Tyrime buvo ištirta elektroninio ir indukcinio elektros energijos skaitiklių paklaidų priklausomybė nuo apkrovos stiprio, galios koeficiento ir tinklo įtampos. Tyrimui atlikti buvo naudojamas elektros energijos skaitiklių analizatorius CALPORT 100, kurio tikslumo klasė 0,2. Nustatyta, kad padidėjus tinklo įtampai 10-čia voltų elektroninio elektros energijos skaitiklio paklaida padidėja apie 0,1 %, o indukcinio sumažėja apie 0,065 %. Didžiausi paklaidų pokyčiai abiejų tipų skaitikliuose pastebėti palaikant mažiausias nuo 0,25 A iki 3 A apkrovas. Apkrovos galios koeficiento sumažėjimas nuo 1,0 iki 0,7, esant standartiniai 230 V tinklo įtampai, sukėlė ženklų abiejų tipų skaitiklių neigiamų paklaidų padidėjimą iki -3,48 % elektroniniam skaitikliui ir -3,85 % indukciniam skaitikliui. Didžiausios paklaidos buvo užfiksuotos esant didžiausiai tinklo įtampai 260 V ir mažiausiai galios koeficiento reikšmei 0,7, tuo metu elektroninio skaitiklio santykinė paklaida siekė -4,55 %, o indukcinio -5,32 %. / The aim of this study - to investigate the relation between accuracy of electrical meters and voltage, load and power factor variations. Experiments were performed with electronic and induction type electrometers. Examinations were carried out with electricity meter analyzer CALPORT100. It was found that the increase in voltage of 10 volts here an electricity meter error increases to about 0.1%, while induction by about 0,065%. The largest variations in the two types of meters observed in maintaining the minimum from 0.25 A to 3 A loads. The load power factor decreased from 1.0 to 0.7, with standard 230 V mains voltage, confounding both counters negative bias increases to -3.48% for the electronic meter and meter induction -3,85%. Maximum error was recorded at the maximum voltage of 260 V and a minimum power factor 0.7, while the electronic meter relative error was -4.55% and -5.32% induction.

Utility companies (electricity, gas, and water suppliers), governments, and researchers recognize an urgent need to deploy communication-based systems to automate data collection from smart meters and sensors, known as Smart Metering Infrastructure (SMI) or Automatic Meter Reading (AMR). A smart metering system is envisaged to bring tremendous benefits to customers, utilities, and governments. The advantages include reducing peak demand for energy, supporting the time-of-use concept for billing, enabling customers to make informed decisions, and performing effective load management, to name a few. A key element in an SMI is communications between meters and utility servers. However, the mass deployment of metering devices in the grid calls for studying the scalability of communication protocols. SMI is characterized by the deployment of a large number of small Internet Protocol (IP) devices sending small packets at a low rate to a central server. Although the individual devices generate data at a low rate, the collective traffic produced is significant and is disruptive to network communication functionality. This research work focuses on the scalability of the transport layer functionalities. The TCP congestion control mechanism, in particular, would be ineffective for the traffic of smart meters because a large volume of data comes from a large number of individual sources. This situation makes the TCP congestion control mechanism unable to lower the transmission rate even when congestion occurs. The consequences are a high loss rate for metered data and degraded throughput for competing traffic in the smart metering network. To enhance the performance of TCP in a smart metering infrastructure (SMI), we introduce a novel TCP-based scheme, called Split- and Aggregated-TCP (SA-TCP). This scheme is based on the idea of upgrading intermediate devices in SMI (known in the industry as regional collectors) to offer the service of aggregating the TCP connections. An SA-TCP aggregator collects data packets from the smart meters of its region over separate TCP connections; then it reliably forwards the data over another TCP connection to the utility server. The proposed split and aggregated scheme provides a better response to traffic conditions and, most importantly, makes the TCP congestion control and flow control mechanisms effective. Supported by extensive ns-2 simulations, we show the effectiveness of the SA-TCP approach to mitigating the problems in terms of the throughput and packet loss rate performance metrics. A full mathematical model of SA-TCP is provided. The model is highly accurate and flexible in predicting the behaviour of the two stages, separately and combined, of the SA-TCP scheme in terms of throughput, packet loss rate and end-to-end delay. Considering the two stages of the scheme, the modelling approach uses Markovian models to represent smart meters in the first stage and SA-TCP aggregators in the second. Then, the approach studies the interaction of smart meters and SA-TCP aggregators with the network by means of standard queuing models. The ns-2 simulations validate the math model results. A comprehensive performance analysis of the SA-TCP scheme is performed. It studies the impact of varying various parameters on the scheme, including the impact of network link capacity, buffering capacity of those RCs that act as SA-TCP aggregators, propagation delay between the meters and the utility server, and finally, the number of SA-TCP aggregators. The performance results show that adjusting those parameters makes it possible to further enhance congestion control in SMI. Therefore, this thesis also formulates an optimization model to achieve better TCP performance and ensures satisfactory performance results, such as a minimal loss rate and acceptable end-to-end delay. The optimization model also considers minimizing the SA-TCP scheme deployment cost by balancing the number of SA-TCP aggregators and the link bandwidth, while still satisfying performance requirements.

