This thesis focus on the free rider problem, well known in the field of economics. It is an unwanted situation that gives rise to unnecessary deadweight costs. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the free rider problem that occur when rent include housing utilities and especially when electricity is billed collectively. A Difference-in-Differences design has been applied on two different sets of panel data covering tenants electricity consumption. The results show that tenants use 21.3 percent more electricity when not paying directly for their own electricity consumption. This thesis also shed some light on different components of this problem. The findings in this thesis contributes to the limited research in this field with new empirical evidence.

With public opinion shifting to a believe in climate change in the early 2000s the interest in energy efficiency has been increasing. EU Directives set the goal of deploying smart meters if cost efficient for providing more detailed energy consumption. The main goal is to better inform consumers and to give individual households the power to change possibly energy wasting behaviours. This paper evaluates through a literature review the effectiveness of intelligent electricity metering systems with a focus on the DACH region, the provision of different types of feedback and its persistence. It can be concluded that energy feedback enabled by smart meters can lead to savings in the range of 0% to 4.5% in this region. If feedback is provided continuously savings persist. However, several aspects have to be considered to ensure effectiveness of smart meter deployment.

This masters thesis aims to assess and evaluate the potential of home based energy storage systems for the final user. In theoretical part it therefore describes the historical development of the European power sector with the purpose of determining, what was the impact of this development on products offered by energy providers to the final consumers of electricity. Findings from this analysis are then used to design a model, which is introduced and described in the practical part of the masters thesis. This model is afterwards used to assess the profitability of home batteries implementation by three different types of households and also to determine, what are the key drivers and constraints for the adoption of energy storage systems by households.

The goal of the Master´s thesis is to map the actual situation of transformation of power energy sector to smart grid, find answers to some of the major questions concerning the implementation of smart metering systems, evaluate societal and economic costs and benefits, evaluate trends in legislation, compare the situation in Slovakia with other peer countries from the European Union, and create a follow-up recommendations for Slovakia based on this assessment. The thesis includes detailed critical analysis of the CBA, originally created for Slovakia, using benchmarking with countries with a different calculation approach. The used methodology in this work is a research of available resources, qualitative research of case studies, break-down of the CBA, and expert research through interviewing. The outcome is evaluation of economic and societal contributions of smart metering systems and mapping the process and state of the implementation.

This dissertation describes a security policy for a distributed utility metering system. The system uses untrusted networks, such as the Internet, to communicate between service providers (water, gas, electricity etc.) and the gateway servers at customer premises. Within a building, the system uses a low-bandwidth mains-borne network, or Field-Area Network (FAN), such as Fieldbus, to communicate between the gateway server and each of the utility meters. The FAN is regarded as untrusted, and communications to and from each utility meter must be protected from all other meters and any possible outsiders on the network. It must also be assumed that the gateway server is physically vulnerable to attack, and that its loss must not jeopardise the security of the system. Each service provider must be able to access each utility meter individually. Service providers can send commands to individual utility meters, and obtain individual meter readings applicable to their service. Service providers must not be able to interfere with one another’s service. However, the gateway must be able to interpret communications initiated by individual meters, to ensure that the alarm can be raised to service providers if a meter reading appears to have been tampered with. On high-bandwidth networks, well known symmetric and public-key cryptography techniques can easily provide the required features. However, with a low-bandwidth network such as FANs, the protocol must be carefully optimised to minimise the amount of data transmitted. This dissertation describes a new architecture, in which well-known cryptography principles are applied in the FAN field in a way that has not been described in the literature. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

