Listening comprehension plays a vital role in Chinese students’ acquisitionof English; however, the current situation of students’ listening comprehension learning is notsatisfactory. As one category of learning strategies, metacognitive strategies are essential forsuccessful learning. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the students’ frequency ofmetacognitive strategy use, and the relationship between their use of metacognitive strategiesand their performance in a listening comprehension test from the TEM-4 test. 100sophomores of English major were chosen to participate in the test and then divided into threelevels based on their scores. Afterwards, 10 students from each level were randomly selected,which means there was a total of 30 students and they were asked to participate in thequestionnaire. Through the data collected from the listening comprehension test and thequestionnaire, the investigation finds that on the whole, the 30 students use metacognitivestrategies in the medium level. By comparison, the students in the three groups utilizemetacognitive strategies in different levels. Moreover, there is a positive relationship between30 students’ frequency of metacognitive strategy use and their performance in the listeningcomprehension test. However, there are 4 students whose frequency of metacognitive strategyuse and scores in the listening comprehension test show a negative relationship. Thus, aninterview was conducted among them to find the reasons. These include that they havedifferent difficulties in using metacognitive strategies or dealing with the listeningcomprehension tasks, and then some suggestions are put forward to help teachers improvetheir teaching quality, and students enhance their listening comprehension abilities.

This study was designed to investigate practical and effective methods of increasing reading compliance, reading comprehension, and metacognitive reading strategies in the college classroom. Participants were recruited from Delta State University, a small university located in Cleveland, MS. There were 148 students who completed the study. 50% of these participants were Caucasian and 42% were African American. The average age of the participant was 20.0 years of age. Students were primarily freshman and sophomore undergraduate students taking a Psychology course. The following instruments were used during the course of this study: The Nelson Denny Reading Test, The College Textbook Questionnaire, The Survey of Reading Compliance (pretest and posttest), two teacher-made comprehension tests, and the Metacognitive Reading Strategies Questionnaire (pretest and posttest). The independent variables in this study were the threat of the Monte Carlo quiz and the availability of the Reader’s Guide. Dependent variables included the scores from the Survey of Reading Compliance (pretest and posttest), scores from the comprehension (pretest and posttest), and scores from the Metacognitive Reading Strategies (pretest and posttest). Results from this study suggested that the majority of college undergraduates reported reading their course textbook 2 hours or less per week. According to the results from the Nelson Denny Reading Test, undergraduates scored relatively high on comprehension. However, performance on the teacher-made comprehension tests based on textbook material was very low. The Metacognitive Reading Strategies Questionnaire suggested that undergraduates are utilizing some basic metacognitive reading strategies, but do not use more sophisticated strategies. The threat of the Monte Carlo quiz had no statistically significant effect on reading compliance, comprehension, or metacognitive reading strategies. The Reader’s Guide did not have a statistically significant effect on reading compliance or comprehension. However, students exposed to the Reader’s Guide experienced a statistically significant increase in the use of metacognitive strategies.

Research into reading strategies and strategy instruction has indicated their effectiveness and beneficial effects on reading improvement. However, additional effort and support is needed in real-world teaching environments for students to benefit from these research findings. This report reviews research on the effectiveness of the use of L2 reading strategies and strategy instruction. Based on research conclusions, this paper discusses the patterns of strategy use adopted by both proficient and less proficient readers to shed light on what kinds of strategies should be taught and how. It argues that teachers have important roles to play in selecting strategies for instruction and teaching them; teachers need to consider such factors as proficiency levels, text type and task goals. This paper concludes with pedagogical implications, suggesting teachers play roles as coaches and scaffolders, and offering nine strategies for instruction. / text

