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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Desenvolvimento de uma fonte de nano-agregados metálicos / Development of a aggregation source for metallic nano-clusters

Sá, Artur Domingues Tavares de, 1985- 12 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Varlei Rodrigues / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T21:17:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sa_ArturDominguesTavaresde_M.pdf: 5943760 bytes, checksum: 7930052cb22d4d424d915c28be234091 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nanossistemas são um dos campos de pesquisa mais importantes na comunidade científica nos dias atuais, isso se deve principalmente ao seu grande potencial tecnológico. Este regime de tamanhos apresenta propriedades novas e inesperadas que diferem fortemente das suas propriedades macroscópicas. Isso acontece principalmente devido aos efeitos decorrentes da razão entre o número de átomos na superfície e o número de átomos no volume, e também por que temos o tamanho da partícula comparável ao comprimento de onda dos elétrons de condução. Em particular, um destes sistemas de grande interesse são os clusters, nanossistemas com 2 a 10 7 átomos, onde as propriedades variam fortemente com tamanho e forma. Por conta disso, nós come¸ camos a desenvolver e construir uma fonte para a produção de agregados com um número controlável de átomos variando de 2 até 100 átomos. Uma fonte de clusters habitual é constituída essencialmente de: uma fonte de átomos e uma câmara de agregação, para gerar as partículas; um sistema de lentes eletrostáticas, para guiar e focalizar o feixe; e um analisador de massa, podendo esse selecionar, ou não, as partículas em massa. Para fonte de átomos desenvolvemos dois magnetrons sputterings, um magnetron circular plano típico de 1" e um magnetron cilíndrico para a erosão axial de fios metálicos. A câmara de agregação terá um comprimento variável ( » 30 - 100 mm), para que possamos controlar o tamanho médio dos nano-agregados. Um skimmer, duas lentes Einzel e uma Bessel-Box serão utilizados para guiar e focalizar o feixe de partículas ao longo do instrumento. Como analisador de massa utilizamos um espectrômetro de massa por tempo de vôo. É importante frisar que optamos por desenvolver a maioria dos componentes na própria Unicamp, estes componentes serão descritos no corpo dessa dissertação. Para estudos posteriores pretendemos implementar um quadrupolo elétrico seletor de massa e fazer a deposição dos clusters embebidos em uma matriz, o que possibilitará o transporte das partículas para o estudo ex situ de suas propriedades. / Abstract: Nanosystems are one of the most important fields of research in the current days, mainly motivated by their technological potential. This size regime present new and unexpected properties that strongly differ from their macroscopic counter-part. This happen mainly due to effects arising from their high surface-to-bulk ratio and because their sizes are comparable to the conduction electron wavelength. In particular, one of these systems of great interest is the atom clusters, nano-systems with 2 to 10 7 atoms, where properties vary strongly with particle size and shape. In this way, we have started to develop and construct a source to produce clusters with a controllable number of atoms ranging from 2 up to 100 atoms. A usual clusters source is constituted essentially of an atom source and aggregation chamber, to generate the particles; electrostatic lenses, to guide them; and a mass analyzer, which can also select the particles by mass. For the atom source we have designed two sputtering-like sources, a home-made one inch typical planar magnetron and also a home-made cylindrical one, for axial erosion of wire targets. The aggregation chamber will have a variable length ( » 30 - 100 mm), so we can control the average size of the clusters. A skimmer, two Einzel lenses and a Bessel-Box will be used to guide charged cluster through the instrument. As mass spectrometer we are going to use a home-made Time-Of-Flight (TOF). It is important to say that we choose to build almost all the components at Unicamp, these components will be described in the body of this dissertation. For further studies, the plan is to size select the clusters with an electrical quadrupole and deposit the clusters in a matrix (co-deposition), to be able to transport the samples to study their properties ex situ. / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física
2

Conception et fonctionnalisation de MOFs pour le greffage et l'encapsulation de complexe organométallique / Development of MOFs as supports or host for organometallic complexes