Der deutsche Energiemarkt befindet sich weiterhin in einem transformativen Wandel. Insbesondere der Begriff „Smart Metering“ wird seit etlichen Jahren immer wieder durch die Medien getragen. Anfang 2020 wurde nun die erforderliche Rechtssicherheit geschaffen, sodass Investitionen durch Energieversorger in die entsprechende Hardware erfolgen können, und der Rollout von digitalen Stromzählern ins Rollen kommt. Damit einher geht das Potential der Erzeugung von zahlreichen neuen Daten über das Verbrauchsverhalten der privaten Endverbraucher. Diese können zur Vereinfachung von Abrechnungsprozessen genutzt werden, aber auch die Basis zur Visualisierung und Analyse des Verbrauchs bilden. Ebenfalls sind sie eine mögliche Grundlage für neue innovative Dienstleistungen, die insb. im Kontext der Verbrauchstransparenz vom Kunden auch gefordert werden. Für den Energieversorger können sich neue Einnahmequellen ergeben, sowie Optionen zur Festigung der Kundenbeziehung. Die vorliegende Publikation hat das Ziel einen besseren Einblick in die zwei wesentlichen Stakeholder zum Themenfeld Smart Metering zu vermitteln: in die Sichtweisen und Absichten der Energieversorger, sowie in die Bedürfnisse der privaten Endverbraucher. Die Informationen dazu werden nach einem Mixed-Methods-Ansatz literaturbasiert und durch weitere Methoden, bspw. Befragungen, erhoben. Diese Ergebnisse sind wichtig, um die Ausgangssituation umfassend zu verstehen und damit eine sinnvolle Grundlage für weitere Forschungsarbeiten zu legen. Dabei werden zunächst Webseiten der Energieversorger einer Inhaltsanalyse unterzogen und verfügbare Informationen extrahiert. Als Vertiefung wurde eine Befragung als quantitative Querschnittsanalyse mit der Zielgruppe deutsche Energieversorger aufgesetzt, und ein Stand zur aktuellen und geplanten Nutzung von Kundenportalen, Smart Metering und möglichen Zusatzangebote erhoben. Kundenbedürfnisse wurden zunächst literaturbasiert als Review erhoben, und systematisieren den Bedarf an Lösungen zur Verbrauchstransparenz sowie die konkreten Informationsbedürfnisse. Eine Erhebung unter 1.000 privaten Haushalten zeigt weitere Indikationen zum Umgang mit dem Stromverbrauch. Damit bestätigt die Untersuchung die Informationsbedarfe und damit die Relevanz von entsprechenden Zusatzangeboten.:Abstract I Inhaltsverzeichnis II Abbildungsverzeichnis V Tabellenverzeichnis VII 1 Einleitung 8 1.1 Hardware zur Umsetzung von Smart Metering 8 1.2 Zeitliche Entwicklung des Rollouts in Deutschland 9 1.3 Datennutzung aus dem Smart Metering 12 1.4 Vorhergehende Untersuchungen zur Vorbereitung des Forschungsfeldes 13 1.5 Forschungsdesign und Konzeption der Publikation 14 2 Analyse der Energieversorger in Deutschland 17 2.1 Aufbau der Untersuchung 17 2.2 Quantitative Inhaltsanalyse der Webseiten deutscher Energieversorger 17 2.2.1 Untersuchungsziel 17 2.2.2 Methodik 18 2.2.3 Ergebnisse 22 2.2.4 Zusammenfassung 25 2.3 Durchführung einer Befragung unter Energieversorgern 26 2.3.1 Untersuchungsziel 26 2.3.2 Methodik 26 2.3.3 Ergebnisse 30 2.3.3.1 Kundenportal vorhanden oder geplant (Block 1, G1Q00001-4) 30 2.3.3.2 Funktionen des Kundenportals (Block 1, G1Q00001-4) 32 2.3.3.3 Stand der Einführung von Smart Metering (Block 2, G2Q0001-20) 34 2.3.3.4 Hintergründe zur Einführung von SM (Block 2, G2Q0001-20) 35 2.3.3.5 Umfang der Einführung von SM (Block 2, G2Q0001-20) 39 2.3.3.6 Verarbeitung der Daten aus dem SM (Block 2, G2Q0001-20) 41 2.3.3.7 Zusatzangebote mit Daten aus dem SM (Block 2, G2Q0001-20) 44 2.3.3.8 Daten über die Befragungsteilnehmer (Block 3, G1Q00001-4) 46 2.3.4 Zusammenfassung 49 2.4 Durchführung der Wiederholung der Erhebung (2020) 51 2.4.1 Untersuchungsziel und Methodik 51 2.4.2 Struktur der Befragung 51 2.4.3 Ergebnisse 55 2.4.3.1 Block 1: Nutzung und Funktionen des Kundenportals 55 2.4.3.2 Block 2: Einführung und Umfänge von Smart Metering 57 2.4.3.3 Block 3: Verarbeitung und Nutzung von Daten aus dem SM 61 2.4.3.4 Block 4: Abschließende Informationen 64 2.4.4 Zusammenfassung 66 3 Analyse der privaten Haushalte 68 3.1 Aufbau der Untersuchung 68 3.2 Literaturbasierte Analyse der Kundenbedürfnisse 68 3.2.1 Untersuchungsziel 68 3.2.2 Methodik 69 3.2.3 Ergebnisse 71 3.2.4 Zusammenfassung 80 3.3 Durchführung einer Erhebung unter privaten Haushalten 81 3.3.1 Untersuchungsziel 81 3.3.2 Methodik 82 3.3.3 Ergebnisse 82 3.3.4 Zusammenfassung 84 4 Zusammenführung 85 4.1 Ergebnisse der Teiluntersuchungen 85 4.2 Nächste Schritte 89 4.3 Weitere Limitationen 89 5 Literatur 91 6 Anhang 101 6.1 Fragebogen-Items des Online-Fragebogens 2015 101 6.2 Einladungstexte zur Befragung 103 6.2.1 Einführungstext 103 6.2.2 Text zum Nachfassen / Erinnerung 104 6.2.3 Einführungstext der Wiederholung der Studie 2020 105

