Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2007. / Title from title screen (site viewed Dec. 4, 2007). PDF text: xviii, 149 p. : ill. ; 7 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3271931. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

Graduation date: 1993

Los ensayos in vitro de transformación celular abarcan el proceso multifásico que va desde la conversión neoplásica hasta el establecimiento del fenotipo tumorigénico. En la presente tesis doctoral, el ensayo in vitro Balb/3T3, con una línea celular inmortalizada de fibroblastos de ratón, ha sido aplicado para determinar la citotoxicidad y el potencial carcinogénico de una serie de compuestos metálicos seleccionados por su interés ambiental, laboral y biomédico, adoptando una estrategia específica de trabajo en varias etapas. Esto ha implicado una optimización muy precisa del protocolo para determinar la reproducibilidad intralaboratorios del protocolo del ensayo y para asegurar la estabilidad de las condiciones experimentales de aplicación del ensayo Balb/3T3.Por consiguiente, después de la optimización del protocolo adoptado, el proyecto de tesis se desarrolló siguiendo una estrategia de cuatro etapas: a) determinación de la citotoxicidad a unas concentraciones de exposición fijadas (100 µM, 65 compuestos metálicos individuales). Esto permitió la selección de los compuestos metálicos que tendrían prioridad para las investigaciones subsiguientes; b) establecimiento de las relaciones dosis-efecto para 35 compuestos metálicos identificados como de primera prioridad en la etapa (a), para determinar los correspondientes valores de IC50 y un rango adecuado de concentraciones de exposición para ser utilizado en los pasos siguientes; c) determinación del potencial carcinogénico de los compuestos metálicos seleccionados a partir de la etapa (b); d) estudios sobre los mecanismos de transformación de las especies metálicas identificadas en la fase (c). En este contexto, una aproximación mecanística inicial fue la evaluación de la respuesta apoptótica inducida por los compuestos metálicos seleccionados en las células Balb/3T3. Este estudio sobre la apoptosis ha mostrado que se debería utilizar más de un ensayo para establecer inequívocamente la inducción de apoptosis por alguno de los compuestos metálicos en el sistema de ensayo escogido. Esto es debido a la complejidad del problema y a las dificultades para interpretar los datos experimentales. Por otra parte, los hallazgos sobre la respuesta apoptótica inducida por As(III), Cr(VI) y algunos compuestos de Pt sugieren la hipótesis de la existencia de una relación entre los procesos apoptótico, genotóxico y carcinogénico.Con respecto a los estudios mecanísticos y de metabolismo de los metales, los resultados obtenidos aplicando técnicas analíticas únicas y peculiares como el uso de radiotrazadores, espectrometría de masas con plasma de acoplamiento inductivo, y resonancia magnética nuclear han hecho posible obtener interesantes datos metabólicos sobre la entrada y el reparto intracelular de los metales incorporados en las células. Éste es un aspecto generalmente olvidado en los estudios in vitro a pesar de ser un punto clave para la interpretación mecanística de la citotoxicidad y de la actividad transformante inducidas por los compuestos químicos.Además, se encontró un buen nivel de concordancia al comparar los resultados obtenidos de la aplicación del ensayo Balb/3T3 con los modelos in vitro seleccionados de roedores y humanos.En conclusión, la presente tesis representa una importante contribución para hacer que la línea celular Balb/3T3 sea un valioso modelo in vitro para investigar la correlación entre absorción, biotransformación, citotoxicidad y potencial carcinogénico de los compuestos metálicos. Se puede afirmar que el ensayo Balb/3T3 tiene el potencial para ser adecuado para un estudio futuro de validación. / In vitro morphological cell transformation tests encompass the multi-step process from neoplastic conversion to the established tumorigenic phenotype. In the present PhD thesis the in vitro Balb/3T3 assay, an immortalised mouse fibroblast cell line, was applied for assessing cytotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of selected metal compounds of environmental, occupational and biomedical interest by adopting a specific multi-stage work strategy. This has involved a very accurate protocol optimisation in order to assess intralaboratory reproducibility of the test protocol and to assure stability of the experimental conditions in which the Balb/3T3 assay was applied.Therefore, after optimisation of the adopted protocol the present PhD project was carried out following a "four steps approach": a) determination of cytotoxicity at a fixed concentration exposure (100 µM, 65 individual metal compounds). This allowed the selection of metal