Lescouet, Tristan 14 December 2012 (has links)
Les Metal-Organic Frameworks résultent de l’organisation de clusters métalliques et demolécules organiques chélatantes qui forment un réseau cristallin poreux. Leur découverte apermis des avancées majeures dans le domaine du stockage et de la séparation des gaz.Malheureusement la faible stabilité et l’acidité modérée de ces matériaux ne les rendent quepeu compétitifs par rapport aux zéolites dans le domaine du raffinage ou de la dépollution. Ils’agit d’explorer, avec ces matériaux, de nouvelles applications catalytiques en tirant partie deleur principale qualité : leur modularité. En effet le large choix de métaux, de ligands, ainsique la post fonctionnalisation de ces derniers permet la synthèse contrôlée de matériauxpossédant des propriétés de flexibilité, de confinement ainsi qu’un environnement chimiquesimilaire à celui des sites actifs des enzymes. Ce travail s’inspire du procédé catalytique desenzymes pour obtenir des MOFs hautement sélectifs en conditions douces. Nous décrivons ledéveloppement de méthodes pour encapsuler des catalyseurs organométalliques dans despores calibrés afin de modifier la sélectivité d’une réaction d’oxydation et stabiliser lecatalyseur. Quatre MOFs supportant des groupes amino ont été synthétisés afin de permettreleur post fonctionnalisation. Les propriétés de flexibilité ainsi que la distribution des sitespotentiellement actifs du MOF MIL-53 ont également été contrôlés grâce à lafonctionnalisation partielle de la structure. Enfin ces amino MOFs furent post fonctionnalisésen isocyanate en deux étapes afin d’améliorer la réactivité de la structure et de permettre legreffage de diverses amines. Ces outils pourraient permettre à court terme la conception deMOFs dont les pores ont un environnement semblable aux metalloenzymes. / MOFs are generated from the association of metallic clusters connected by organic linkers toform crystalline porous materials. Their discovery was a breakthrough in the domain ofseparation and gas storage. Unfortunately, MOFs have a low stability and moderate acidityand cannot compete with zeolites for use in industrial catalysis. To design a viable MOFcatalyst, we can take advantage of its almost infinite possibility of customisation. Indeed, alarge choice of metal, linkers or post synthetic modifications allow the creation ofenvironments similar to the active sites of enzymes and can lead to the synthesis of solidswith analogue flexibility or “molecular recognition” properties. This work takes inspirationfrom enzymes to mimic their ability to catalyse reactions with high chemio-, region- andenantio-selectivity in mild conditions. We developed a method for the encapsulation oforganometallic complexes in the large pore of MOF MIL-101. The selectivity of an oxidationreaction was modified and the catalyst was stabilised within the MOF. In addition, four aminofunctionalized MOFs were synthesized as starting materials for post functionalization. Theirflexibility and the active site distribution were controlled by the use of a “mixed linker”strategy: functionalized linkers were diluted with unfunctionalized ones during the synthesis.Lastly, these amino-MOFs were post-functionalized in two steps in isocyanate in order toameliorate the structure reactivity and allow for the grafting of a large range of amines. Thiswork brings the tools for the synthesis of potential “artificial enzymes”.
3

Catalizadores metálicos subnanométricos altamente eficientes en reacciones de formación de enlaces C-C

