Partial saturation of porous rock by two fluids substantially affects compressional wave propagation. In particular, partial saturation causes significant attenuation and dispersion due to wave-induced fluid flow. Such flow arises when a passing wave induces different fluid pressures in regions of rock saturated by different fluids. When partial saturation is mesoscopic, i.e. existing on a length scale much greater than pore scale but less than wavelength scale, significant attenuation can arise for frequencies 10-1000 Hz. Models for attenuation and dispersion due to mesoscale heterogeneities mostly assume fluids are distributed in a regular way. Recent experiments indicate mesoscopic heterogeneities have less idealised distributions and distribution affects attenuation/dispersion. Thus, theoretical models are required to simulate effects due to realistic fluid distributions. / The thesis focus is to model attenuation and dispersion due to realistic mesoscopic fluid distributions and fluid contrasts. First X-ray tomographic images of partially saturated rock are analysed statistically to identify spatial measures useful for describing fluid distribution patterns. The correlation function and associated correlation length for a specific fluid type are shown to be of greatest utility. Next a new model, called 3DCRM (CRM stands for continuous random media) is derived, utilizing a correlation function to describe the fluid distribution pattern. It is a random media model, is accurate for small fluid contrast and approximate for large fluid contrast. Using 3DCRM attenuation and dispersion are shown to depend on fluid distribution. / Next a general framework for partial saturation called APS (acoustics of partial saturation) is extended enabling estimation of attenuation and dispersion due to arbitrary 1D/3D fluid distributions. The intent is to construct a versatile model enabling attenuation and dispersion to be estimated for arbitrary fluid distributions, contrasts and saturations. Two crucial parameters within APS called shape and frequency scaling parameters are modified via asymptotic analysis using several random media models (which are accurate for only certain contrasts in fluid bulk moduli and percent saturation). For valid fluid contrasts and saturations, which satisfy certain random media conditions there is good correspondence between modified APS and the random media models, hence showing that APS can be utilized to model attenuation and dispersion due to more realistic fluid distributions. / Finally I devise a numerical method to test the accuracy of the analytical shape parameters for a range of fluid distributions, saturations and contrasts. In particular, the analytical shape parameter for randomly distributed spheres was shown to be accurate for a large range of saturations and fluid contrasts.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Københavns universitet, 1996. / Ph.d. afhandling, Københavns Universitet Med litteraturhenvisninger Title from title screen (viewed on July 9, 2008). Title from document title page. Includes bibliographical references. Available in PDF format via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [72]-80).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-196). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Orientador: Rafael Zadorosny / Resumo: Nesse trabalho estudou-se a dinâmica e os fatores de formação de vórtices cinemáticos em supercondutores mesoscópicos sem gap (gapless). Os resultados foram comparados com aqueles de um sistema com gap (gap-like). Para tal, as simulações computacionais foram direcionadas para a solução das equações generalizadas de Ginzburg-Landau dependente do tempo (GTDGL). Primeiramente simulamos amostras homogêneas onde verificou-se que, no sistema gap-like, as correntes se concentram no centro da amostra, com isso, há formação de vórtices cinemáticos. Para criar artificialmente o acúmulo de correntes no centro da amostra, inserimos uma constrição e assim, obtivemos a formação de vórtices cinemáticos em supercondutores gapless. A dinâmica é sempre com um par se formando nas bordas da amostra e se aniquilando no centro. Nota-se que, além da formação de VAv (início do estado resistivo) ocorrer em valores distintos da densidade de corrente aplicada para as diferentes amostras, a corrente crítica apresenta uma pequena diferença entre as amostras gapless e gap-like. Vale ressaltar que parâmetros como o tamanho dos contatos elétricos e a constrição afetam a corrente crítica da amostra, bem como a velocidade média do vórtice cinemático. / Abstract: In this work we study the dynamics and the formation of kinematic vortices in gapless mesoscopic superconductors. The results were compared to those ones of a gap-like system. Then computational simulations were carried out to solve the Generalized Time-Dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations (GTDGL). Firtly, we simulated homogeneous gap-like and gapless samples where it was found that, in the rst one, the currents concentrate in the center of the sample and then, there was the formation of kinematic vortices. To arti cially promote the crowding of the currents in the center of the sample, we worked with samples a constriction. In this way, kinematic vortices in gapless superconductors were formed. The dynamic is always with a pair forming at the edges of the sample and annihilating in the center. It is noted that, besides the formation of a vortex (antivortex) (begin of resistive state) occurs at distinct values of the applied current density for diferent samples, the electric critical current presents a tiny di erence between gapless and gap-like samples. It is worth mentioning that parameters such as the size of electrical contacts and constriction a ect the critical current of the sample as well as the average velocity of the kinematic vortex. / Mestre

