropriate criterion in certain applications. An alternative approach to mesh adaptation is the residual-based approach in which the discretization error of the fluid flow quantities across the mesh faces is used to construct an adaptation criterion. Although this approach provides a general framework for developing robust mesh adaptation criteria, its incorporation leads to significant computational overhead. The main objective of the thesis is to present a methodology for developing an appropriate mesh adaptation criterion for fluid flow problems that offers the simplicity of a feature-based criterion and the robustness of a residual-based criterion. This methodology is demonstrated in the context of a second-order accurate cell-centred finite volume method for simulating laminar steady incompressible flows of constant property fluids. In this methodology, the error of mass and momentum flows across the faces of each control volume are estimated with a Taylor series analysis. Then these face flow errors are used to construct the desired adaptation criteria for triangular isotropic meshes and quadrilateral anisotropic meshes. The adaptation results for the lid-driven cavity flow show that the solution error on the resulting adapted meshes is 80 to 90 percent lower than that of a uniform mesh with the same number of control volumes. The advantage of the proposed mesh adaptation method is the capability to produce meshes that lead to more accurate solutions compared to those of the conventional methods with approximately the same amount of computational effort.

Heterogeneous wireless networks will be dominant in the next-generation wireless networks with the integration of various wireless access networks. Wireless mesh networks will become to a key technology as an economically viable solution for wide deployment of high speed, scalable and ubiquitous wireless Internet services. In this thesis, we consider an interworking architecture of wireless mesh backbone and propose an effective vertical handoff scheme between 802.11 and 802.16 wireless access networks. The proposed vertical handoff scheme aims at reducing handoff signaling overhead on the wireless backbone and providing a low handoff delay to mobile nodes. The handoff signaling procedure in different scenarios is discussed. Together with call admission control, the vertical handoff scheme directs a new call request in the 802.11 network to the 802.16 network, if the admission of the new call in the 802.11 network can degrade quality-of-service (QoS) of the existing real-time traffic flows. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the handoff scheme with respect to signaling cost, handoff delay, and QoS support.

The use of wireless radio technology is well established for narrowband access systems, but its use for broadband access is relatively new. Wireless mesh architecture is a first step towards providing high-bandwidth wireless network coverage, spectral efficiency, and economic advantage. However, the widespread adoption and use of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) as a backbone for large wireless access networks and for last-mile subscriber access is heavily dependent on the technology’s ease of deployment. In order for WMNs to be regarded as mainstream technology, it needs to gain a competitive edge compared to wireline technologies such as DSL and cable. To achieve this, a broadband wireless network must be self-configuring, self-healing and self-organizing. In this thesis, we address these challenges. First, we propose a four-stage scheme (power-up, bootstrapping, network registration, and network optimization). We develop algorithms for each of these stages, taking advantage of the inherent properties of WMNs to determine the network’s topology. The novel part of our scheme is in the de-coupling of the subscriber’s credentials from the network hardware. This is a key part of our architecture as it helps ensure quick network enrolment, management and portability. It also helps, in our opinion, make the concept of widespread deployment using commodity hardware feasible.

Background: Aerosol therapy has been established as an efficient form of drug delivery to pediatric and adult patients with respiratory diseases; however, aerosol delivery to the pediatric population is quite challenging. While some studies compare jet nebulizer (JN), vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN), or JN and pMDI, there is no study comparing these three devices in pediatric and young children. The aim of this study quantifies aerosol deposition using JN, VMN, and pMDI/VHC in a simulated pediatric with active and passive breathing patterns. Methods: Each aerosol generator was placed between manual resuscitator bag (Ambu SPUR II Disposable Resuscitator, Ambu Inc, Glen Burnie, MD) and infant facemask (Mercury Medical, Cleanwater, FL), which was held tightly against the SAINT model. Breathing parameters used in this study were Vt of 100 mL, RR of 30 breaths/min, and I:E ratio of 1: 1.4. Active and passive breathing patterns were used in this study with aerosol device; active breathing pattern was created using a ventilator (Esprit Ventilator, Respironics/Philips Healthcare, Murrysville, PA) connected to a dual chamber test lung (Michigan Instruments, Grand Rapids, MI), which was attached to an absolute filter (Respirgard II, Vital Signs Colorado Inc, Englewood, CO), to collect aerosolized drug, connected to the SAINT model. Pediatric resuscitator bag was run at 10 L/min of oxygen and attached to aerosol generator with facemask. In passive breathing pattern, SAINT model was attached to test lung and ventilated using the resuscitator bag with the same breathing parameters. Each aerosol device was tested three times (n=3) with each breathing patterns. Drug was eluted from the filter and analyzed using spectrophotometry. The amount of drug deposited on the filter was quantified and expressed as a percentage of the total drug dose. To measure the differences in the inhaled drug mass between JN, VMN, and pMDI/VHC in active or passive breathing, one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was performed. To quantify the difference in aerosol depositions between the two breathing patterns, independent t-test was performed. A p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Although the amount of aerosol deposition with the JN was the same in passive and active breathing without any significant difference, the VMN was more efficient in active breathing than the JN (p = 0.157 and p = 0.729, respectively). pMDI/VHC had the greatest deposition in the simulated spontaneous breathing (p=0.013) Conclusion: Aerosol treatment may be administered to young children using JN, VMN, or pMDI/VHC combined with resuscitator bag. Using pMDI/VHC with resuscitator bag is the best choice to deliver albuterol in spontaneously breathing children. Further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of these aerosol generators with different type of resuscitator bag and different breathing parameters.

