The insulin resistance syndrome [INSR] is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and affects up to 25% of the Australian population. The mechanism underlying the relationship between the INSR and increased cardiovascular risk is controversial. We postulated that perturbations in the renin-angiotensin system [RAS] and endothelium-derived NO may be implicated in the development of early vascular changes in the INSR. Repeated measurements of arterial stiffness [using digital photoplethysmography] and haemodynamic parameters in response to vasoactive medications were used to demonstrate the functional expression of angiotensin II [Ang II] receptors and NO synthase [NOS]. Ang II acts via two main receptor sub-types: the Ang II type 1 [AT1] and Ang II type 2 [AT2] receptors. The AT1 receptor is central to the development of arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction. The role of AT2 receptors in humans is controversial but is postulated to counter-act AT1 receptor mediated effects in diseased vascular beds. We demonstrated increased AT1 and AT2 receptor-mediated effects in small to medium-sized arteries of subjects with early INSR [Chapter 6]. In addition, functional expression of AT2 receptors in adult insulin resistant humans [Chapter 5], but not in healthy volunteers [Chapter 4] was demonstrated. AT1 receptor blockade in subjects with early INSR resulted in improvements in vascular function, with a consequent functional down-regulation of AT2 receptors [Chapter 7]. Functional NOS expression was demonstrated to be increased in subjects with early INSR compared with healthy controls [Chapter 6]. This was postulated to be a homeostatic response to counteract early vascular changes in subjects with early INSR. AT1 receptor blockade in these subjects reduced functional NOS expression [Chapter 8]. In conclusion, patients with early INSR represent a model of early disease where early intervention may be able to reverse the process incited by the initial exposure to multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Early vascular changes in these individuals are mediated at least in part, by increased AT1 receptor activity and/or expression, and may be detected by changes in arterial stiffness indices and non-invasive vascular reactivity studies. There is a compensatory increase in AT2 receptor and NOS expression/activity to counter-act these vascular changes.

The insulin resistance syndrome [INSR] is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and affects up to 25% of the Australian population. The mechanism underlying the relationship between the INSR and increased cardiovascular risk is controversial. We postulated that perturbations in the renin-angiotensin system [RAS] and endothelium-derived NO may be implicated in the development of early vascular changes in the INSR. Repeated measurements of arterial stiffness [using digital photoplethysmography] and haemodynamic parameters in response to vasoactive medications were used to demonstrate the functional expression of angiotensin II [Ang II] receptors and NO synthase [NOS]. Ang II acts via two main receptor sub-types: the Ang II type 1 [AT1] and Ang II type 2 [AT2] receptors. The AT1 receptor is central to the development of arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction. The role of AT2 receptors in humans is controversial but is postulated to counter-act AT1 receptor mediated effects in diseased vascular beds. We demonstrated increased AT1 and AT2 receptor-mediated effects in small to medium-sized arteries of subjects with early INSR [Chapter 6]. In addition, functional expression of AT2 receptors in adult insulin resistant humans [Chapter 5], but not in healthy volunteers [Chapter 4] was demonstrated. AT1 receptor blockade in subjects with early INSR resulted in improvements in vascular function, with a consequent functional down-regulation of AT2 receptors [Chapter 7]. Functional NOS expression was demonstrated to be increased in subjects with early INSR compared with healthy controls [Chapter 6]. This was postulated to be a homeostatic response to counteract early vascular changes in subjects with early INSR. AT1 receptor blockade in these subjects reduced functional NOS expression [Chapter 8]. In conclusion, patients with early INSR represent a model of early disease where early intervention may be able to reverse the process incited by the initial exposure to multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Early vascular changes in these individuals are mediated at least in part, by increased AT1 receptor activity and/or expression, and may be detected by changes in arterial stiffness indices and non-invasive vascular reactivity studies. There is a compensatory increase in AT2 receptor and NOS expression/activity to counter-act these vascular changes.

[Truncated abstract] The metabolic syndrome is characterized by cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, visceral obesity, hypertension and diabetes. The dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome includes elevated plasma triglyceride and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels, accumulation of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration. However, the precise mechanisms for this dyslipoproteinemia, specifically low plasma HDL cholesterol, are not well understood. This thesis therefore, focuses on HDL, its structure, function and metabolism. However, lipoprotein metabolism is a complex interconnected system, which includes forward and reverse cholesterol transport pathways. Hence, this thesis also examines and discusses the metabolism of apoB-containing lipoproteins. This thesis tests the general hypothesis that apolipoprotein kinetics are altered in the metabolic syndrome, and that lipid regulating therapies can improve these kinetic abnormalities. The aims were first, to compare and establish the clinical, metabolic and kinetic differences between metabolic syndrome and lean subjects; and second, to determine the regulatory effects of statin therapy, specifically, rosuvastatin on lipoprotein transport in the metabolic syndrome. Five observation statements were derived from the general hypothesis and examined in the studies described below. The findings are presented separately as a series of original publications. Study 1 Twelve men with the metabolic syndrome and ten lean men were studied in a case-control setting. ... These findings explain the HDL raising effects of rosuvastatin in the metabolic syndrome. Collectively, these studies suggest that the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome results from increased production rates of VLDL and LDL particles, reduced fractional catabolic rates of these lipoproteins, together with accelerated catabolism of HDL particles. Treatment with rosuvastatin increases the catabolic rates of all apoB-containing lipoproteins and at a higher dose, decreases LDL apoB production. These effects are consistent with inhibition of cholesterol synthesis leading to an upregulation of LDL receptors. Rosuvastatin decreases the fractional catabolism of HDL particles. The effects of rosuvastatin on HDL kinetics may be related to a reduction in triglyceride concentration and cholesterol ester transfer protein activity. These findings are consistent with the general hypothesis that apolipoprotein kinetics are altered in the metabolic syndrome, and that statin therapy improves these kinetic abnormalities.