Pour optimiser les structures des aéronefs, il est maintenant nécessaire de concevoir le matériau au « juste-besoin », de façon à diminuer le ratio masse/performances. Par une bonne gestion du procédé de fabrication et un choix judicieux des matériaux constitutifs, les composites à renfort tissé et à matrice organique ont ce potentiel. Mais pour l’exploiter pleinement, de nouvelles approches adaptées à ce type de matériau doivent être développées. Pour cela, une chaîne de calcul multimodèle est proposée, permettant de prévoir les propriétés mécaniques élastiques saines ou endommagées du matériau à partir de ses paramètres de conception. Cette chaîne est établie à l’échelle mésoscopique, pour pouvoir prendre en compte la géométrie du renfort. Une procédure spéciale de création de maillages de cellules mésoscopiques de composites tissés a été développée, de façon à faire le lien entre la déformée du renfort après mise en forme, obtenue par simulation EF, et les autres modèles de la chaîne (injection de résine, cuisson du composite, comportement mécanique). Le bon fonctionnement de l’approche est montré par l’étude de deux cas-tests, un renfort de quatre plis de taffetas et un renfort de quatre plis de satin de 5, chacun compactés à différents niveaux et selon plusieurs configurations d’imbrication de plis. Enfin, pour anticiper la validation de la chaîne de modélisation, une étude expérimentale comparative entre plusieurs composites tissés compactés à différentes épaisseurs a été menée. Ce travail se place dans le cadre de la construction future d’une chaîne multiéchelle plus globale qui, parcourue dans le sens inverse, permettra de concevoir le matériau sur-mesure en fonction des performances structurales locales désirées. / In order to optimize aeronautic structures, the manufacturing process must be tailored to the structural needs, with the aim of reducing the density/performance ratio. Polymer composites with woven reinforcements offer a large flexibility due to a vast choice of constituent materials and manufacturing process parameters. However, to entirely exploit their potential, new design methods specifically adapted to this type of material have to be developed. For this purpose, a modeling chain is proposed, which is able to predict the elastic properties of the intact or damaged material, by incorporating the manufacturing process parameters. The chain is built at the mesoscopic scale, to take into account the reinforcement geometry. A special procedure to generate finite element (FE) meshes of mesoscopic representative unit cells of woven composites has been developed, which links the deformation of the reinforcement, obtained from FE calculations, to the other models of the chain (resin injection, curing, and mechanical behavior). Two materials are studied to show the potential of the modeling chain: A four ply lay-up of a plain weave and of a satin weave fabric are considered, each of them having several compaction ratios and different nesting between the plies. With the aim of a validation of the modeling chain, multi-instrumented experimental tests have been carried out on several multi-layer plain weave composites with different thicknesses. In future applications, the proposed strategy will be placed in a toolbox able to design optimum woven composite structures based on local performance requirements.

Le refroidissement électronique de jonctions tunnel Supraconducteur - Isolant - métal Normal (S-I-N) a lieu grâce la bande d'énergie interdite du supraconducteur, qui agit tel un filtre laissant passer les électrons les plus énergétiques par effet tunnel. Cependant, l'efficacité de tels refrigérateurs électroniques est habituellement plus faible que les prédictions théoriques. Après l'introduction des équations basiques décrivant le refroidissement électronique dans une jonction tunnel, nous présentons les différentes limitations fondamentales, parmi elles les couplages thermiques entre bains thermiques d'électrons ou de phonons et la relaxation des quasi-particules. Afin d'avoir une meilleure compréhension des différents couplages thermiques en jeu, nous avons mis au point une expérience permettant de mesurer indépendamment la température des électrons et des phonons. Un réfrigérateur hors équilibre est ainsi étudié dans les régimes de refroidissement et de chauffage. Les résultats sont interprétés en utilisant un modèle thermique qui tient compte des transferts de chaleur entre électrons, phonons et photons. En particuliers, le canal photonique de chaleur lié au bruit thermique dans les résistances du circuit apporte une contribution de chaleur supplémentaire dépendant de la transmission du circuit de couplage. Enfin nous nous sommes intéressées à l'amélioration du refroidissement électronique sous champ magnétique, facilitant la relaxation des quasi-particules dans le supraconducteur. Enfin nous avons développer un procédé de fabrication permettant d'obtenir de large jonctions S-I-N-I-S avec un ilôt métallique suspendu totalement découplé du substrat. / Electronic cooling in Superconductor - Insulator - Normal metal (S-I-N) junction is based on the energy selectivity of electron tunneling induced by the superconductor energy gap. Nevertheless, the efficiency of coolers based on such junctions is usually significantly less than theoretically expected. After introducing the principle of superconducting micro-coolers, we present the fundamental limitations to electronic cooling. We focus on the different thermal couplings between electron