Thesis (Ph.D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010. / Prepared for: Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology. Title from title-page of electronic thesis. Bibliography: leaves 159-193.

Familial history is the strongest risk factor for developing ovarian cancer (OC), and a significant contributor to breast cancer risk. Most hereditary breast cancers and OCs are associated with mutation of the tumor suppressor Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility Gene 1 (BRCA1). Studying risk-associated BRCA1 truncation mutations, such as the founder mutation 185delAG, may reveal signaling pathways important in OC etiology. Recent studies have shown novel BRCA1 mutant functions that may contribute to breast and OC initiation and progression independent of the loss of wtBRCA1. Previously, we have found that normal human ovarian surface epithelial (HOSE) cells expressing the 185delAG mutant, BRAT ( BRCA1 185delAG Amino Terminal truncated protein), exhibit enhanced chemosensitivity and up-regulation of the OC-associated serpin, maspin. In the current study, I identify an additional target of the BRAT mutation, matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP1), a key player in invasion and metastasis. BRAT-expressing HOSE cells exhibit increased MMP1 messenger RNA (mRNA) by real time PCR and protein by Western blotting. Pro-MMP1 levels are also higher in conditioned media of BRAT-expressing cells and HOSE cell lines derived from BRAT mutation carriers. c-Jun is critical for BRAT-mediated MMP1 up-regulation, as siRNA knockdown diminishes MMP1 levels. Luciferase reporter constructs reveal that activator Protein 1 (AP1) sites throughout the distal end of the promoter contribute to BRAT-mediated MMP1 expression, and basal activity is mediated in part by an AP1 site at (-72). Reporters containing a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with OC risk and progression yield increased activity that is further enhanced in BRAT cells. Interestingly, BRAT-mediated changes in chemosensitivity and gene regulation are not recapitulated in a normal breast epithelial or breast cancer cell model. This suggests tissue-specific mutant BRCA1 functions may contribute to breast and ovarian tissue specificity of BRCA1 mutation-associated cancer risk and also to differential breast and ovarian cancer risk and penetrance associated with specific mutations. Early molecular and cellular changes such as MMP1 up-regulation in the ovarian surface epithelium of BRCA1 mutation carriers may promote OC initiation and progression and represent a step forward on the continuum of cellular malignancy. Further investigation is warranted, as elucidating these early changes will aid in identification of potential screening and treatment strategies.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is required for normal wound healing. Chronic inflammation, such as that seen in cardiovascular and periodontal diseases, may upset this balance. The aim of this study was to determine whether initial periodontal therapy would have an effect systemically on the levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Twenty-one patients with generalized chronic periodontitis were enrolled in the study. Clinical examinations were conducted and parameters measured. Scaling and root planing was performed and blood analysis done to determine the plasma concentrations of MMP-9 and serum concentrations of TIMP-1. Initial periodontal therapy resulted in improvements in gingival inflammation and plaque levels. No effect on the plasma concentrations of MMP-9 and serum concentrations of TIMP-1 could be found following therapy.

To explore the potential mechanisms of tendon degeneration, we investigated the role of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) activation and the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) in tendon matrix degradation under oxidative stress. JNK and MMP1 activity in samples from normal and ruptured human supraspinatus tendons were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Real-time quantitative PCR was utilized to evaluate MMP1 mRNA expression and western blotting for MMP1 and JNK protein detection. JNK activation and increased MMP1 activity were found in the torn human supraspinatus tendon tissue, as well as in human tendon cells under in vitro oxidative stress. Inhibition of JNK prevented MMP1 over-expression in oxidative stressed human tendon cells. Results from the current study indicated that stress activated JNK plays an important role in tendon matrix degradation, possibly through upregulating of MMP1.