Thesis (MScMed)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2010. / Title from screen (viewed on July 21, 2010). Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Michael Sturek, Jeffrey A. Breall, Robert V. Considine, Alexander Obukhov, Johnathan D. Tune. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-240).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Univ. , 2009. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Το μεταβολικό σύνδρομο, αποτελεί ένα σύνολο διαταραχών, όπως η κοιλιακή παχυσαρκία, η υπεργλυκαιμία, η χαμηλή HDL χοληστερόλη (HDL-C), τα αυξημένα τριγλυκερίδια (ΤRG) και η υπέρταση. Αν και η συχνότητα του παρουσιάζεται συνεχώς αυξανόμενη παγκοσμίως, η παθογένειά του, καθώς και τα διαγνωστικά κριτήρια, παραμένουν όχι σαφώς προσδιορισμένα. Φαίνεται να σχετίζεται με τη δραστηριότητα του άξονα ΥΥΕ, όμως ο υποκείμενος μηχανισμός παραμένει ασαφής. Σκοπός της παρούσης μελέτης ήταν να διερευνήσουμε τη λειτουργία του άξονα ΥΥΕ σε ασθενείς με μεταβολικό σύνδρομο και να εξετάσουμε αν η δραστηριότητα του άξονα ΥΥΕ σχετίζεται με τα επί μέρους στοιχεία του μεταβολικού συνδρόμου. Υλικό και Μέθοδος: Μελετήθηκαν 159 συνολικά άτομα, τα οποία χωρίστηκαν σε δύο ομάδες. Η πρώτη ομάδα (ομάδα ατόμων με μεταβολικό σύνδρομο) περιελάμβανε 86 άτομα με μεταβολικό σύνδρομο, 48 άνδρες και 38 γυναίκες, μέσης ηλικίας 52.2±7.6 έτη, mean±SD, και με δείκτη σωματικής μάζας 30.5±5.35 kg/m², mean±SD. Η δεύτερη ομάδα (ομάδα ελέγχου) περιελάμβανε 73 υγιή άτομα (μάρτυρες), 19 άνδρες και 54 γυναίκες, μέσης ηλικίας 49.9±7.5 έτη, mean±SD, και με δείκτη μάζας σώματος 27.9±4.42 kg/m², mean±SD. Οι δύο ομάδες ήταν συγκρίσιμες ως προς την ηλικία. Όλα τα άτομα υπεβλήθησαν σε δοκιμασία ανοχής 75g γλυκόζης από το στόμα (OGTT) μετά από νηστεία 12 ωρών, και δείγματα αίματος ελήφθησαν για τον προσδιορισμό της ACTH, της κορτιζόλης, της ινσουλίνης, του C-πεπτιδίου και της γλυκόζης. Τα επίπεδα κορτιζόλης ορού μετά από δοκιμασία ολονύκτιας καταστολής με 1mg δεξαμεθαζόνης (DXM) μετρήθηκαν και στις δύο ομάδες. Αποτελέσματα: Οι ασθενείς με μεταβολικό σύνδρομο είχαν στατιστικώς σημαντικά υψηλότερα επίπεδα κορτιζόλης ορού μετά από ολονύκτια δοκιμασία καταστολής με δεξαμεθαζόνη σε σχέση με τους υγιείς μάρτυρες. Καθ’όλη τη διάρκεια της δοκιμασίας ΟGTT τα επίπεδα της ΑCTH πλάσματος ήταν υψηλότερα στην ομάδα με μεταβολικό σύνδρομο σε σύγκριση με την ομάδα ελέγχου, ενώ τα επίπεδα κορτιζόλης ορού ήταν συγκρίσιμα μεταξύ των δύο ομάδων. Σε όλους τους χρόνους της δοκιμασίας OGTT τα επίπεδα της γλυκόζης, της ινσουλίνης και του C-πεπτιδίου ήταν στατιστικώς σημαντικά υψηλότερα στην ομάδα με μεταβολικό σύνδρομο σε σύγκριση με την ομάδα ελέγχου. Επίσης, η ΑCTH κατά τη δοκιμασία OGTT παρουσίασε στατιστικώς σημαντική θετική συσχέτιση με το μεταβολικό σύνδρομο και τα περισσότερα στοιχεία του, ενώ δεν βρέθηκε συσχέτιση μεταξύ της κορτιζόλης κατά τη διάρκεια της δοκιμασίας OGTT και του μεταβολικού συνδρόμου. Συμπεράσματα: Ο άξονας ΥΥΕ φαίνεται να είναι περισσότερο δραστήριος στους ασθενείς με μεταβολικό σύνδρομο, όπως αποδεικνύεται από τα υψηλότερα επίπεδα κορτιζόλης μετά από ολονύκτια δοκιμασία καταστολής με δεξαμεθαζόνη και τα αυξημένα επίπεδα ACTH κατά τη διάρκεια της δοκιμασίας OGTT. Το εύρημα αυτό ενισχύει την άποψη ότι υφίσταται «λειτουργική» υπερκορτιζολαιμία στην εκδήλωση του μεταβολικού συνδρόμου. / Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is correlated with the activity of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA) but the underlying mechanism still remains elusive.The aim of this study was to investigate the HPA axis function in patients with MetS. Materials/Methods: This case-control study included 159 people. They were divided into 2 groups. The first group included 73 healthy volunteers (control group: 19 male, 54 female, mean±SD: 49.9±7.5 years old, with BMI: 27.9±4.42 kg/m2) and the second group included 86 patients with MetS (case group: 48 male, 38 female, mean±SD: 52.2±7.6 years old, with BMI: 30.5±5.35 kg/m2). