En raison de la compétition grandissante pour l’utilisation des ressources limitées en eau de surface entre les secteurs domestique, industriel, commercial et agricole, le développement de pratiques d’irrigation visant à rationaliser l’utilisation de l’eau revêt une importance capitale. Le fraisier à jour neutre est une culture considérée exigeante en eau et en fertilisants. Cette culture est majoritairement irriguée à l’aide de systèmes goutte-à-goutte, systèmes pour lesquels la régie de l’irrigation requiert un niveau de compétence élevé et une attention constante, sans quoi les risques de diminution de productivité et de perte d’eau sous la zone racinaire sont importants. L’objectif de cette étude est la détermination des paramètres optimaux de configuration et de régie de l’irrigation goutte-à-goutte du fraiser par une approche expérimentale et par modélisation numérique. Le premier volet de cette étude présente des expériences à grande échelle réalisées sur des sites présentant des conditions culturales, des climats et des types de sol contrastants. L’objectif de ces expériences était la détermination de seuils de déclenchement de l’irrigation basés sur la mesure du potentiel matriciel pour optimiser le rendement ainsi que l’efficacité d’utilisation de l’eau d’irrigation. Ces expériences ont été réalisées selon des dispositifs en blocs complets aléatoires sur quatre sites. Deux sites étaient localisés au Québec et deux en Californie. Pour les sites du Québec, il a été démontré que l’influence du seuil d’irrigation sur les rendements était limitée, mais que la régie basée sur le potentiel matriciel permettait de diminuer le lessivage sous la zone racinaire. Pour chacun des sites de Californie, des seuils d’irrigation permettant d’obtenir le meilleur compromis entre le rendement et l’efficacité d’utilisation de l’eau ont été déterminés. L’ensemble de ces expériences suggère qu’un seuil de déclenchement de l’irrigation de -10 kPa soit adapté à la majorité des conditions culturales. Le second volet de cette étude explore simultanément les effets de l’échelle de gestion de l’irrigation et de la méthode d’application de l’eau sur le rendement et l’efficacité d’utilisation de l’eau. Cette expérience a été réalisée au Québec, pour un loam limono-argileux présentant une proportion élevée de fragments rocheux. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de démontrer que la variabilité des propriétés du sol du site à l’étude ne présentait pas de structure spatiale permettant l’établissement de zones pour lesquelles une régie locale de / Because of the growing competition for limited water resources between the domestic, industrial, commercial and agricultural sectors, the development of water-efficient irrigation practices is very important. Day-neutral strawberry is considered a crop with high water and fertilizers requirements. This culture is mainly irrigated with sub-surface drip irrigation systems for which irrigation management requires a high skill level and a constant attention. Otherwise, the risks of productivity losses and deep percolation of water are substantial. The objective of this study is the determination of optimal drip-irrigation system configuration and management parameters for strawberry production through experimental and numerical modelling approaches. The first part of this study describes production-scale experiments conducted at sites with contrasting cropping systems, climatic conditions and soil types. The main objective was the determination of optimal matric potential-based irrigation initiation thresholds with respect to crop productivity and water use efficiency. Randomized complete blok experiments were conducted at four sites. Two sites, (one silty-clay loam and one clay loam) were in the Province of Québec, Canada and two (one sandy loam and one clay loam) in California, USA. For the first sites, the effects on yield and water use efficiency of the irrigation thresholds were limited but matric potential-based management resulted in a reduction of deep percolation. For the Californian sites, the results showed that a threshold in the -15 to -10 kPa range lead to significant increases in crop yield and water use efficiency. Altogether, it was shown that an irrigation initiation threshold of -10 kPa was a suitable value for most soils and climatic conditions. The second part of this study simultaneously explored the effects of irrigation management scale and water application method on crop yield and water use efficiency. A field experiment was conducted in the Province of Québec; the soil type was a silty-clay loam with an important proportion of coarse rock fragments. The results showed that the soil hydraulic properties did not present any structured spatial patterns that could be used to delineate irrigation management zones. Physically based calculations of a critical matric potential in the root zone allowed to evaluate the magnitude of the differences in soil hydraulic properties required to justify a site-specific irrigation. The significant positive impact of a pulsed water application on crop yield and water use efficiency was also demonstrated. For the third part of this study, an approach allowing the simultaneous optimization of drip-irrigation system design and management parameters for strawberry production in a coarse soil was developed. A numerical model was used to predict the impacts of design and management parameters on 1) root uptake efficiency 2) applied irrigation water and 3) percolation below the root zone. The model was calibrated and validated with field observations of the root zone soil water potential. A sensitivity analysis allowed to evaluate the relative impacts of design and management parameters on single model outputs and on an optimization criterion calculated from multiple outputs. The results showed that the selection of an adapted application rate and irrigation duration had much more influence on model outputs than the irrigation threshold. Model predictions were used to identify optimal scenarios for the studied site and assess the potential of an alternate system configuration. The approached presented could be adapted to other cropping systems.