La thèse présente les résultats de recherche sur une méthode de contrôle distribué et coordonné pour la régulation des accès autoroutiers. Le trafic autoroutier est représenté par le modèle Cell Transmission Model (CTM). L'objectif de contrôle principal est de d'obtenir une distribution uniforme de la densité des véhicules sur des portions d'autoroute. Équilibrer la densité est un nouvel objectif de trafic qui peut potentiellement réduire le nombre et l'intensité des accélérations et décélérations et peut par conséquent permettre des voyages plus sécurisés et confortables tout en diminuant la consommation de carburant et les émissions de polluants. En outre, cet objectif prend en compte les paramètres de trafic standards tels que le Temps de Trajet Total et la Distance Totale Parcourue. Une architecture modulaire distribuée est proposée pour le contrôleur. Cela permet de déterminer les décisions optimales à prendre en utilisant uniquement des informations d'état locales et en provenance des contrôleurs voisins.La contribution débute par l'analyse d'ensembles d'équilibre de CTM. L'objectif de cette étude est d'obtenir les conditions qui assurent l'existence et l'unicité des états stationnaire qui sont équilibrées. Dans l'ensemble des états stationnaire, nous sommes intéressés à la sélection du point qui maximise la Distance Totale Parcourue. Sont discutés ensuite les aspects de la mise en œuvre et les limites de la méthode proposée. Enfin, plusieurs études de cas sont présentées appuyant les résultats d'analyse et examinant l'efficacité de la méthode proposée.La majeure partie de la thèse vise à concevoir un dispositif de commande optimale pour équilibrer la densité du trafic routier. L'optimisation est réalisée de manière répartie. En utilisant les propriétés de contrôlabilité, l'ensemble des sous-systèmes devant être contrôlés par des feux aux rampes d'accès sont identifiés. Le problème d'optimisation est alors formulé comme de Nash du jeu dans un environnement non coopératif. Le jeu est résolu en le décomposant en une série de jeux à deux joueurs hiérarchiques et compétitifs. Le processus d'optimisation emploie des canaux de communication qui correspond à la structure de commutation de l'interconnexion de système. L'approche alternative pour équilibrer emploie la théorie des systèmes multi-agents. Chacun des contrôleurs est pourvu d'une structure à rétroaction assurant que les états au sein de son sous-système atteignent des valeurs communes par l'évaluation de protocoles de consensus. Dans ces structures, un problème de contrôle optimal minimisant le Temps de Trajet Total est formulé. Le contrôleur distribué fondé sur le jeu de Nash est validé grâce des simulations microscopiques Aimsun. Le scénario de test comprend des données de trafic provenant de la rocade sud de Grenoble. / The thesis presents the results of research on distributed and coordinated control method for freeway ramp metering. The freeway traffic is represented by the Cell-Transmission Model. The primary control objective is to provide a uniform distribution of vehicle densities over freeway links. Density balancing is a new traffic objective which can potentially reduce the number and intensity of acceleration and deceleration events and therefore, it can make a travel more safety and comfortable while decreasing fuel consumption and emissions. In addition, the objective takes into account standard traffic metrics like Total Travel Distance and Total Travel Spent. For the controller, a distributed modular architecture is assumed. It enables to compute the optimal decisions by using only local state information and some supplementary information arriving from the neighbouring controllers.The contributing part begins with the analysis on equilibrium sets of the Cell-Transmission Model. The goal of this study is to derive the conditions that assure the existence and the uniqueness of the balanced equilibrium states. The next step is to find a set of inputs such that the resulting equilibrium state is balanced. In the set of balanced equilibria, we are interested in the selection of the point that maximizes the Total Travel Distance. In the sequel, the implementation aspects and limitations of the proposed method are discussed. Finally, several case studies are presented to support the analysis results and to examine the effectiveness of the proposed method.The major part of the thesis aims on a design of an optimal controller for balancing the traffic density. The optimization is performed in a distributed manner. By using controllability properties, the set of subsystems to be controlled by local ramp meters are identified. The optimization problem is then formulated as a non-cooperative Nash game. The game is solved by decomposing it into a set of two-players hierarchical and competitive games. The process of optimization employs the communication channels matching the switching structure of system interconnectivity. The alternative approach of balancing employs the theory of multi-agent systems. Each of the controllers is provided with a feedback structure assuring that the states within its local subsystem achieve common values by evaluating consensus protocols. Under these structures, an optimal control problem to minimize the Total Travel Spent is formulated. The distributed controller based on the Nash game is validated via Aimsun micro-simulations. The testing scenario involves the traffic data collected from the south ring of Grenoble.