Escobar Bedia, Francisco Javier 02 September 2021 (has links)
[ES] De forma general, el trabajo realizado durante la presente tesis doctoral se ha enfocado al diseño y optimización de catalizadores heterogéneos basados en Pd y Ru soportado sobre óxidos metálicos y materiales carbonosos. A fin de optimizar los catalizadores se han relacionado los ensayos catalíticos con las propiedades físico-químicas de los materiales mediante diferentes técnicas (XPS, HAADF-STEM, Fotoluminiscencia, IR, ¿) siguiendo un proceso iterativo de ensayo-caracterización-optimización. En concreto, la presente tesis doctoral se puede dividir en dos partes en función de las reacciones estudiadas: 1. Durante la primera parte, capítulo 3, se han preparado catalizadores basados en Au, Pd y Pd(OH)2 soportado sobre diferentes óxidos metálicos con objeto de realizar el homoacoplamiento oxidativo de benzoato de metilo en ausencia de disolvente y empleando oxígeno como único agente oxidante. Se ha conseguido identificar la especie activa como clústeres de Pd mediante el empleo de espectroscopia de infrarrojo de adsorción de CO y fotoluminiscencia. Con este conocimiento se ha podido diseñar un pre-tratamiento de activación específico para maximizar la actividad catalítica con el cual se ha logrado obtener un rendimiento catalítico similar al del catalizador homogéneo de Pd(OAc)2. 2. En la segunda parte de la tesis, se ha estudiado la hidroformilación de 1-hexeno empleando catalizadores alternativos basados en Ru. En particular, durante el capítulo 4 se han desarrollado catalizadores de Ru soportados sobre una matriz orgánica-inorgánica compuesta por un biopolímero natural, quitosán, y SiO2 detectándose un efecto sinérgico entre las especies lixiviadas de Ru (TON > 3000, TOF > 550 h-1) y los grupos funcionales del quitosán que ha sido estudiado mediante espectroscopia de absorción de rayos-X. Finalmente, el objetivo del capítulo 5 ha sido estabilizar las especies de Ru mediante un tratamiento térmico de pirólisis. Empleando un biopolímero natural se ha conseguido diseñar un catalizador estable, capaz de hidroformilar selectivamente el enlace terminal de olefinas de diferente tamaño de cadena con alta regioselectividad (S > 90%) que puede ser re-usado. Gracias al uso de técnicas espectroscópicas avanzadas se ha podido relacionar la actividad intrínseca de las especies de Ru soportadas identificándose a los átomos aislados de Ru como los más activos (TOF > 12.000 h-1). / [CA] This doctoral thesis has focused on the design and optimization of heterogeneous Pd and Ru catalysts supported on metallic oxides and carbon materials. In order to optimize the catalysts a relationship has been stablished between the observed reaction kinetics and the physico-chemical properties of the materials by means of different characterization techniques (XPS, HAADF-STEM, photoluminescence, IR ¿) following an iterative kinetic test-characterization-optimization process. In particular, this thesis can be divided in two different parts depending on the reaction studied: 1. In chapter 3, different catalysts based on Au, Pd and Pd(OH)2 supported on a variety of mixed oxides have been prepared with the aim of performing the oxidative homocoupling of methyl benzoate in absence of solvent with molecular oxygen as the only oxidising agent. In this case, Pd clusters have been identified as the active species by means of photoluminescence and infrared spectroscopy using CO as probe molecule. After identifying the active species, a specific activation pre-treatment could be designed in order to maximize the catalytic activity which is on par with the homogeneous Pd(OAc)2 counterpart. 2. In the next chapter (Chapter 4), the hydroformylation of 1-hexene using alternative Ru based catalysts was studied. In particular, a series of hybrid organic-inorganic Ru catalysts composed of a natural biopolymer, chitosan, and SiO2 were developed which showed and interesting synergistic effect between the lixiviated species of Ru and the functional groups of chitosan. This effect was studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The catalyst showed a high activity (TON > 3000 and TOF > 550 h-1) as well as a high regioselectivity towards formation of lineal aldehyde (S > 95%). 3. Finally, the objective of chapter 5 was to go one step further trying to stabilize the Ru species observed in previous chapter by means of a pyrolytic thermal treatment. Thus, with the aid of a natural biopolymer and a carbonaceous support the goal of designing a reusable and stable catalyst, able to selectively catalyse the hydroformylation of terminal olefins with variable chain length and high regioselectivity (S > 90%) towards the lineal aldehyde was successfully achieved. In this case, the intrinsic activity of the different Ru supported entities was studied by advanced spectroscopy techniques allowing the identification of isolated single Ru atoms as the most active catalytic centers (TOF > 12000 h-1) / [EN] En general, el treball realitzat durant la present tesi doctoral s'ha centrat en l'optimització de catalitzadors heterogenis basats en Pd i Ru suportat sobre òxids metàl·lics i materials carbonacis. Amb l'objectiu d'optimitzar els catalitzadors, s'ha establert una relació entre els resultats dels experiments catalítics i les propietats fisicoquímiques dels materials mitjançant la utilització de diferents tècniques (XPS, HAADF - STEM, fotoluminescència, IR,...) seguint un esquema iteratiu d'assaig - caracterització - optimització. En concret, la present tesi doctoral es pot dividir en dos parts, en funció de les reaccions estudiades: 1. En la primera part, capítol 3, s'han preparat catalitzadors basats en Au, Pd i Pd(OH)2 suportat sobre diferents òxids metàl·lics amb l'objectiu de realitzar la reacció d'homoacoblament oxidatiu del benzoat de metil en absència de dissolvent i utilitzant oxigen com a únic agent oxidant. S'ha aconseguit identificar els clústers de Pd com a espècies actives de la reacció gràcies a l'espectroscòpia d'infraroig d'adsorció de CO i a la fotoluminescència. D'aquesta forma, s'ha pogut dissenyar un pretractament d'activació específic per aconseguir maximitzar l'activitat catalítica. S'han aconseguit obtenir uns valors de rendiment catalític similars al presentats pel catalitzador homogeni Pd(OAc)2. 2. En la segona part de la tesi, s'ha estudiat la hidroformilació de l'1-hexè utilitzant catalitzadors alternatius basats en Ru. En concret, en el capítol 4, s'han desenvolupat catalitzadors de Ru suportats sobre una matriu orgànica - inorgànica constituïda per un biopolímer natural, quitosan, i SiO2. Així doncs, s'ha pogut detectar un efecte sinèrgic entre les espècies lixiviades de Ru (TON > 3000 and TOF > 550 h-1) i els grups funcionals del quitosan. Dit efecte s'ha estudiat per mitjà de l'espectroscòpia d'absorció de rajos X. Finalment, l'objectiu del capítol 5 ha consistit en estabilitzar les espècies de Ru per mitjà d'un tractament tèrmic de piròlisis. Utilitzant un biopolímer natural, s'ha aconseguit dissenyar un catalitzador estable, capaç d'hidroformilar selectivament i amb una elevada regioselectivitat (S> 90%) l'enllaç terminal d'olefines de diferent longitud; i poder ésser posteriorment reutilitzat. A partir de tècniques d'espectroscòpia avançades, s'ha pogut relacionar l'activitat intrínseca de les espècies de Ru suportades, i s'han identificat els àtoms aïllats de Ru com aquelles espècies més actives (TOF > 12.000 h-1). / Escobar Bedia, FJ. (2021). Catalizadores metálicos subnanométricos altamente eficientes en reacciones de formación de enlaces C-C [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172628 / TESIS
4