Adaptive ramp metering (ARM) is a critical component of smart freeway corridors under an active traffic management portfolio. While improving capacity through smart corridors and application of proactive traffic management solutions is less costly and easier to deploy than freeway widening, conversion to smart corridors still represents a sizable investment for a state department of transportation. Early evidence of improvements following these projects can be valuable to agencies. However, in the U.S. there have been limited evaluations, of smart corridors in general and ARM in particular, based on real operational data. This thesis explores travel time reliability measures for the eastbound (EB) Interstate 80 (I-80) corridor in the San Francisco Bay Area before and after implementation of ARM using INRIX data. These measures include buffer index, planning time, and measures from the literature that account for both skew and width of the travel time distribution. The measures are estimated for the entire corridor as well as corridor segments upstream of a bottleneck that historically have the worst measures of reliability. A new metric for measuring unreliability that may be derived from readily available INRIX data is also proposed in the thesis using data from the study corridor. While the ARM system is relatively new, the results indicate positive trends in measures of reliability even as the number of incidents on the corridor has increased in line with the national crash trends. The spatio-temporal trend evaluation framework used here may be used in the future to obtain more robust conclusions. However, since multiple smart corridor components were installed simultaneously, it may not be possible to fully isolate the effects of the ARM, or any of the other systems, individually.

The thesis deals with PLC technology and issues with Smart Metering. In the theoretical part, a principle of technology's functionality and its advantages and disadvantages were described. In the experimental part methodology of data concentrator and electric meters was designed. In addition, extensive testing set according to capturing of DLMS communication, link quality influencing, reading registers of meters were realized. In the second experimental part limits of communications between broadband BPL modems were detected by the power line communication hardware channel emulator. Measurement of throughput, latency, frame loss passed off according to RCF 2544, RFC 6349 recommendation and according to the methodology of TCP Throughput In the last part, two laboratory exercises were created, first one deals with Smart Metering system and communication between the data concentrator and electric meters and the second one deals with communication among broadband BPL modems not only for Smart Metering purposes.

This thesis deals with methodologies for implementing of ISO system TS 16949 in company Orfus Ltd, Důl 1. Máj II 1648, Dubňany - Hodonín district, with emphasis on phase concerning creation of new control and manufacturing processes in conjunction with new measuring book which come from analysis of FMEA process and which are essential for successful company certification in accordance with management system of quality ISO TS 16949.

The thesis deals with the design of wireless communication system using Wireless M- Bus, which works in the 169 MHz band. This system is designed to collect data from meters that are not equipped with a radio and have pulse outputs. The thesis describes the Wireless M-Bus standard and the current components of the communication system used by ModemTec. It also describes the selection and design of a suitable hardware implementing the receiver and transmitter modules and the firmware design for these modules. The thesis deals with the parameterization of the transmitter module in order to specify the parameters of the transmitted measured quantity.