The aim of my diplomy work is to find out the level of motory skills 6-7 year old children. Research work ran in the sekond {--} class at Primery schoul Kubatova in České Budějovice. General set spaned 42 pupils. My task was to compare theirs efficient and co {--} ordinative abilities with supposed level, to deliminate theirs mutual relations, to compare boys and girls and sports and non-sports class.

What impacts the residential use of solar in the United States? There are many factors including financial barriers to entry and financial incentives. However, what is missing in the current academic conversations is net metering. I focus on net metering policies in two of the most solar capable states, California and Arizona. The main difference between these states is that Arizona revoked its net metering policies in 2016 while California has chosen to keep net metering policies into the future. This thesis suggests that net metering is important because it in some way effects the decisions of utilities, solar companies, and residents and therefore should be more focused on in academia.

A operação de adubação responde por parte significativa dos custos de produção agrícola. Melhorar a qualidade dessa operação acarreta benefícios econômicos e ambientais. O processo de adubação normalmente é realizado a uma taxa média, representativa de uma área, no entanto, propriedades químicas do solo podem variar consideravelmente dentro dessa área. Desse modo, alguns locais poderão receber fertilizantes e/ou corretivos em excesso, enquanto outros poderão receber quantidades insuficientes. A alternativa à taxa média é a realizar a aplicação à taxa variada, que se caracteriza por aplicar os insumos de acordo com as necessidades específicas dentro da área. Para que essa aplicação aconteça, mecanismos dosadores controlam a aplicação. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os mecanismos dosadores de uma carreta adubadora de arrasto, comportas e esteiras, atendem as prescrições de doses previstas no mapa de recomendação de adubação. Para avaliar a uniformidade da operação utilizou-se o controle estatístico do processo. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que os mecanismos dosadores não atenderam a condição de realizar a aplicação à taxa variável de maneira uniforme. / The operation fertilization accounts for a significant portion of the costs of agricultural production. Improve the quality of this operation entails economic and environmental benefits. The process of fertilization is usually performed at an average rate representative of an area, however, the chemical properties of soil can vary considerably within the area. Thus, some locations may receive fertilizer and / or lime in excess, while others may receive insufficient amounts. The alternative is to average the application to perform variable rate, characterized by applying inputs according to the specific requirements within the area. For this application happens, metering mechanisms control the application. The aim of this study is to evaluate the dosing mechanisms of a truck hauling fertilizer, locks and mats, meet the requirements of the prescribed dose map fertilizer recommendation. To evaluate the uniformity of operation used the statistical process control. According to the obtained results it can be stated that the meter mechanism did not meet the condition to perform variable rate application to uniformly.

