This study uses data on the fast-growing peripheral counties located in the 50 largest metropolitan areas to test the null hypothesis that counties located on the metropolitan fringe are demographically homogenous. Using multivariate analysis, the analysis statistically identifies distinct groups of counties in the metropolitan fringe. In contrast to much of the standard literature, the research rejects the null hypothesis and suggests that more than one exurbia exists. This study also explores the varying pressures and demands faced by the different exurban county types in response to massive and compounding growth stresses, recognizing the complexity of managing growth in the fringe and the implications for planners. It is expected that counties identified as "similar" will experience common-responses to different programs and policies addressing growth pressures. Similar counties should therefore use these results to facilitate information exchange concerning successful or unsuccessful strategies. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Abstract: The study deals with the interplay between migration and metropolitan growth in Peru during the last decades. The key question is to what extent Peru's rural-urban migration and rapid urban growth is triggered by opportunities within the formal and informal sectors in the growing metropolis of Lima. Aggregated data about migration have been related to information of socioeconomic and geographical conditions in rural and urban areas. Multivariate models of interregional migration are constructed and tested. A study of the life paths of a limited group of migrants has generated hypotheses about causes of migration and the assimilation of migrants in the city. Migration is related to historical changes in Peruvian society and to structural and individual conditions affecting migrants. The historical transformation of the rural and urban sectors is one important precondition for the increasing rural-urban migration in 20th century Peru, including the declining importance of the traditional socio-economic structure (the hacienda system and the peasant communities), population growth, and the increasing importance of capitalistic forms of exchange and production as well as of interregional interaction and non-agrarian sectors. Regional disparities appear to be the most important structural condition affecting migration in Peru, in accordance with the so-called gap-theories, which indicate that changes and conditions in urban areas are more important for temporal and spatial variations in the migration pattern, than corresponding changes in rural areas. Furthermore, young and better educated individuals are overrepresented in the migrant groups and outinigration seems to be highest from rural areas with well-established urban contacts. Urban pull is more important than rural push. The study reveals that personal contacts are essential as a generator of migration, for information flows and for the migrants' adaptation to the urban society. In general, the rural-urban migration can be regarded as a rational adaptation to living conditions in rural and urban areas, since most migrants seem to have a higher living standard in the cities in comparison with their former situation in rural areas. A significant conclusion is that informal solutions are important for solving migrants' housing and subsistence problems. The informal sector is interpreted as an integrated and often dynamic element in the urban economy, rather than as an indicator of over-urbanization. The study provides empirical support for a conjecture termed metropolitan informal sector pull, in which the informal sector of Lima is a major part of the magnet that pulls people from the rural areas and generates metropolitan growth and migration in Peru. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1988 ;</p><p></p><p></p><p></p> / digitalisering@umu

Le nouveau contexte de planification du Grand Montréal engendré par la Loi modifiant la Loi sur l’aménagement et l’urbanisme et d’autres dispositions législatives concernant les communautés métropolitaines (L.Q. 2010, c. 10) soulève un grand nombre de questions en matière d’aménagement, notamment par rapport à la gestion de l’urbanisation et plus spécifiquement en ce qui a trait à la notion de périmètre d’urbanisation. Ce nouveau contexte de planification est donc l’élément déclencheur de la présente recherche qui vise à examiner la conception du périmètre métropolitain définie dans le Plan métropolitain d’aménagement et de développement (PMAD) adopté par la Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal (CMM) et qui est entré en vigueur le 12 mars 2012, suite à l’avis favorable du gouvernement du Québec. Cette recherche vise également à examiner l’encadrement du périmètre métropolitain en fonction du contenu des schémas d’aménagement et de développement (SAD) en vigueur des cinq municipalités régionales de compté (MRC) de la Couronne Nord. Plus précisément, il s’agit d’examiner ces documents en ce qui a trait à quatre outils de planification complémentaires, soit les seuils minimaux de densité, les programmes de phasage, les plans de développement de la zone agricole et les demandes à portée collective, ceci afin d’évaluer leur présence et leur contribution à l’atteinte des objectifs poursuivis par le concept de périmètre d’urbanisation. La présente recherche a permis de conclure qu’en matière de conception, le périmètre métropolitain est un outil nettement plus stratégique, comparativement au rôle attribué à cette notion au préalable dans les schémas régionaux, et ce, même considérant le peu de complémentarité entre les périmètres régionaux et ce dernier. En matière d’encadrement, il est possible de conclure que le contexte de planification révèle une situation régionale hautement variable qui illustre le besoin d’une approche de planification commune afin d’atteindre les objectifs du périmètre métropolitain. / The new planning framework created by The Act to amend the Act respecting land use planning and development and other legislative provisions concerning metropolitan communities (S.Q. 2010, c. 10) raises a number of questions about land use issues, notably with regards to growth management and more specifically with the concept of urban growth boundaries. In light of the new planning framework, the aim of this research is to assess the design of Greater Montreal’s Metropolitan Growth Boundary as defined in The Metropolitan Land Use and Development Plan (PMAD) adopted by the Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal (CMM) and which came into effect on March 12, 2012, following approval of the Québec government. This paper will also look at the management of the Metropolitan Growth Boundary within the new planning framework by focusing on the content of The Land Use and Development Plan (SAD) in force in the five Regional County Municipalities (RCM) of Greater Montreal’s North Shore. The regional planning documents will be examined with regards to four complementary planning tools (Minimum Density Thresholds, Phased Growth Programs, Agricultural Development Plans and Demands of Collective Scope) in order to ascertain whether the tools were used and if so, whether they contribute to supporting the Metropolitan Growth Boundary objectives. This research finds that, in terms of its design, even considering the lack of synchronization between regional growth boundaries and the Metropolitan Growth Boundary, the Metropolitan Growth Boundary is now a much more strategic tool than the previous regional incarnations within the regional Land Use and Development Plans. As well, in terms of the management of the Metropolitan Growth Boundary, it is possible to conclude that due to a highly variable planning situation, the regional planning framework highlights the need for a common planning approach in order to achieve the objectives of the Metropolitan Growth Boundary.

The thesis seeks to demonstrate that during the period between 1986 and 2006, some of the principal cities of the Spanish metropolitan system1, have undergone significant change in terms of their European competitiveness. It is suggested that in the case of Madrid and Barcelona in particular this change has been of such a magnitude to proportion them a much more important place within the European spatial configuration than that which they occupied in the mid-1980s. Empirical evidence is offered to support this conjecture. The thesis lies wholly within the framework of spatial planning at the European territorial scale.It charts the comparative ascent of the Spanish cities from the moment of Spain's entry into the European Union (EU) in 1986 against the background of the development of European spatial policy, increased economic integration across Europe, the increased importance of the 'territorial' dimension of EU cohesion policy and an eventual waning of the applicability of the terminology of 'core' and 'periphery' to describe European geographical location.Part One (Chapter 1) addresses the processes of urbanisation in general from a global perspective and then focuses on metropolitan growth in a number of different historical contexts from the start of the 19th Century. Parts Two (Chapters 2-5) and Three (Chapters 6-9) of the thesis carry out analyses at two contrasting but complementary spatial scales. Part Two examines the metropolitan growth processes in Spain, in the period since 1857, detecting the historical moments in which there were surges in the metropolitan populations of the seven cities of the metropolitan system. The dimensions of the spatial units of analysis corresponding to the seven Spanish metropolitan urban regions are described, based upon a methodology first developed by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in the context of a transnational spatial planning project of the INTERREG community initiative2. These seven spatial units form the basis for a socio-economic analysis of the structure of the metropolitan system, drawing upon data principally from the 2001 Census. If by 1930 one of the key characteristics of Spain's urban system was having not just one but two cities (Madrid and Barcelona) belonging to the group of 27 cities across the world with populations in excess of 1 million inhabitants3, this same differentiation between the country's two largest cities and the remainder of the urban system is equally valid today. Spain's urban system remains clearly bicephalous in being dominated by these same two cities in terms of demographic and economic strength.Part Three begins by examining the evolution of European spatial policy against the background of an ever-enlarging European Union and changes with regard to the notion of cohesion - from a concept understood in terms of economic and social factors, to one in which the territorial dimension has become increasingly important. The European urban system is then critically examined through a number of key and influential studies, with particular regard to the rankings and hierarchies of metropolitan urban regions deriving there from and the changes in the placing of the Spanish metropolitan urban regions therein.Taking inspiration from the seminal contribution of Manuel Castells4 in the context of the structural changes resulting from the informational and technological revolution, the thesis seeks to replicate the concept of a 'space of flows'. This is carried out through a 'network analysis' approach drawing upon air passenger flows between some 28 European metropolitan urban regions of the EU15+2 group of countries, enabling the analysis of the interaction between these 28 cities. This methodology enables arriving at a number of descriptive indicators which in turn, through the application of a multi-dimensional scaling mathematical technique, permits comparing the functional and physical distances of each of the metropolitan urban regions from the centre of the 'conceptual space of air passenger flows' and the centre of gravity. The resulting map of the functional positioning of the cities offers a spatial vision of metropolitan Europe quite different to that based upon Cartesian coordinates. Such an approach enables demonstrating that cities such as Barcelona, Madrid, Helsinki, Lisbon and Athens, traditionally considered as physically peripheral to the European core area, appear to be more favourably positioned in functional terms. Furthermore in the case of Spain the results indicate that Barcelona lies closer to the centre of the conceptual 'space of air passenger flows' than Madrid.In light of this empirical evidence, together with the signs of increased economic integration across some parts of Spain, the prospects of Spain forming part of a wider European territorial concentration of flows and activities, and the recognition of the territorial capital of Madrid and Barcelona within recent EU spatial policy declarations, the thesis concludes in Part Four that these two metropolitan regions have undergone a clear consolidation and (re)positioning within the European metropolitan hierarchy.