Os fatores envolvidos na obstrução dos gotejadores são divididos em químicos, físicos e biológicos, os quais, dependem da qualidade da água utilizada na irrigação e dos adubos utilizados em fertirrigação. Dentre os fatores físicos estão as partículas de areia, que são classificadas como sólidas inertes, pois não sofrem agregação com outras partículas já presentes na água e nem dispersão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tamanho e concentração de partículas de areia e da velocidade de escoamento da água nas linhas laterais na obstrução de um único modelo de gotejador do tipo cilíndrico, não regulado, com vazão nominal de 2 L h-1. Foram realizados ensaios de obstrução com areia misturada em água destilada, combinando os seguintes fatores: três faixas granulométricas de partículas de areia (53-105; 105-250 e 250-500 μm), três concentrações de areia na água destilada (100, 250 e 500 mg L-1) e três velocidades de escoamento da água no início das linhas laterais (0,13; 0,25 e 0,94 m s-1). O tempo de ensaio para cada combinação de fatores foi de 48 horas. A vazão de 32 gotejadores foi medida a cada doze minutos por meio de um sistema automatizado desenvolvido durante esta pesquisa, sendo que esse operou adequadamente durante todo o período de ensaios de obstrução. Utilizaram-se oito linhas laterais conectadas em linha de derivação com bifurcações simétricas, cuja finalidade era distribuir uniformemente a água as partículas de areia entre as linhas laterais. Em ensaios com faixa granulométrica de 105 a 250 μm, ocorreu a obstrução nas concentrações de 250 e 500 mg L-1, para as velocidades de escoamento da água no inicío das linhas laterais V2 (0,25 m s-1) e V3 (0,94 m s-1). Já na faixa granulométrica de 250 a 500 μm, ocorreu obstrução nas concentrações de 100, 250 e 500 mg L-1, para V2 e V3. A obstrução de gotejadores ocorreu de forma aleatória nas oito linhas laterais. Após obstruídos os gotejadores não desobstruíram com o passar do tempo de ensaio, portanto fenômenos de autolimpeza não foram observados durante os experimentos. / Clogging of emitters is influenced by chemical, physical and biological agents that are associated with irrigation water quality and fertilizers, in case of adoption of fertigation practices. Among the physical agents, sand particles are one of the most important clogging sources. Sand particles are considered to be inert since it does not aggregate with other particles suspended in water. The purpose of this research was to assess influence of concentration, size of sand particles, and flow velocity within laterals on sensitivity of drippers to clogging. The results are limited to a cylindrical integrated dripper of 2 L h-1 nominal flow rate that is a nonpressure compensating emitter. Experiments were undertaken using distilled water and sand particles. The following levels were evaluated: (a) three ranges of particles sizes (0.053-0.105; 0.105-0.25 and 0.25-0.5 mm); (b) three concentrations of particles (100, 250 and 500 mg L-1); and, (c) three flow velocities at the laterals inlet (0.13, 0.25 and 0.94 m s-1). Each testing level had 48 hours duration. The flow rate of 32 drippers was measured every 12 minutes by an automated system developed and successfully validated during this research. A manifold with symmetrical bifurcations was designed to assure uniform water distribution among eight parallel laterals installed on the testing bench. Within the range of particle sizes from 105 to 250 μm, clogging of emitters was observed under concentration of particles of 250 and 500 mg L-1 and under flow velocities of 0.25 and 0.94 m s-1. Within the range of particles sizes from 250 to 500 μm, clogging was observed under all concentrations and under flow velocities of 0.25 and 0.94 m s-1. Apparently, clogging of emitters of the eight laterals occurred randomly. Once clogged, emitters did not recovered its initial flow rate, therefore self-cleaning phenomena was not observed during the experiments.