Orientador: Marina Sangoi de Olliveira Ilha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T14:03:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_LeonelGomes_M.pdf: 7027612 bytes, checksum: 4fd22a33aac88678d2f5bbf42921c334 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Estima-se que atualmente no Brasil cerca de 8 a 23% do volume de água potável produzido seja perdido em função da submedição causada principalmente pelo superdimensionamento dos medidores, ou por algum fator externo ao mesmo. Em sistemas de abastecimento indireto, é comum a ocorrência de baixas vazões, devido ao tipo de componente de controle empregado, ou seja, válvulas de bóia convencionais. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso desenvolvido com o objetivo de determinar o volume não contabilizado (perdas) por submedição, identificar suas causas e obter, assim, subsídios necessários à proposição de medidas que conduzam à otimização da medição de água. Contempla duas etapas: uma investigação em campo e uma investigação laboratorial. A coleta de dados em campo foi efetuada através da instalação de medidores volumétricos em série com os medidores das edificações selecionadas e aferição dos medidores em faixas de vazão determinadas. A investigação laboratorial foi efetuada para a verificação do comportamento de torneiras de bóia convencional e de alta vazão frente a uma mesma situação de abastecimento, avaliando-se a ocorrência da submedição. O estudo permitiu verificar o volume de água não contabilizado pelo hidrômetro, o conhecimento do comportamento das vazões no setor abordado, a determinação do indicador de consumo, a avaliação dos medidores instalados quanto à precisão da medição, a identificação das perdas nos hidrômetros por submedição, além da verificação do comportamento das torneiras de bóia / Abstract: Water consumption under measurement can represents about 8 to 23% of the produced water in Brazil. It can be caused by oversized meters or others external cause. Low flows are common in cold water systems with a reservoir controlled by conventional ball cock faucets. This work presents a study case developed in 22 low-income houses located in Campinas, Sao Paulo that aims to determine the water consumption under measured, to identify its causes and to formulate actions to reduce this problem. Its also contemplates a laboratory investigation to analyze the performance of conventional and ultra high flow ball cock faucets in the same situation of supplying. The results of the study can indicate some methods reduce the under measurement of water like the use of water meters with different range of accuracy combined with two types of ball cock faucets. Besides that, it could be checked the water volume lost by the actual model used, flow behavior of the population studied, a consumption index , the evaluation of the water meters installed in that region considering the measurement accuracy / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_leonardo_vianna.pdf: 2034230 bytes, checksum: 3beeff94d94e6d7d7cfc9b6081041924 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-31 / Family farming is a significant part of national agricultural production, thus, an important component of the Brazilian gross domestic product. The importance of mechanization of agricultural operations for the development of family farming is clear. The improvement and adaptation of the use of the implements used in family production units is a prerequisite for the development of family farming. With the intention of providing an alternative technically and economically appropriate to small farmers, has been designed and built a prototype of a disc plate seed meter with two seed outlets for corn and beans, which will later be part of a small planter that meets the needs of family farming. This device should be compatible with the financial resources and other equipment available in this type of farm, as well as using the usual manufacturing processes, suited to the realities of manufacturers who are dedicated to equipment designed for family farming.The methodology used in the design of the meter conception was developed by the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, which is based on a consensus model that divides the design process into four main phases: informational design, conceptual design, embodiment design and detailed design. This study discusses the phases of informational design, conceptual design and embodiment design, besides the study of solution principles applicable to product development. Design requirements were obtained that have evolved to a conception, which was used to develop the design of the meter. The prototype was completed and tested for uniform metering of outputs. The results were satisfactory, reaching significant goals previously established. The mechanical fabrication processes involved in the development of the prototype are considered customary in metalworking industry. The prototype incorporated components available on the market of spare parts for disc plate meters, reducing development costs of new components. The prototype has similar performance testing of analogous commercial metering, indicating the feasibility of its use in the design of a planter for small farmers. / A agricultura familiar representa uma parte significativa da produção agrícola nacional, consequentemente, uma importante componente do produto interno bruto brasileiro.A importância da mecanização das operações agrícolas para o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar é clara. O aperfeiçoamento e adequação do uso dos implementos utilizados nas unidades familiares de produção é condição fundamental para o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar. Com a intenção de fornecer uma alternativa técnica e economicamente adequada aos pequenos agricultores, foi desenvolvido o projeto e construção de protótipo de um dosador de sementes do tipo disco horizontal com duas saídas de sementes para as culturas de milho e feijão, que, posteriormente, será parte de uma semeadora de pequeno porte que atenda as necessidades da agricultura familiar. Este dispositivo deverá ser compatível com os recursos financeiros e os demais equipamentos disponíveis neste tipo de propriedade agrícola, bem como utilizar processos de fabricação usuais, adequados a realidade dos fabricantes que se dedicam a equipamentos voltados à agricultura familiar. A metodologia utilizada no projeto da concepção do dosador foi desenvolvida pelo Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, que se baseia em um modelo consensual que divide o processo de projeto em quatro fases principais: projeto informacional, projeto conceitual, projeto preliminar e projeto detalhado. Neste trabalho são abordadas as fases de projeto informacional, projeto conceitual e projeto preliminar, além do estudo de princípios de solução aplicáveis ao desenvolvimento do produto. Foram obtidos requisitos de projeto que evoluíram para uma concepção, que foi empregada para desenvolver o projeto do dosador. O protótipo foi finalizado e testado quanto à regularidade de dosagem das saídas. Os resultados alcançados foram satisfatórios, atingindo significativamente as metas previamente estabelecidas. Os processos de fabricação mecânica envolvidos no desenvolvimento do protótipo são considerados usuais no ramo metalmecânico. Foram incorporados ao protótipo componentes disponibilizados no mercado de peças de reposição para dosadores de sementes de disco horizontal, reduzindo custos de desenvolvimento de novos componentes. O protótipo teve desempenho similar ao ensaio realizado em dosador comercial semelhante, indicando a viabilidade de sua utilização no projeto de uma semeadora de precisão para pequenos agricultores.