Systemic inflammation is associated with impaired lung function. Inflammation is part of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the local and systemic inflammatory pattern differs. The overall aim was to evaluate systemic inflammatory markers in obstructive lung diseases and more specifically: To determine if CRP is related to respiratory symptoms, asthma, atopy and bronchial responsiveness (paper I), in a population sample from three countries (paper I and II); to evaluate if CRP is related to COPD, lung function and rate of lung function decline (paper II); to investigate the association of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 with lung function in a cross-sectional population based study (paper III); and finally, to study possible gender differences in the longitudinal association between CRP and lung function in a prospective population based study (paper IV). In the first study we reported that CRP was related to non-allergic asthma but not allergic asthma, and that CRP was related to respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, nocturnal cough and breathlessness after effort, but not associated with atopy or bronchial responsiveness. In the second study we found that COPD was more common in subjects in the highest CRP quartiles and higher CRP levels were associated with lower FEV1 values in both men and women, but the negative association between CRP and FEV1 was larger in men than women. The FEV1 decline was larger in men with high CRP levels, whereas no such association was found for women. In the third study we reported that lower FEV1 was associated with higher levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and their ratio MMP-9/TIMP-1. After stratification for gender this association was significant in men but not women. In the fourth study we found that CRP levels were associated with change in both FEV1 and FVC in men but not women. This association was found for both baseline CRP and change in CRP, confirming a stronger association between systemic inflammation and lung function decline in men than women. In conclusion, systemic inflammation is associated with non-allergic asthma but not allergic asthma. Our findings of a stronger association between the systemic inflammation and lung function impairment in men, but not women, may indicate a gender difference in the mechanisms of lung function decline.

Abstract The invasion of a tumour through tissue limiting basement membranes is the critical step in malignant growth. Gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) are endopeptidases capable of degrading extracellular and pericellular matrix proteins such as collagen IV, the major component of basement membranes. An over-expression of these gelatinases is generally found in malignant tumours and is linked to impaired prognosis in many cancer types. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), endogenous regulators of the MMP activity, have recently been introduced as multifunctional proteins, which have paradoxical roles in tumour growth. Little data exists on the clinical significance of the gelatinases and TIMPs in gynaecological cancers. In this study the clinical significance of the gelatinases was studied in endometrial and uterine cervical cancers by using immunohistochemical staining with specific antibodies. In epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) these enzymes and their TIMPs were studied in the preoperative serum samples using ELISA assay. Additionally, sequential serum measurements were performed during chemotherapy to evaluate them as treatment response indicators. In endometrial cancer, MMP-9 positivity correlated to a poor histological differentiation and an advanced clinical stage. High MMP-2 expression correlated to a poor differentiation, and unfavourable survival in stage I cancers, with mortality rates of 5% and 19% in patients with MMP-2 negative versus intensively MMP-2 positive tumours, respectively. In cervical cancers high MMP-2 expression correlated to an increased mortality risk. High MMP-9 expression was connected to a good differentiation of a tumour. In EOC, a high circulating TIMP-1 value correlated to all the examined aggressive features of EOC, including poor survival. The serum measurements of TIMP-1 were uninformative about response evaluation during chemotherapy but paradoxically, an increase in gelatinases and TIMP-2 seemed to reflect a good response to treatment. In conclusion, the data from this study show that high MMP-2 expression in tumour tissue could be prognostic in endometrial and cervical cancer, and preoperative circulating TIMP-1 could serve as an additional prognostic marker in EOC. Studies with larger patient cohorts would be necessary to further explore the value of these enzymes in clinical practice in gynaecological cancers.

