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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Isolement d'une nouvelle Archaea methanogène "Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis" à partir du tube digestif humain

Dridi, Bédis 06 July 2011 (has links)
Les Archaea methanogènes sont des organismes environnementaux ayant été également détectés dans certaines flores associées aux muqueuses des mammifères. Chez l’homme ces microorganismes ont été associés avec les muqueuses intestinale, vaginale et orale. Ces organismes sont des procaryotes anaérobies stricts et leurs conditions de culture restent fastidieuses et très mal connues. En effet, uniquement trois Archaea methanogènes ont été cultivées à partir de prélèvements humains, Methanobrevibater smithii et Methanosphaera stadtmanae à partir des selles puis Methanobrevibater oralis à partir de la plaque dentaire. Récemment l’ADN d’autres Archaea methanogènes et d’Archaea non-methanogènes a été détecté dans des selles humaines, y compris des séquences indiquant la présence d’espèces appartenant à un nouvel ordre de méthanogènes n’ayant aucun représentant cultivé. La connaissance actuelle sur la diversité de ces methanogènes chez l’homme et sur leurs effets potentiels sur la santé humaine est en grande partie basée sur les techniques de détection de l’ADN par PCR et métagénomique. Ces techniques fondées sur la détection de l’ADN ribosomal 16S et du gène mcrA codant la sous-unité alpha du methyl-coenzyme M reductase, une enzyme clé dans le processus de méthanogenèse, ont montré dans un premier temps que M. smithii était détecté chez moins de 50% des individus et M. stadtmanae chez 0-20 % seulement. Ces résultats étaient contradictoires avec le rôle de la méthanogenèse dans l’élimination des acides et d’autres produits du processus digestion, et nous avons émis l’hypothèse que ces résultats pouvaient ne pas refléter la quantité réelle des méthanogènes dans le tube digestif humain, suggérant la mise au point de nouvelles méthodes de détection moléculaire et de culture adaptées aux caractéristiques de ces organismes fastidieux. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes fixés comme premier objectif de mettre au point une méthode moléculaire permettant de détecter M. smithii chez tous les individus testés et nous avons mis au point un protocole d’extraction et de détection d’ADN d’Archaea à partir des selles en se basant sur les génomes séquencés de M. smithii et M. stadtmanae. Ce protocole nous a permis de détecter M. smithii chez 95,5% des individus et M. stadtmanae chez 29,4% des individus. En ce basant sur ce protocole et moyennant une approche moléculaire basée sur une PCR universelle de l’ADN ribosomal 16S des méthanogènes, le séquençage et le clonage, nous avons également détecté chez 4% de la population, une séquence correspondant à un phylotype (FJ823135) ayant déjà été rapporté comme représentant un nouvel ordre de méthanogènes. A partir de là, nous avons choisi un prélèvement de selle susceptible de contenir le plus fort ratio de FJ823135/ M. smithii et nous avons réussi à isoler et à cultiver une nouvelle Archaea que nous avons nommé Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis, premier représentant cultivé d’un nouvel ordre de méthanogènes et la quatrième Archaea cultivée chez l’homme. M. luminyensis et M. stadtmanae présentent des métabolismes similaires en réduisant le méthanol en méthane en utilisant l’hydrogène comme donneur d’électrons, cette observation nous a incité à tester l’addition de tungstate de sélénium, requis pour la croissance de M. luminyensis, dans une culture M. stadtmanae, et nous avons observé une accélération de la vitesse de croissance de M. stadtmanae par un facteur 3. Nous avons ensuite étudié la sensibilité des méthanogènes isolés chez l’homme aux antibiotiques et établi qu’ils sont seulement sensibles à des molécules efficaces contre les bactéries et les eucaryotes, ceci étant en accord avec leur