and phonon thermal baths and the relaxation of hot quasi-particles deposited in the superconductor. We have designed an experiment to monitor independently electron and phonon temperatures. An electronic cooler was studied under out-of-equilibrium conditions, in both the cooling and the heating regimes. The results are interpreted using a thermal model, which takes into account the heat transfers between the electron, phonon and photon baths. In particular, the photonic heat flow related to the thermal noise arising in the circuit resistors can bring an additional heat contribution, depending on the transmission of the biasing circuit. Moreover, we investigate the enhancement of quasi-particles relaxation under magnetic field, leading to an enhanced quasi-particle relaxation. Finally we develop a process enabling to fabricate a S-I-N-I-S cooler with large junctions and a suspended Normal metal island decoupled from the substrate.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-11T14:46:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1205344 bytes, checksum: c7bac6a18f4623c77e994970333f09be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-11T14:46:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1205344 bytes, checksum: c7bac6a18f4623c77e994970333f09be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The transport of electrons through nanostructures is an important achievement of quantum mechanics. In this dissertation, quantum transport will be explored through the statistic formalism of random scattering matrices, wich will be thoroughly explored in its own chapter. This formalism will then be adequated to be used in computer simulation to achieve some interesting results. We will study Landauer’s formulation for the conductance at low temperatures adapted to scattering matrices. Through this formulation, we will obtain conductance curves, autocorrelation curves, and finally we will analyze the width of the autocorrelation curves for different resonances. We will also study a specific process of generation of entanglement of formation, as defined byWooters, following a model created by Beenakker. Following the same methodology used for the conductance, we will use the scattering matrices formalism to obtain autocorrelation curves for entanglement and conductance. Exclusively for entanglement and concurrence, some new results will be presented through graphs and histograms of probability of entanglement and concurrence for some energies of interest. The results for both the conductance and the entanglement will be obtained through similar systems, consisting of an open quantum dot with two leads and four channels, studied according to the necessity of each formulation. / Uma realizac¸ ˜ao importante da mecˆanica quˆantica ´e o transporte de el´etrons atrav´es de nanoestruturas. Neste trabalho o transporte quˆantico ser´a explorado atrav´es do formalismo estat´ıstico de matrizes de espalhamento aleat´orias, que, por sua vez, ser´a detalhadamente explorado. Este formalismo ser´a ent˜ao adequado a algumas formulac¸ ˜oes para a obtenc¸ ˜ao de resultados de interesse atrav´es de simulac¸ ˜ao computacional. Ser´a estudada a formulac¸ ˜ao de Landauer para a condutˆancia `a baixas temperaturas adaptada para matrizes de espalhamento. Atrav´es desta formulac¸ ˜ao, ser˜ao obtidas curvas de condutˆancia, curvas de autocorrelac¸ ˜ao da condutˆancia e, por fim, ser´a feita uma an´alise da largura das curvas de autocorrelac¸ ˜ao para diferentes resson ˆancias. Ser´a estudado tamb´em um processo espec´ıfico de criac¸ ˜ao de emaranhamento de formac¸ ˜ao definido por Wooters, seguindo um modelo criado por Beenakker. Igualmente, ser´a utilizado o formalismo de matrizes de espalhamento para obtenc¸ ˜ao de curvas de autocorrelac¸ ˜ao do emaranhamento e da concorrˆencia. No caso do emaranhamento e da concorrˆencia ser˜ao apresentados alguns resultados in´editos atrav´es de gr´aficos e histogramas de probabilidade de emaranhamento e concorrˆencia para energias de interesse. Os resultados ser˜ao obtidos atrav´es de sistemas similares, tratando de um ponto quˆantico aberto com dois guias e quatro canais, estudados de acordo com a necessidade de cada formulac¸ ˜ao.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:13:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 283471 bytes, checksum: 3c03d229984755f09c77c7e98c3f465e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work we present a quantum description of a mesoscopic RLC circuit without source. For this purpose, we model this system for that of a damped harmonic oscillator which is described by the Caldirola-Kanai Hamiltonian. Then, with the aid of the quantum invariant method we solve the Schrödinger equation associated with this Hamiltonian and write the corresponding wave functions in terms of a particular solution of the Milne-Pinney equation. We also construct coherent states for the RLC quantized, and evaluate the quantum fluctuations of the charge and the magnetic flux, as well as the corresponding product of uncertainty. / Nesta dissertação, apresentamos uma descrição quântica de um circuito RLC mesoscópico sem fonte. Com esta finalidade, modelamos este sistema para aquele de um oscilador harmônico amortecido, que é descrito pelo Hamiltoniano de Caldirola-Kanai. Então, com a ajuda do método de invariantes quânticos, resolvemos a equação de Schrödinger para este Hamiltoniano e escrevemos as funções de onda correspondentes em termos da solução particular da equação de Milne-Pinney. Também construímos estados coerentes para o circuito RLC quantizado, e calculamos as flutuações quânticas da carga e do fluxo magnético, bem como o produto de incerteza correspondente.