Spectroscopie optique et infrarouge de biomolécules et systèmes molécule-métal / Optical and infrared spectroscopy on biomolecules and metal-molecule complex in the gas phase

Bellina, Bruno 31 October 2012 (has links)
Les différents travaux présentés dans ce mémoire de thèse regroupent des études de spectroscopie en phase gazeuse de biomolécules et de systèmes molécule-agrégats métalliques. Le couplage de la spectroscopie de masse avec la spectroscopie laser UV/Visible et IR permet de réaliser de la spectroscopie d’action sur des ions et des complexes ioniques sélectionnés en masse et isolés dans un piège ionique. Les mesures renseignent sur les caractéristiques intrinsèques du système étudié permettant d’obtenir ses propriétés vibrationnels et électroniques. La principale partie de ce travail est axée sur l’étude des protéines et des processus chimiques mis en jeu dans leurs sous-parties essentielles, les acides aminés. Nous avons ainsi pu obtenir le spectre d’absorption optique en phase gazeuse de protéines entières. L’étude des systèmes radicalaires et notamment les propriétés du tryptophane radicalaire ont permis d’établir des signatures spectroscopiques pour diagnostiquer ces états réactifs. Les différents sites de complexation d’un cation métallique dans une séquence peptidique modèle ont permis d’illustrer la complémentarité des informations obtenues en regroupant les techniques de spectroscopie infrarouge et UV/Visible avec la mobilité ionique. Des approches ont été réalisées sur la synthèse de systèmes modèles en phase gazeuse et l’étude des précurseurs observés lors de la synthèse de nanoparticules en solution. Nous avons notamment pu synthétiser par collision en piège ionique et isoler un agrégat d’argent Ag42+ stabilisé. Le rôle des ligands dans les propriétés optiques des nanoparticules stabilisées par des molécules de type thiols a ainsi également été étudié / The Different works presented in this thesis include studies of gas phase spectroscopy of biomolecules and metal-molecule complex. Coupling mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy in the UV/Visible and IR range allows for action spectroscopy of mass-selected and isolated ions in ion trap. Measures provide information on intrinsic characteristics of the system and informs on vibrational and electronic properties. The main part of this work focuses on the study of proteins and chemical processes involved in their subparts, amino acids. We were able to obtain optical absorption spectrum of entire proteins in the gas phase. The studies of radical systems incuding tryptophan radical properties have established spectroscopic signatures of these reactive states. Different sites of a metal cation, silver, in a model peptide sequence were used to illustrate the complementarity of infrared spectroscopy and UV/Visible with ion mobility to get information resolve preferential metal binding site. Others approaches have been done on the synthesis of model systems in the gas phase concerning the study of precursors observed during the synthesis of nanoparticles. In particular, we could synthesize collision in ion trap and isolate an Ag42+ stabilized cluster. The role of ligands on the optical properties of nanoparticles stabilized by thiol-type molecules has also been studied

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