compounds to which priority is given for subsequent investigations; b) setting of dose-effect relationships for 35 metal compounds identified as first priority in step (a), in order to establish the corresponding IC50 values and a suitable exposure range of concentrations to be used in the subsequent steps; c) determination of carcinogenic potential of selected metal compounds from step (b); d) mechanistic studies on transforming metal species as identified in step (c). In this context, an initial mechanistic approach was the evaluation of the apoptotic response induced by selected metal compounds on the Balb/3T3 cells. This study on apoptosis has shown that more than one assay should be used in order to establish unequivocally the induction of apoptosis by a metal compound on the selected test system. This is due to the complexity of the problem and the difficulties to interpret the experimental data. Moreover, the findings on the apoptotic response induced by As(III), Cr(VI) and some Pt-compounds suggest the hypothesis of an existing relationship among apoptotic, genotoxic and carcinogenic processes.With regard to mechanistic studies and metal metabolism, the results obtained applying unique and peculiar analytical techniques like the use of radiotracers, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance have made possible to get interesting metabolic data on uptake and intracellular repartition of metals incorporated into cells. This is an aspect generally neglected in in vitro studies although it is a key point for mechanistic interpretation of cytotoxicity and transforming activity induced by chemicals.In addition, a good level of concordance was achieved by comparing the results obtained from the application of the Balb/3T3 assay with selected in vitro rodent and human models.In conclusion, the present PhD project represents an important contribution to make the Balb/3T3 cell line as a valuable in vitro model to investigate correlation between uptake, biotransformation, cytotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of metal compounds. It is to state that the Balb/3T3 assay has the potential to be suitable for a future validation study.

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Discovery of anti-cancer cisplatin was a great success in anti-cancer chemotherapy. Numerous analogues of cisplatin such as carboplatin and oxaliplatin, were developed to improve the clinical effectiveness. Nevertheless, the clinical uses of these platinum-based drugs are limited by the occurrence of drug-resistance, narrow range of susceptible cancer types and severe toxicity. These drawbacks have stimulated the development of other metal-based compounds with distinct mechanisms of anti-cancer action. In this study, a series of ytterbium(III) porphyrin and iron(II) polypyridyl complexes were synthesized. Their anti-cancer activities were examined. With the aid of gene expression profiling and bioinformatics analysis, the mechanisms of these anti-cancer active complexes have been examined. A series of ytterbium(III) porphyrin complexes have been prepared and structurally characterized. An ytterbium(III) octaethylporphyrin complex (1) was found to exhibit potent anti-cancer activities with cytotoxic IC50 values down to sub-micromolar range. Complex (1) was shown to exist as a dimeric hydroxyl-bridged complex [Yb2(OEP)2(μ-OH)2] (where H2OEP = octylethylporphyrin) in CH2Cl2 and in solid state, and as monomeric [Yb(OEP)(DMSO)(OH)(OH2)] in DMSO/aqueous solution. Unlike various anti-cancer lanthanide complexes which are commonly proposed to target cellular DNA, our transcriptomics data, bioinformatics connectivity map analysis and cellular experiments altogether indicate that (1) exerts its anticancer effect through apoptosis which is highly associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Two iron(II) polypyridyl complexes [Fe(qpy)(CH3CN)2](ClO4)2 (Fe-1a) (qpy =2,2’:6’,2”:6”,2’”:6”’,2””-quinquepyridine) and [Fe(Py5-OH)(CH3CN)](ClO4)2 (Fe-2a) (Py5-OH = 2,6-bis[hydroxybis(2-pyridyl)methyl]pyridine) were found to display selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines over a normal lung fibroblast cell line. Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarray and bioinformatics analysis suggested that the anti-cancer mechanisms of Fe-1a and Fe-2a involve apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, activation of p53 and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). Complex Fe-1a induced the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a concentration-dependent manner. Both iron complexes could cleave supercoiled plasmid DNA. The cellular DNA damage induced by both complexes was confirmed by comet assay and phospho-histone protein ( -H2AX) immunofluorescence assay. Cell cycle progression analysis revealed that Fe-1a induced both S- and G2/M-phase cell cycle arrests, whereas Fe-2a induced a G0/G1-phase arrest. Apoptosis induced by both complexes was confirmed by annexin-V/SYTOX green flow cytometry analysis and western blotting. Moreover, p53 and MAPK activation were found to be associated with the induced apoptosis. By employing the cationic porphyrin ligand, 5-(p-N-methylpyridyl)triphenylporphyrin [H2(5-MePyTPP)]+, a series of cationic metalloporphyrin complexes formulated as [M(porphyrinato)]n+ (where M = PtII, RuII, CoII or AuIII, n = 1 or 2) were prepared. The cytotoxicities of these complexes were examined. The platinum(II) and ruthenium(II) complexes were relatively non-cytotoxic towards the examined cancer cell lines with IC50 >24 μM. [CoII(5-MePyTPP)]Cl displayed a more pronounced anti-cancer activity with IC50 values between 7.48 – 17.7 μM. However, this Co(II) complex displayed poor selectivity towards the cancer cell lines compared to the normal cell line. The gold(III) porphyrin complex [AuIII(5-MePyTPP)]Cl2 showed a much higher potency (IC50 =3.01 -10.7μM) than the other [M(5-MePyTPP)]n+ prepared. By means of flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, [AuIII(5-MePyTPP)]Cl2 was found to induce G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest and necrotic cell death in HeLa cells. / published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Atomically thin group-VI transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) has been emerging as a family of intrinsic 2-dimensional (2D) crystals with a sizeable bandgap in the visible and near infrared range, satisfying numerous requirements for ultimate electronics and optoelectronics. This intrinsic 2D crystal also provides a perfect platform for physics study in 2D semiconductors. The characteristic inversion symmetry breaking presented in monolayer TMDCs leads to non-zero but contrasting Berry curvatures and orbital magnetic moments at K/K’ valleys located at the corners of the first Brillouin zone. These features provide an opportunity to manipulate electrons’ additional internal degrees of freedom, namely the valley degree of freedom, making monolayer TMDC a promising candidate for the conceptual valleytronics. Besides, the strong spin-orbit interactions and the subsequent spin-valley coupling demonstrated in 2D TMDCs open potential new routes towards quantum manipulation. In this thesis, I give a brief review on the background and our progress of the physics study in 2D TMDCs (MoS2, WS2) via optical spectroscopy. Particularly, our experimental approach on the excitonic effect, valley dependent circular dichroism, and the spin-valley coupling in monolayer and bilayer TMDCs are elaborated in individual chapters. / published_or_final_version / Physics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

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Two areas of organotransition metal chemistry and their potential application to organic transformations are discussed. The synthesis of cations of the type [Fe(η⁵-C₅H₅)(L)₂(CO)]⁺, [Fe(η⁵-C₅H₄CH₃)(L)₂(CO)]⁺, [Fe(η⁵-C₅(CH₃)₅)(L)₂(CO)]⁺ (where (L)₂=(CO)₂, (PPh₃)(CO), (PMe₃)(CO), (PPh₃)₂,(diphos) and (PMe₃)₂) and [Mo(η⁵-C₅H₅)(L)₃(CO)] (where (L)₃=(PPh₃)(CO)₂, (diphos)(CO) and (triphos)), many of them novel, is described. Investigations into the site of nucleophilic attack on the cations using hydride as a probe and the effect of varying the overall charge distribution of the cation are discussed. Hydride attack on a carbonyl ligand leads to the formation of metal formyl moieties and their detection by low temperature ¹H n.m.r. spectroscopy is described; furthermore, the fate of the metal formyls was found to be dependent upon the nature of the other ligands in the complex. A new criterion for establishing the stereoselectivity of nucleophilic attack on η⁵-C₅H₅ ligands is proposed. Hydride attack on an η⁵-C₅H₄CH₃ ligand was discovered to be regioselective occurring at the carbon atom alpha to the methyl-bearing carbon. The direct oxidation of alkenes to epoxides by hydrogen peroxide was shown to be catalysed by some of the metal carbonyl cations. The use of organotitanium reagents to convert vic-dibromides and epoxides to alkenes is discussed. (C₅H₅)₂TiCl₂ was shown to catalyse both a sodium amalgam debromination of disubstituted vic-dibromides and a zinc debromination of mono and disubstituted vic-dibromides. The latter reaction was developed into a synthetically useful procedure. Reduction of (C₅H₅)₂TiCl₂ by both sodium amalgam and zinc dust gave reagents which deoxygenated epoxides. Investigations into the regioselectivity and chemoselectivity of these reagents are discussed. During the synthesis of molecules containing both vic-dibromide and epoxide functionalities, a novel cyclisation was discovered which may have relevance to the biosynthesis of certain marine natural products.