Os fatores envolvidos na obstrução dos gotejadores são divididos em químicos, físicos e biológicos, os quais, dependem da qualidade da água utilizada na irrigação e dos adubos utilizados em fertirrigação. Dentre os fatores físicos estão as partículas de areia, que são classificadas como sólidas inertes, pois não sofrem agregação com outras partículas já presentes na água e nem dispersão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tamanho e concentração de partículas de areia e da velocidade de escoamento da água nas linhas laterais na obstrução de um único modelo de gotejador do tipo cilíndrico, não regulado, com vazão nominal de 2 L h-1. Foram realizados ensaios de obstrução com areia misturada em água destilada, combinando os seguintes fatores: três faixas granulométricas de partículas de areia (53-105; 105-250 e 250-500 μm), três concentrações de areia na água destilada (100, 250 e 500 mg L-1) e três velocidades de escoamento da água no início das linhas laterais (0,13; 0,25 e 0,94 m s-1). O tempo de ensaio para cada combinação de fatores foi de 48 horas. A vazão de 32 gotejadores foi medida a cada doze minutos por meio de um sistema automatizado desenvolvido durante esta pesquisa, sendo que esse operou adequadamente durante todo o período de ensaios de obstrução. Utilizaram-se oito linhas laterais conectadas em linha de derivação com bifurcações simétricas, cuja finalidade era distribuir uniformemente a água as partículas de areia entre as linhas laterais. Em ensaios com faixa granulométrica de 105 a 250 μm, ocorreu a obstrução nas concentrações de 250 e 500 mg L-1, para as velocidades de escoamento da água no inicío das linhas laterais V2 (0,25 m s-1) e V3 (0,94 m s-1). Já na faixa granulométrica de 250 a 500 μm, ocorreu obstrução nas concentrações de 100, 250 e 500 mg L-1, para V2 e V3. A obstrução de gotejadores ocorreu de forma aleatória nas oito linhas laterais. Após obstruídos os gotejadores não desobstruíram com o passar do tempo de ensaio, portanto fenômenos de autolimpeza não foram observados durante os experimentos. / Clogging of emitters is influenced by chemical, physical and biological agents that are associated with irrigation water quality and fertilizers, in case of adoption of fertigation practices. Among the physical agents, sand particles are one of the most important clogging sources. Sand particles are considered to be inert since it does not aggregate with other particles suspended in water. The purpose of this research was to assess influence of concentration, size of sand particles, and flow velocity within laterals on sensitivity of drippers to clogging. The results are limited to a cylindrical integrated dripper of 2 L h-1 nominal flow rate that is a nonpressure compensating emitter. Experiments were undertaken using distilled water and sand particles. The following levels were evaluated: (a) three ranges of particles sizes (0.053-0.105; 0.105-0.25 and 0.25-0.5 mm); (b) three concentrations of particles (100, 250 and 500 mg L-1); and, (c) three flow velocities at the laterals inlet (0.13, 0.25 and 0.94 m s-1). Each testing level had 48 hours duration. The flow rate of 32 drippers was measured every 12 minutes by an automated system developed and successfully validated during this research. A manifold with symmetrical bifurcations was designed to assure uniform water distribution among eight parallel laterals installed on the testing bench. Within the range of particle sizes from 105 to 250 μm, clogging of emitters was observed under concentration of particles of 250 and 500 mg L-1 and under flow velocities of 0.25 and 0.94 m s-1. Within the range of particles sizes from 250 to 500 μm, clogging was observed under all concentrations and under flow velocities of 0.25 and 0.94 m s-1. Apparently, clogging of emitters of the eight laterals occurred randomly. Once clogged, emitters did not recovered its initial flow rate, therefore self-cleaning phenomena was not observed during the experiments.

No description available.