position phylogénétique en tant qu’un des quatre domaines de la vie. [...] / Methanogenic Archaea are environmental organisms which have also been associated to mammals mucosa. In humans these microorganisms have been detected in the vaginal, intestinal and oral mucosa. These organisms are strict anaerobes and their culture conditions remains fastidious and poorly known. In fact only three methanogens have been isolated from human samples, both Methanobrevibater smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae from stool and Methanobrevibater oralis from dental plaque. Current knowledge on the diversity of methanogens in humans and their potential effects on human health were largely based on DNA detection methods as PCR and metagenomics. These techniques based on 16S rDNA and mcrA gene (encoding the alpha subunit of methyl coenzyme-M-reductase, a key enzyme in methanogenesis process) detection, showed that M. smithii was the most present in man and that the presence of M. stadtmanae was transient. Recently, the DNA of other methanogenic and non- methanogenic Archaea, has been detected in human feces, including sequences indicating the presence of non-cultured species belonging to potential new order of methanogens with no cultured representative. However, these studies detected M. smithii with variable prevalence in less than half of the tested individuals and no M. stadtmanae; such results does not confirm the paramount role of methanogenesis in preventing the accumulation of acids and other reaction end products during the digestion process, and can not reflect the actual amount of these two methanogens in the human digestive tract because of their specific association with the intestinal mucosa. Therefore, these studies pointed that the diversity of methanogens in humans has been underestimated suggesting the development of new molecular detection methods and cultural approaches adapted these fastidious organisms. In this work, we preset as first criteria, the detection of M. smithii in all tested individuals, therefore we developed an improved protocol for archaeal DNA extraction and detection from stool based on sequenced genomes of M. smithii and M. stadtmanae, this protocol allowed us to detect the first one DNA in 95.5% tested individuals and the second in a prevalence of 29.4%. Based on this protocol and through molecular approach based on universal amplification of methanogenic 16S rDNA, sequencing and cloning, we detected in 4% of the tested population, a sequence corresponding to a new phylotype (FJ823135) that has been previously reported and proposed as a representative of a new order of methanogens. From there, we chose one stool specimen susceptible to contain the highest amount of FJ823135 and successfully isolated Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis B10T clone, the first cultured representative of a new order of methanogens and the fourth Archaea cultured in humans.This archaeon exhibited a similar type of metabolism to that of M. stadtmanae by oxidizing H2 and reducing methanol to methane but require tungstate-selenite, an element essential for its growth, this fact prompted us testing tungstate-selenite addition on M. stadtmanae growth and establishing that it was strongly stimulatory with a growth rate three times faster. We have thereafter studied the sensitivity of methanogens isolated from humans to antibiotics and established that they are susceptible only to molecules also effective against both Bacteria and Eucarya, in agreement with their phylogenetic location as a unique domain of life. The aim of the latter part of this work was to test the effectiveness of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification of environmental and host-associated Archaea. The obtained data indicated that that MALDI-TOF-MS protein profiling is an efficient first-line step for the rapid phenotypic identification of cultured Archaea organisms including host-associated ones. [...]
2