When solving partial differential equations using finite difference methods on structured meshes, adaptive refinement can be used to increase the accuracy of the solution in an efficient manner. When implementing solvers using structured adaptive mesh refinement for modern parallel computer systems, an important task is the partitioning of the grid hierarchy over the available processors. The Meta-partitioner is an autonomic framework which can dynamically select between a large number of grid-partitioning algorithms at run time. In this thesis we investigate which modifications that are necessary in order to connect the Meta-partitioner to the existing SAMR-framework Chombo, and begin the process of performing this connection. We conclude that although significant changes to both Chombo and the Meta-partitioner are necessary, a connection definitely seams feasible. We estimate that that the major work of the connection has been done, and that with the experience gained from this project, the continuation is straightforward. We also connect a patch-based partitioning algorithm to Chombo and evaluate it for the first time as part of a real SAMR-based simulation. The results are promising and we conclude that it is a viable candidate for inclusion in the Meta-partitioner.

This paper is a study of IEEE Standard 802.16 Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer in Distributed Mesh Networks. IEEE Standard 802.16 is a Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) technology that can connect different IEEE 802.11 (Wifi) host post with each other and to other parts of internet. It can provide network for a wireless router and at the same time this router can be installed in the office, house or university. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a certification mark for products that pass conformity and interoperability tests for the IEEE 802.16 standards. Products that pass the conformity tests for WiMAX are capable of forming wireless connections between them to permit the carrying of internet packet data. The idea of WiMAX is similar than Wi-Fi but it is not the same. It is a step much higher than Wi-Fi because it is focused to offer internet for a whole city. It has much higher capacity and longer distances. IEEE 802.16 defines a MAC Layer that supports multiple physical layer (PHY) Specifications and different topologies; Point to Multipoint (PMP) and Mesh Networks. In this first topology there exist a Base Station (BS) that have direct links with all the Subscriber Stations (SS). If any Subscriber Station requires transmitting to another SS, the message must convey the Base Station.

In this thesis we propose a multi-channel wireless network based on nodes that use multiple 802. 11 radio interfaces. The proposed system is singular, as it does not require new hardware or a new MAC, but instead leverages commodity 802. 11-based products. With this system, we target scenarios where the nodes are stationary and where their location can often be controlled. We evaluate the performance in this setup using an ad-hoc network approach whereby nodes generate as well as forward data. We also present and appraise a purely-wireless multi-channel infrastructure, which operates like the WLAN infrastructure-based networks in existence today, but without any fixed-line support. In such an infrastructure nodes dedicated for routing purposes provide wireless connectivity to users. We show that a multi-interface system provide significantly higher capacity in many scenarios. Our work puts forward various challenges, points to various anomalies in the operation of the 802. 11 MAC protocol, and shows the need to tackle unfairness issues. Our experiments demonstrate that the mere use of more dual-interface nodes does not necessarily create higher capacity. We also show that traffic differentiation significantly increases aggregate throughput in realistic scenarios. Finally, we provide an example of how simple channel-allocation algorithms in controlled random topologies can allow us to take advantage of a multi-interface system.

The accuracy of a fluid flow simulation depends not only on the numerical method used for discretizing the governing equations, but also on the distribution and topology of the mesh elements. Mesh adaptation is a technique for automatically modifying the mesh in order to improve the simulation accuracy in an attempt to reduce the manual work required for mesh generation. The conventional approach to mesh adaptation is based on a feature-based criterion that identifies the distinctive features in the flow field such as shock waves and boundary layers. Although this approach has proved to be simple and effective in many CFD applications, its implementation may require a lot of trial and error for determining the appropriate criterion in certain applications. An alternative approach to mesh adaptation is the residual-based approach in which the discretization error of the fluid flow quantities across the mesh faces is used to construct an adaptation criterion. Although this approach provides a general framework for developing robust mesh adaptation criteria, its incorporation leads to significant computational overhead. The main objective of the thesis is to present a methodology for developing an appropriate mesh adaptation criterion for fluid flow problems that offers the simplicity of a feature-based criterion and the robustness of a residual-based criterion. This methodology is demonstrated in the context of a second-order accurate cell-centred finite volume method for simulating laminar steady incompressible flows of constant property fluids. In this methodology, the error of mass and momentum flows across the faces of each control volume are estimated with a Taylor series analysis. Then these face flow errors are used to construct the desired adaptation criteria for triangular isotropic meshes and quadrilateral anisotropic meshes. The adaptation results for the lid-driven cavity flow show that the solution error on the resulting adapted meshes is 80 to 90 percent lower than that of a uniform mesh with the same number of control volumes. The advantage of the proposed mesh adaptation method is the capability to produce meshes that lead to more accurate solutions compared to those of the conventional methods with approximately the same amount of computational effort.