Abstract Collagen XVII (BP180) is a transmembrane component of hemidesmosomes, which connect basal keratinocytes to the basement membrane. The extracellular domain of collagen XVII is proteolytically shed from the cell surface and released to the extracellular matrix. Apart from its function in epithelial cell adhesion, collagen XVII has been suggested to participate in keratinocyte motility. The collagen XVII expression pattern was studied in wounds of oral mucosa and in epithelial tumors. During re-epithelialization, collagen XVII was expressed in the keratinocytes distal to the wound edge, but not in the leading cells of the epithelial tip. Collagen XVII upregulation was observed in moderate/severe dysplasias of oral mucosa. In follicular ameloblastomas and basal cell carcinomas, collagen XVII expression was reduced in peripheral cells, whereas cytoplasmic staining was detected in central tumor cells. Tongue squamous cell carcinomas showed increased collagen XVII expression in grade II/III tumors, particularly in areas of invasive growth. The results suggest a correlation between overexpression of collagen XVII and the invasive potential of the tumor. For the first time, the role of collagen XVII in the regulation of malignant migration was explored. The presence of COL15, the cell adhesion domain of collagen XVII, induced migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells in transmigration assays. Experiments with specific function-blocking integrin antibodies revealed that the promigratory function of COL15 is mediated by αv and α5 integrins. The role of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of proteolytic enzymes in wound re-epithelialization was studied in a transgenic mouse model. In these mice, a specific inhibitor of MMPs, TIMP-1, was overexpressed in cells that normally produce MMP-9. The healing of cutaneous wounds was found to be significantly delayed, but not prevented, due to the impaired ability of keratinocytes to migrate to the wound area. These results suggest that collagen XVII may participate in epithelial tumor progression and invasion by promoting migration of tumor cells. Based on the present study, epithelial cell-derived MMPs play a significant role in the migration of wound keratinocytes during re-epithelialization.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν η μελέτη των σηματοδοτικών μονοπατιών που εμπλέκονται στην επαγόμενη από IL-1β παραγωγή της MMP-1, μιας από τις κυριότερες μεταλλοπρωτεϊνάσες του εξωκυτταρικού χώρου, από ινοβλάστες ανθρώπου και η διερεύνηση του μηχανισμού της κατασταλτικής επίδρασης του TGF-β1 στην επαγόμενη από IL-1β παραγωγή της μεταλλοπρωτεϊνάσης αυτής. Η μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε σε ινοβλάστες αρθρικού υμένα ασθενών με οστεοαρθρίτιδα ή ρευματοειδή αρθρίτιδα, ρινικού πολύποδα και πνεύμονα. Βρέθηκε ότι η επαγωγική δράση της IL-1 πραγματοποιείται μέσω του μονοπατιού της PKC, ενώ σημαντικό ρόλο φαίνεται να παίζουν η ενεργοποίηση του NF-kB, αλλά και των μεταγραφικών παραγόντων της οικογένειας AP-1, μέσω των MAP κινασών. Το μονοπάτι, επίσης των κινασών τυροσίνης φαίνεται να συμμετέχει. Τα μονοπάτια αυτά φαίνεται ότι είναι κοινά στις ινοβλάστες, ανεξάρτητα από την προέλευση. Η δράση αυτή της IL-1β βρέθηκε ότι καταστέλλεται από το μονοπάτι cAMP/PKA στις ινοβλάστες αρθρικού υμένα και ρινικού πολύποδα όχι όμως και πνεύμονα. Ο TGF-β1 βρέθηκε ότι στις ινοβλάστες αρθρικού υμένα και ρινιού πολύποδα είχε κατασταλτική επίδραση στην επαγόμενη από IL-1β παραγωγή της MMP-1 ενώ σε αυτές από πνεύμονα είχε συνεργειακή. Η κατασταλτική δράση του TGF-β1 βρέθηκε ότι πραγματοποιείται μέσω ενεργοποίησης της PKA, κατά τρόπο ανεξάρτητο της παραγωγής cAMP. / The aim of present work was the study of signal tranduction pathways, which are implicated in IL-1β-induced production of MMP-1, one from the predominant metalloproteinases of extacellular matrix, from human fibroblasts, and the investigation of mechanism of suppressive effect of TGF-β1 on IL-1β-induced production of this metalloproteinases. The study was performed in fibroblasts with osteoarthrits or rheumatoid arthritis, nasal polyps and lung. It was found that the IL-1β-induced production of MMP-1 from fibroblasts, independently of their origin, is carried out via PKC pathway, while the activation of transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1, via MAP kinases, seems to play significant role. The tyrosine kinases pathway may also contributes. The IL-1β effect is suppressed from the cAMP/PKA pathway and nasal polyps fibroblasts but not in lung fibroblasts. TGF-β1 is able to antagonize the IL-1β-induced production of MMP-1 from synovial and nasal polyps fibroblasts, while in lung fibroblasts it exhibits synergistic effect. This suppressive effect of TGF-β1 is carried out via PKA activation, independently of cAMP production.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.