La fraise est une production importante au Québec, et cette culture nécessite une régie stricte de l'irrigation. Le tensiomètre s'avère un outil de régie intéressant, mais il n'existe pas de recommandations adaptées à cette culture au Québec. Trois traitements d'irrigation à -5, -18 et -33 kPa ont été appliqués à des fraisiers à jours neutres, cultivar Seascape. Lors des deux saisons humides du projet, aucune différence de rendement n'a été observée entre les traitements. Le traitement -33 kPa a toutefois produit des fruits avec un poids moyen inférieur et une proportion de fruits trop petits plus élevée. Le traitement -5 kPa a nécessité plus du double de l'eau appliquée aux deux autres traitements. Le traitement -18kPa s'est avéré le plus intéressant. L'évapotranspiration de la culture a été estimée durant la période de récolte à 2,03 mm en moyenne par jour, ce qui correspond à un coefficient cultural moyen de 0,58.

Dans le cadre du présent travail, nous nous intéressons à l'étude de l'impact des conditions hydrodynamiques et des matériaux utilisés sur le développement de biofilm au niveau des conduites des systèmes de micro-irrigation. Cette étude contribue à l'amélioration de la compréhension de l'impact de ces paramètres dans la mise en place et la croissance du biofilm. Pour ceci, un montage expérimental aux conditions d'écoulement maîtrisées a été mis en place au laboratoire avec une eau usée modèle de forte concentration en DCO (200 mg.L-1). Le suivi des paramètres de qualité d'eau (COT et oxygène dissous) ont été réalisés au cours des expérimentations. La masse du biofilm récupéré dans les conduites a été mesurée après un séchage à l'étuve à 105°C pendant 24 heures. Les résultats montrent une cinétique de développement du biofilm dans les conduites et confirment l'influence de l'hydrodynamique sur le développement de biofilm. Trois vitesses d'écoulement ont été testées (0,4, 0,8 et 1,2 m. s-1), le biofilm a tendance à se développer dans les conduites à plus faible vitesse. Une valeur seuil, à partir de laquelle la croissance du biofilm est observée tardivement, a été également identifiée. Les résultats obtenus ont été utilisés pour paramétrer un modèle cinétique simple qui permet de décrire le développement de biofilm en fonction des conditions hydrodynamiques. D'autres expérimentations ont été réalisées en parallèle pour étudier l'impact des matériaux plastiques (PE et PVC) et la configuration des conduites du montage expérimental sur le développement de biofilm. / This work aims to improve our understanding on how these parameters impact biofilm establishment and growth. For this purpose, we carried out an experiment in controlled hydrodynamic conditions using a synthetic effluent (200 mg.L-1 of COD concentration). Some water quality parameters (TOC and dissolved oxygen) were monitored . Moreover, biofilm was removed from pipes and then weighed after drying at 105°C for 24 hours. The obtained results confirmed the influence of hydrodynamic on biofilm development. Three flow rates were tested (0,4 ; 0,8 and 1,2 m.s-1) and it was observed that biofilm tends to develop in pipes at lower velocities. A threshold velocity value, from which biofilm growth was observed later, was also identified. The experimental results were used to build a simple model to describe biofilm development as a function of hydrodynamic conditions. Additionnal experiments were performed to study the impact of plastic materials (PE and PVC) and pipes configuration on biofilm growth

A obstrução de natureza física é ocasionada por partículas sólidas presentes em suspensão na água de irrigação e tem sido apontada como a mais comum entre os tipos de obstrução. A suscetibilidade dos gotejadores a problemas de obstrução é influenciada pela qualidade da água e por características geométricas do canal de escoamento do gotejador. Normalmente locais com baixa velocidade de escoamento, como as regiões de estagnação de fluxo e o centro de vórtices, proporcionam baixa capacidade de sustentação das partículas, o que favorece a sedimentação e acúmulo de sedimentos no canal, favorecendo a obstrução do emissor. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre características geométricas de gotejadores e as características de escoamento no labirinto com seu desempenho hidráulico e a dinâmica da obstrução causada por partículas sólidas, a fim de adquirir fundamentos para suporte ao aprimoramento de geometrias de labirintos de emissores. Para isso foram projetados, desenvolvidos e avaliados dois grupos de protótipos de labirintos com características construtivas que conduzem a condições de escoamento distintas. No primeiro grupo os labirintos apresentaram escoamento uniforme (EU) apresentando geometria e características de escoamento que minimizam zonas de vórtice, comparando canais com diferentes seções de escoamento e ângulos de defletores. No segundo, os labirintos