Since energy meters became more advanced and able to send data remotely, energy suppliers have had a need to keep their data managed. This gave birth to energy management systems which gather data from energy meters. However, for every type of meter there needs to be a specialization in the management system. Smart Metering Language (SML) is a protocol which was created to transfer meter data in as simple way as possible. Implementing the protocol would result in simpler and less vendor-specific solutions for energy management systems. This report follows the process of developing an adaptor between a device using the SML protocol and a system that manages energy meters. The thesis uses different parts of the development process in able to show specializations which were needed by the test device and its vendor.  The result sums up the experience of developing an adaptor and the specializations which are needed in the SML protocol.

Ingeniero Civil Eléctrico / La generación distribuida (GD) es un hecho en nuestros días. Los avances tecnológicos han posibilitado la introducción de unidades de GD que aprovechan los energéticos primarios convencionales, así como los no convencionales, para la producción de energía eléctrica, satisfaciendo de este modo las crecientes necesidades de los usuarios. Bajo esta premisa, se hace estrictamente necesario conocer los efectos concretos que tiene este tipo de generación en las redes de distribución, la cual rompe el paradigma clásico de operación de los sistemas eléctricos. Dicho conocimiento permitirá mantener los estándares de calidad de servicio que exige la normativa técnica y también resguardar la seguridad de usuarios y de operadores de red. El objetivo general de este trabajo de título corresponde a la formulación de una metodología para la definición de los niveles máximos agregados de GD dentro de una red baja tensión, o bien, los niveles de penetración. Dicha metodología debe prestar atención a los posibles problemas que se presenten por el aumento de la GD en una red: variación de la tensión en la barra de conexión y las adyacentes, restricciones de capacidad de los conductores y equipos, variación de las pérdidas, así como efectos sobre la tensión por conexión/desconexión intempestiva de unidades de generación y la contribución al nivel de cortocircuito. La validación de la metodología se realizó con el software DIgSILENT Power Factory, a partir de la información provista por dos empresas de distribución. Se evaluaron dos casos de estudio, correspondientes a una red radial, de consumo residencial, ubicada en el área típica 1 y una red radial, urbana, presente en el área típica 3. El escenario analizado en las instalaciones fue de baja demanda, siendo éste el identificado como el caso crítico para la aplicación de la metodología. En ambas redes se realizó un análisis global y específico, tanto para introducción exclusiva de generación a partir de paneles fotovoltaicos como para un mix tecnológico que incluyó también tecnologías eólica y minihidro, verificando con ello la variación de todos los parámetros mencionados en el párrafo anterior. Los resultados obtenidos fueron 27% y 25% de penetración de GD (con respecto a la capacidad nominal del transformador de distribución de la red), respectivamente. Por otro lado, la experiencia internacional indica que el promedio permitido de penetración es de un 30%, mostrando que los valores obtenidos para cada red se hayan en el orden de lo desarrollado en otros países. Es importante mencionar que la metodología formulada y detallada en este documento corresponde a un insumo para la determinación del reglamento asociado a la Ley 20.571, también conocida como Ley Net Metering . Se propone como trabajo futuro la introducción de unidades de GD monofásicas en la red, analizando el efecto que tiene ello en los desbalances de potencia y tensión en las fases de los alimentadores de distribución.