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O uso de tecnologias nas sociedades modernas possibilitou a democratizaÃÃo do conhecimento e mudanÃas nas formas de pensar, de agir e de se comunicar. AtravÃs dessas tecnologias, tivemos tambÃm a oportunidade de interagir com um novo modo enunciativo, o hipertexto. Este trabalho compara a leitura do texto impresso com a leitura do hipertexto com relaÃÃo Ãs estratÃgias metacognitivas de leitores proficientes. Para fundamentar nossa pesquisa, apresentamos teorias de leitura, sob uma perspectiva psicolingÃÃstica, e algumas pesquisas realizadas sobre hipertextos. Os sujeitos com os quais trabalhamos, a fim de testarmos nossos pressupostos, foram quinze professores do Ensino MÃdio que demonstraram ser leitores proficientes em texto impresso e que tinham experiÃncia com leitura na Internet. A tÃcnica utilizada para verificarmos as estratÃgias dos sujeitos ao ler hipertextos foi o protocolo verbal, na qual os leitores verbalizaram seus pensamentos simultaneamente ao processo de leitura. Os resultados da pesquisa nos mostraram que estratÃgias utilizadas para a compreensÃo de textos impressos foram tambÃm usadas na leitura de hipertextos. PorÃm, nesse novo modo de enunciaÃÃo, algumas dessas estratÃgias possuem especificaÃÃes, devido ao seu formato. Observamos ainda outras estratÃgias utilizadas pelos leitores ao ler os hipertextos, tais como, fazer leitura previewing da pÃgina inicial, procurar textos mais compactos, observar o tamanho do texto antes de lÃ-lo, preferir textos com imagens e desistir da leitura de alguns fragmentos dos hipertextos. Os resultados dessa pesquisa contribuem para a criaÃÃo de um modelo de leitura que contemple tambÃm a compreensÃo de hipertextos. / The use of technologies in modern society made possible the democratization of knowledge and caused many changes in the ways we think, act, and communicate. Through these technologies, we also had the opportunity to interact with a new way of enunciating: the hypertext. This work compare the printed text reading with hypertext reading in relation to metacognitive strategies from proficient readers. Our theoretical bases are psycholinguistic theories, as well as some researches on the specific kind of texts we investigate. With the purpose of testing our presupposition, we worked with fifteen teachers from Ensino MÃdio, who displayed to be proficient readers when read printed text and who had experience with reading on the Internet. The technique used to verify the strategies the teachers carried out was the verbal protocol: the readers verbalized their thoughts as they read. The results showed that the strategies used for reading printed texts were the same used to understand hypertexts. However, in the reading of the latter, some of those strategies have particular characteristics, due to the format of the hypertext. Other strategies used by the subjects who took part in our research were also observed, while they read hypertexts, like to read like previewing the homepage, to look for smaller texts, to look at the text size before to read, to prefer text with picture, to give up reading some hypertexts fragments. The results contribute to creation of a reading model that contemplate the hypertext comprehension too.

Properly tuned metacognitive knowledge is important for setting up realistic learning goals. One of the more robust findings in metacognitive science, the delayed JOL effect, pertains to the fact that delaying judgments of learning (JOL) leads to more accurate monitoring of one’s learning. Thirty students were tested on their knowledge of metacognitive strategies. They were asked to study paired associates, make JOLs, and were later tested with a cued recall test, as well asked about the efficacy of strategies for making JOLs. There was a significant positive effect in monitoring accuracy, from delaying JOLs, yet the participants showed poor explicit knowledge of it, and neither did their choice of strategy improve with task experience. The results demonstrate the important role of correct assessment during ongoing learning, and that even experienced learners, such as, university undergraduates are seemingly unaware of which strategies lead to optimal monitoring.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a cognitive and metacognitive intervention program (Caribbean Quest; CQ), on improving cognitive and social self-concepts (i.e., evaluative self-perceptions, including self-efficacy beliefs), executive function (EF), and attention. The effect of motivation on cognitive training derived benefits also was assessed. Motivation was examined both in terms of motivation specific to engagement in the CQ intervention (i.e., state motivation) and children’s intrinsic motivation for learning situations in general. In addition, the relationship between age, motivation, and self-concept was investigated. Participants included fifty-five male children, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years, with teacher reported deficits in EF and attention (29 controls, M = 8.38 years; 26 intervention, M = 8.35 years). The CQ intervention was delivered to children at school by trained educational assistants (EAs). On average, children completed 12 hours of intervention over 6 weeks. During CQ training sessions, EAs provided support to children in their game play, helping them to monitor their performance and utilize cognitive and metacognitive strategies. Each participant completed a battery of tests before and after the intervention, including measures of cognitive function, self-concept, working memory (WM), sustained attention, and intrinsic motivation. Teachers also provided ratings of children’s intrinsic motivation. Following CQ sessions, children’s state motivation was assessed. Pre- and post-test analyses did not reveal significant intervention effects for self-concept. However, given known developmental differences in self-evaluations for children less than eight years of age as compared to children aged eight years and older, self-concept was analyzed separately within younger and older age groups. Results indicated that children younger than eight years of age showed significant improvements on cognitive and social self-concept compared to the control group, suggesting that self-concept may be more amenable to change in younger children. Transfer effects of cognitive training to neuropsychological measures of WM and attention were not significant, although findings trended in the direction of higher benefit for the intervention group. For