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed for all subjects after a 12-h overnight fast, and blood samples were obtained for determination of ACTH, cortisol, insulin, C-peptide, and glucose levels. Serum cortisol after an overnight dexamethasone suppression test was determined in both groups. Results: Patients with MetS had serum cortisol levels after an overnight dexamethasone suppression test significantly higher than controls. During OGTT plasma ACTH levels were higher at all time points in patients with MetS compared to controls, whereas serum cortisol levels were comparable between the 2 groups. Plasma ACTH during OGTT was also correlated with most of the components of MetS. Conclusions: The HPA axis in patients with MetS seems to be more active as evidenced by the higher cortisol levels after the overnight dexamethasone suppression test and by the higher ACTH levels during OGTT. This functional hypercortisolism might be involved in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome.

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The possible advantages of vitamin D supplementation on various cardiometabolic conditions have been examined over the past few years. Vitamin D supplementation has possibly shown effects on each of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome i.e.: obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and glucose intolerance. The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain whether or not vitamin D supplementation has any effect on any of the components of the metabolic syndrome. We searched the (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trails (Central), Medline, Science direct, ISI Web of knowledge and Scopus during 2010 (repeated search in 2012). We found four randomized controlled trials that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three hundred and seventy three patients were included in these four randomized controlled trails comparing vitamin D supplementation with placebo. Duration of treatment was a minimum of 4 weeks, through to a maximum of on-year. The different trials looked at various components of the metabolic syndrome as outcomes. The results were not consistent amongst the trials and the results could not be combined in a meta-analysis due to heterogeneity in study design and outcomes measured. The current systematic review highlights the shortcomings in the published data and we recommend further trials be undertaken before vitamin D supplementation can be recommended as beneficial for patients with the metabolic syndrome. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die moontlike voordele van vitamien D-aanvullings op verskillende kardiometaboliese toestande is oor die afgelope paar jaar ondersoek. Daar is aangetoon dat vitamien Daanvullings uitwerkings het op elk van die individuele komponente van die metaboliese sindroom naamlik vetsug, hipertensie, dislipidemie en glukose-intoleransie. Die doel van hierdie sistematiese oorsig was om vas te stel of vitamien D-aanvullings enige uitwerking het op enige van die komponente van die metaboliese sindroom of nie. Ons het gedurende 2010 soektogte uitgevoer op die Cochrane Sentrale register van gekontroleerde proewe (Central), Medline, Science Direct, ISI Web of Knowledge en Scopus (soektog is in 2012 herhaal). Ons het vier verewekansigde gekontroleerde proewe wat aan ons insluiting- en uitsluitingskriteria voldoen het, opgespoor. Driehonderd drie en sewentig pasiënte is by die vier proewe ingesluit. Al vier proewe het vitamien D-aanvullings met plasebo vergelyk. Die duur van behandeling het van 4 weke tot een jaar gestrek. Die verskillende proewe het gekyk na verskillende komponente van die metaboliese sindroom as uitkomste. Die resultate van die onderskeie proewe was nie konsekwent nie. Die huidige sistematiese oorsig belig die tekortkominge in die gepubliseerde data en ons beveel aan dat verdere proewe onderneem word om vas te stel of dit nuttig is om vitamien D aanvullings vir pasiënte met die metaboliese sindroom aan te beveel, en of dit dalk skadelik kan wees.