Avaliação da vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar para produção de hidrogênio em reator anaeróbio de leito fluidizado em condição mesofílica: efeito de co-substrato, TDH, e concentração

Reis, Cristiane Marques dos 25 November 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6569.pdf: 7813080 bytes, checksum: 5bddbc1ed667ee4456bc01f930d2c15a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-25 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / study evaluated the production of hydrogen and methane from sugarcane vinasse in anaerobic fluidized bed reactor. Two fluidized bed reactors filled with expanded clay were operated under two different concentrations: R5 (5 gCOD.L-1) and R10 (10 g.CODL-1). During the first stage, glucose was used as the primary carbon source. Along the first step vinasse was added from 0% to 100% of the organic source under HRT of 6 h. In a second step with 100% of sugarcane vinasse, HRT was reduced to 4, 2 and 1 h. In another reactor R15 (15 gCOD.L-1) it was varied the substrate (100% glucose; 50 % glucose/ 50 % vinasse; 100 % vinasse) under HRT of 8 h. All reactors were operated in room temperature and a sludge from the treatment of swine wastewater was used. It was not observed methane production in R15. Hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield reached, respectively: 0,01 L.h-1.L-1 e 0,10 mmolH2.g-1COD added. In reactors R5 and R10, biogas was formed by H2 and CO2 when glucose was present in the feed. Methane was formed when vinasse became the main substrate. The best operating condition occurred under HRT of 1 h, vinasse 100% at a concentration of 5 gCOD. L-1 with a hydrogen production rate of 0.57 L.h.-1L-1. As regards the yield, the best condition was under HRT of 6 h when the affluent comprised vinasse and glucose (3:1) reaching an yield of 3.07 mmolH2.g-1CODadded. Methane production in acidic conditions showed that the methanogens have adapted to a slightly acidic pH of 4.5. The principal metabolites were ethanol, butyric acid, propionic acid and methanol. Microbial characterization revealed the presence of Prevotella and Megasphaera belonging to the domain Bacteria and Methanobacterium and Methanosphaera belonging to the Archaea domain. / O presente estudo avaliou a produção de hidrogênio e metano a partir de vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar em reator anaeróbio de leito fluidizado. Dois reatores de leito fluidizado preenchidos com argila expandida foram operados sob duas diferentes concentrações de substratos: R5 (5 gDQO.L-1) e R10 (10 gDQO.L-1). Durante a primeira etapa, a glicose foi utilizada como fonte de carbono principal. Em seguida, a vinhaça foi adicionada passando de 0% a 100% da fonte orgânica sob o tempo de detenção hidráulica de 6 h. Numa segunda etapa com 100 % de vinhaça, foi feita a redução do TDH para 4, 2 e 1 h. Um terceiro reator foi empregado com uma concentração maior R15 (15 gDQO.L-1) na qual foi variado o substrato (100% glicose, 50% glicose/50 % vinhaça, 100 % vinhaça) sob o tempo de detenção hidráulica de 8 h. Todos os reatores foram operados em temperatura ambiente e foi utilizado lodo proveniente do tratamento de resíduos da suinocultura. Não foi observada produção de metano no reator R15, apenas H2 e CO2. A produção volumétrica e rendimento de hidrogênio atingiu um máximo de 0,01 L.h-1.L-1 e 0,10 mmolH2.g- 1DQOadicionada na fase de alimentação com vinhaça. Nos reatores R5 e R10 o biogás foi formado por H2 e CO2 quando ainda havia glicose como substrato. Metano foi formado quando a vinhaça se tornou o substrato principal. A melhor condição de operação se deu sob o TDH de 1 h, vinhaça 100 % a uma concentração de 5 gDQO.L-1 quando foi obtida uma produção volumétrica de hidrogênio de 0,57 L.h-1.L-1. No que se refere ao rendimento, a melhor condição se deu sob o TDH de 6 h quando o afluente era constituído por vinhaça e glicose (3:1) e um rendimento de 3,07 mmolH2.g-1DQOadicionada. A produção de metano em condições ácidas mostrou que as metanogênicas consumidoras de hidrogênio se adaptaram ao pH levemente ácido de 4,5. Os principais metabólitos produzidos foram etanol, ácido butírico, ácido propiônico e metanol. A caracterização microbiana revelou a presença de Prevotella e Megasphaera pertencentes ao domínio Bacteria e Methanobacterium e Methanosphaera pertencentes ao domínio Archaea.
3

Détection et culture des archaea associées aux muqueuses intestinale et orale humaines

Khelaifia, Saber 07 June 2013 (has links)
Les archaea constituent l'un des quatre domaines connus du vivant. Contrairement à ce que leur nom laisse supposer, elles ont colonisé tous les écosystèmes et les microbiotes de certains hôtes dont l'Homme. Chez l'homme, certaines espèces d'archaea méthanogènes ont été associées aux muqueuses orale, intestinale et vaginale. Ces archaea méthanogènes sont des procaryotes anaérobies stricts et leurs conditions de culture restent fastidieuses et très mal connues. Quatre archaea methanogènes seulement ont été isolées à partir de prélèvements humains y compris dans le microbiote digestif Methanobrevibacter smithii détectée dans 95,7% des individus, Methanosphaera stadtmanae retrouvée chez environ un tiers des individus et plus récemment dans notre laboratoire Methanomassilicoccus luminyensis détectée en moyenne chez 4% des individus avec une prévalence liée à l'âge ; et dans le microbiote orale Methanobrevibacter oralis isolée à partir de la plaque dentaire. / Archaea is one of four known domains of life. Unlike what their name suggests, they some species of methanogenic archaea have been associated with oral, vaginal and intestinal mucosa. These methanogenic archaea are obligate anaerobic prokaryotes and their culture conditions are fastidious and very poorly known. Only four methanogenic archaea have been isolated from human samples including the digestive microbiota; Methanobrevibacter smithii detected in 95.7% of individuals Methanosphaera stadtmanae found in approximately one third of individuals and more recently in our laboratory Methanomassilicoccus luminyensis detected on average in 4% of individuals with a prevalence of age-related, and in the oral microbiota Methanobrevibacter oralis isolated from dental plaque.
4

Entschlüsselung der Genome von <i>Ralstonia eutropha</i> H16 und <i>Methanosphaera stadtmanae</i> und vergleichende Untersuchungen zu Anpassungen der Genomorganisation / Decipherment of the genomes of <i>Ralstonia eutropha</i> H16 and <i>Methanosphaera stadtmanae</i> and comparative analysis of adaptations of the genome organisation

Fricke, Wolfgang Florian 30 June 2005 (has links)
No description available.

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