participants in the intervention group, child-reported intrinsic motivation, but not teacher-reported or state motivation, predicted the extent of change on the self-concept questionnaire and the sustained attention task. Results indicated cognitive self-concept and state motivation increased with age for the younger group of children; for the older group of children, state motivation decreased with age. In sum, results support the use of a cognitive and metacognitive training intervention for improving cognitive and social self-concepts in younger boys with EF and attention deficits. These findings highlight the importance of motivation as a key determinant of change and training derived gains. Future studies should further explore the relationship between motivation and training derived gains to better understand factors that might limit or enhance the effectiveness of cognitive intervention, as well as examine the value of concurrently targeting motivational factors in cognitive intervention. / Graduate

Untersucht werden die Wirkungen unterschiedlicher Trainingsprogramme für Kinder mit Lernstörungen. <br /> - Im Motivationstraining werden das Zielsetzungsverhalten und die Attribution trainiert.<br /> - Das metakognitive Strategietraining trainiert die Orientierung, Planung, Temporegulation und Selbstkontrolle bei Lernaufgaben.<br /> Das Motivations- und das Strategietraining arbeiten mit unterrichtsstoff-unabhängigen Inhalten. Erst später erfolgt eine Übertragung auf den Schulunterricht. <br /> <br /> - Ein Rechtschreiblerntraining fördert die Motivation und metakognitive Strategien in Rechtschreibung, also am möglicherweise aversiv besetzten Inhalt, aber auch mit der Chance, dass die Kinder ihre negativen Lernerfahrungen bald als Irrtum einordnen können.<br /> Diese drei Trainingsprogramme werden in Kleingruppen realisiert. <br /> - Ein "Unterrichtsintegriertes Training" trainiert die Motivation und metakognitive Strategien im Klassenunterricht.<br /> <br /> Die Programme wurden bei Kindern im Alter von 9 bis 12 Jahre mit sonderpädagogischem Förderbedarf im Lernen eingesetzt. Der IQ der Schüler lag zwischen 80 und 100. Die Schüler waren in ihrem Lernen entmutigt und realisierten ineffektive Lernstrategien. Lese-Rechtschreibschwäche oder Rechenschwäche wurden ausgeschlossen. <br /> <br /> Als Effektvariable wurden kognitive, metakognitive und motivationale Maße erhoben, aber auch das Verhalten bei Schwierigkeitserleben. Kontrolliert wurden sowohl die unmittelbaren Trainingswirkungen als auch die Langzeitwirkungen nach 3 bis 6 Monaten. Darüber hinaus wurden differenzielle Effekte erfasst.<br /> <br /> Alle Trainingsprogramme erreichten gute Effektstärken in kognitiven und metakognitiven Variablen. Eine gute Ermutigungswirkung erzielten allerdings nur das Motivations- und das Strategietraining. Diese Ermutigungswirkung wiederum erwies sich als entscheidend für die Nachhaltigkeit und Anwendung gelernter Strategien bei Schwierigkeitserleben.<br /> <br /> Verallgemeinert erfordert ein Trainingserfolg folgende Bedingungen: <br /> 1. Verbindung des Trainings von Motivation und Lernstrategien. <br /> 2. Realisierung eines Intensivtrainings, in dem die Ressourcen des Kindes aktiviert werden. <br /> 3. Festigung der gelernten Strategien über einen längeren Zeitraum und Anwendung im Schulunterricht. / Results of four training approaches with learning disabled children are presented; their age range was 9-12, IQ range 80 to 100. The students were characterized as discouraged in their learning efforts, they had developed ineffective learning styles. <br /> - Training program A aimed at training achievement motivation in learning activities including attribution.<br /> - Training program B covered metacognitive strategies (orientation, planning and self-control etc. ).<br /> <br /> The two training programs focused mainly on objectives which were not related to German and mathematics school curriculae in order to avoid averse feelings which might be associated with the regular curriculum by students. Generalization efforts to classroom learning were undertaken at a later stage of the program.<br /> <br /> - Training program C focussed on training motivation and meta-cognitive strategies in orthography.<br /> The A, B, and C training programs were performed with small groups.<br /> - Training D contained motivation and metacognitive strategies while students were taught in class.<br /> <br /> Measures of students with extreme impulsiveness and students with intense lability were analyzed by using multi-variate procedures. It could be shown that each training program resulted in improved cognitive and metacognitive functioning. Training programs A and B showed remarkable encouragement effects.<br /> <br /> Results were discussed in terms of improved learning conditions like. <br /> 1. Intensive training, activating emotional resources of the learner and metacognitive training are necessary conditions. <br /> 2. After metacognitive and coping strategy criteria have been reached, maintenance strategies over time have to be employed, including generalization efforts to classroom learning. <br /> 3. Any successful training has to include metacognitive and encouragement strategies.