Le nouveau contexte de planification du Grand Montréal engendré par la Loi modifiant la Loi sur l’aménagement et l’urbanisme et d’autres dispositions législatives concernant les communautés métropolitaines (L.Q. 2010, c. 10) soulève un grand nombre de questions en matière d’aménagement, notamment par rapport à la gestion de l’urbanisation et plus spécifiquement en ce qui a trait à la notion de périmètre d’urbanisation. Ce nouveau contexte de planification est donc l’élément déclencheur de la présente recherche qui vise à examiner la conception du périmètre métropolitain définie dans le Plan métropolitain d’aménagement et de développement (PMAD) adopté par la Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal (CMM) et qui est entré en vigueur le 12 mars 2012, suite à l’avis favorable du gouvernement du Québec. Cette recherche vise également à examiner l’encadrement du périmètre métropolitain en fonction du contenu des schémas d’aménagement et de développement (SAD) en vigueur des cinq municipalités régionales de compté (MRC) de la Couronne Nord. Plus précisément, il s’agit d’examiner ces documents en ce qui a trait à quatre outils de planification complémentaires, soit les seuils minimaux de densité, les programmes de phasage, les plans de développement de la zone agricole et les demandes à portée collective, ceci afin d’évaluer leur présence et leur contribution à l’atteinte des objectifs poursuivis par le concept de périmètre d’urbanisation. La présente recherche a permis de conclure qu’en matière de conception, le périmètre métropolitain est un outil nettement plus stratégique, comparativement au rôle attribué à cette notion au préalable dans les schémas régionaux, et ce, même considérant le peu de complémentarité entre les périmètres régionaux et ce dernier. En matière d’encadrement, il est possible de conclure que le contexte de planification révèle une situation régionale hautement variable qui illustre le besoin d’une approche de planification commune afin d’atteindre les objectifs du périmètre métropolitain. / The new planning framework created by The Act to amend the Act respecting land use planning and development and other legislative provisions concerning metropolitan communities (S.Q. 2010, c. 10) raises a number of questions about land use issues, notably with regards to growth management and more specifically with the concept of urban growth boundaries. In light of the new planning framework, the aim of this research is to assess the design of Greater Montreal’s Metropolitan Growth Boundary as defined in The Metropolitan Land Use and Development Plan (PMAD) adopted by the Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal (CMM) and which came into effect on March 12, 2012, following approval of the Québec government. This paper will also look at the management of the Metropolitan Growth Boundary within the new planning framework by focusing on the content of The Land Use and Development Plan (SAD) in force in the five Regional County Municipalities (RCM) of Greater Montreal’s North Shore. The regional planning documents will be examined with regards to four complementary planning tools (Minimum Density Thresholds, Phased Growth Programs, Agricultural Development Plans and Demands of Collective Scope) in order to ascertain whether the tools were used and if so, whether they contribute to supporting the Metropolitan Growth Boundary objectives. This research finds that, in terms of its design, even considering the lack of synchronization between regional growth boundaries and the Metropolitan Growth Boundary, the Metropolitan Growth Boundary is now a much more strategic tool than the previous regional incarnations within the regional Land Use and Development Plans. As well, in terms of the management of the Metropolitan Growth Boundary, it is possible to conclude that due to a highly variable planning situation, the regional planning framework highlights the need for a common planning approach in order to achieve the objectives of the Metropolitan Growth Boundary.