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-18T16:57:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - ?rica Cozandey de Lucas.pdf: 942924 bytes, checksum: fe2c5beb4b8f1eed78eb1d4e4e34df9f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T16:57:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - ?rica Cozandey de Lucas.pdf: 942924 bytes, checksum: fe2c5beb4b8f1eed78eb1d4e4e34df9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-22 / In the dynamic process of the construction of meaning, the understanding of text is achieved from a reflective and deliberate posture of the reader by using different strategies to understand the information in the text and integrating it into a coherent context. This research seeks to highlight the role of metacognitive strategies in reading comprehension enhancement through an educational intervention based on the use of headlines. It focuses the attention to the most relevant information set out in the text, and refers to the reflective activities before, during and after the reading of a text. Consequently, it brings up discussion about the relationship between text comprehension and metacognition. To do this, follow theoretical basis, a global aspect, studies of Baker and Brown (1984), in the sense that these authors state that to be understanding in the act of reading there is a need for metacognition reading process. After the implementation of activities was found from the results that working text using metacognitive strategies helps in the process of making more autonomous player in the reading comprehension process. And the suggestions presented in this research are actions that can enrich teaching practice in regard to the teaching of reading as well as contribute to new thinking on how to be taught to understand a text. / A compreens?o de um texto, por ser um processo din?mico de constru??o de sentidos, se d? a partir de uma postura reflexiva e deliberada do leitor, que precisa fazer uso de diferentes estrat?gias para entender as informa??es expl?citas no texto e inferir outras, al?m de integr?-las num todo coerente. Esta pesquisa procura evidenciar o papel das estrat?gias metacognitivas na potencializa??o da aprendizagem de leitura, atrav?s de uma media??o did?tica baseada no uso das manchetes exercendo o papel de ativa??o da aten??o diante das informa??es mais relevantes que ser?o expostas no texto, somadas a atividades reflexivas para antes, durante e/ou ap?s a leitura de um texto. Como consequ?ncia, vem discutir a rela??o entre compreens?o de textos e metacogni??o, mostrando ser poss?vel aperfei?oar o processamento da leitura e promover a compreens?o por meio da utiliza??o de estrat?gias metacognitivas de aprendizagem. Para tal, o embasamento te?rico seguir?, num aspecto global, os estudos de Baker e Brown (1984), que afirmam que para haver compreens?o no ato de ler h? a necessidade de um metaconhecimento do processo de leitura. Ap?s a aplica??o das atividades, verificou-se, atrav?s dos resultados alcan?ados, que trabalhar o texto usando estrat?gias metacognitivas auxilia no processo de tornar o leitor mais aut?nomo no processo de leitura compreensiva. E que as sugest?es apresentadas nesta pesquisa s?o a??es que podem tanto enriquecer a pr?tica pedag?gica no que tange ao ensino de leitura como tamb?m contribuir para novas reflex?es sobre o modo como se deve ensinar a compreender um texto.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of using metacognitive strategies embedded in explicit&ndash / reflective NOS instruction to improve NOS understanding of pre-service science teachers. Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) (Schraw &amp / Dennison, 1994) and Views of Nature of Science Questionnaire (VNOS-C) (Lederman et al., 2001) were used both at the beginning and at the end of the study as a pre-test&ndash / post-test, comparison group, quasi-experimental design. A total of 33 pre-service science teachers (PSTs), 24 were female and 9 were male agreed to join the study voluntarily. These students were selected for this study while they were enrolling at their 5th semester in which they attended Methods of Teaching Science I course offered by the faculty of education at Middle East Technical University. Participants were divided into two groups namely comparison and intervention group. Explicit reflective NOS instruction was used in both groups, but metacognitive strategies additionally used in intervention group. Data analysis demonstrated that explicit reflective NOS instruction enhanced the development of understanding of NOS in both groups. Results also showed that metacognitive strategies improved the metacognitive awareness of intervention group participants. Although four of these metacognitive strategies and explicit reflective NOS instruction in present study provided a substantial increase in NOS understandings of PSTs in intervention group, chi-square analysis showed statistically no significant difference between comparison and intervention group participants&rsquo / post-test results.

This project examined whether the executive functions of set maintenance and switching, as assessed by neuropsychological testing, were predictors of set maintenance and switching within a more ecologically valid task that used metacognitive strategies during reading comprehension tasks as a framework for evaluation. Gaze times to key words during reading were used as an indirect measure of strategy use. A few significant relationships were found between set maintenance and set switching on the neuropsychological measures and the strategy learning and application tasks. Participants were more likely to switch to appropriate strategies in a situation in which they were given free choice of strategies to use, and in which characteristics of the text pulled for the use of a particular strategy. In contrast, participants were less consistent with expected strategy use when they had just learned a strategy and were asked explicitly to apply it to a text that did not pull for use of a particular strategy. Factors such as visual scanning, motor speed, working memory, and passage comprehension affected the relationship between executive functions and the more ecologically valid task.