foram desenvolvidos para favorecer a formação de vórtices bem desenvolvidos (EV) por meio de alterações na altura dos defletores e na largura do canal. Alterações nos parâmetros construtivos dos labirintos resultaram em variações significativas na magnitude da perda de carga e no expoente de fluxo dos labirintos. Os emissores com características geométricas que favoreceram a formação de vórtices bem desenvolvidos apresentaram maior potencial de perda de carga e menores expoente de fluxo comparado aos emissores que permitem escoamento com características mais uniformes no canal. Em relação ao desempenho antiobstrução observou-se que a seção do canal foi um fator limitante, sendo que para ambas as etapas, emissores com largura de canal inferior a 0,8 mm, foram obstruídos rapidamente por partículas relativamente grandes. Por outro lado, os emissores com largura de canal igual ou superior a 1,0 mm não foram sensíveis à obstrução. Os resultados indicaram que a adoção dos vórtices bem desenvolvidos nos labirintos é benéfica do ponto de vista de desempenho hidráulico e antiobstrução pois permite a construção de labirintos com canais mais largos e mais curtos, além de não favorecerem a sedimentação de partículas ao longo do canal nas condições estudadas. / Clogging of physical nature is caused by solid particles present in suspension in irrigation water and has been pointed out as the most common type of clogging. The susceptibility of the drippers to clogging problems is influenced by the water quality and geometric characteristics of the drip channel of the dripper. Usually low flow velocity sites, such as the regions of flow stagnation and the center of vortices, provide low particle support capacity, which favors sedimentation and sediment accumulation in the channel, favoring the emitter clogging. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between geometrical characteristics of drip and flow characteristics in the labyrinth with its hydraulic performance and dynamics of the clogging caused by solid particles in order to acquire fundamentals to support the enhancement of emitters labyrinth geometries. For this, two groups of labyrinth prototypes with constructive characteristics were designed, developed and evaluated that lead to different flow conditions. In the first group the labyrinths presented uniform flow (EU) presenting geometry and flow characteristics that minimize vortex zones, comparing channels with different flow sections and deflector angles. In the second the labyrinths were developed to favor the formation of well developed vortices (EV) by means of changes in the height of the baffles and the width of the channel. Changes in the constructive parameters of the labyrinths resulted in significant variations in the magnitude of the head loss and the exponent of flow of the labyrinths. The emitters with geometric characteristics that favored the formation of well developed vortices presented greater potential of head loss and smaller exponent of flow compared to the emitters that allow flow with more uniform characteristics in the channel. Regarding the anti-clogging performance, it was observed that the section of the channel was a limiting factor, and for both steps, emitters with channel width less than 0.8 mm, were obstructed by relatively large particles. On the other hand, the emitters channel width exceeding 1.0 mm were not sensitive to clogging. The results indicated that the adoption of well developed vortices in the labyrinths is beneficial from the point of view of hydraulic performance and anti-obstruction because it allows the construction of labyrinths with wider and shorter channels, besides not favoring the sedimentation of particles along the channel in the conditions studied.

L'irrigation à la raie compte parmi les techniques d'irrigation les plus répandues dans le monde et le recours à la micro-irrigation qui permet d'adapter les apports d'eau et de fertilisants selon les besoins de la plante au cours de la saison de culture est en forte augmentation. La maîtrise des transferts bi- et tridirectionnels eau-solutés dans le contexte de ces pratiques est très important. Il permet leur amélioration afin de limiter les gaspillages d'eau, le lessivage d'azote et d'optimiser le rendement des cultures.<br /><br />La modélisation développée ici se propose de représenter les transferts eau-soluté en se basant sur une résolution semi-analytique des équations de transferts bi- et tridirectionnels (équation de Richards et équation de convection-diffusion de solutés). Le caractère analytique de ce type de modélisation permet de simuler des événements aux pas de temps variant entre l'heure pour une irrigation et la journée pour la redistribution de l'eau et des solutés dans le sol. Elle permet en outre de s'affranchir des contraintes propres aux schémas numériques : conditions de convergence de la solution et temps de calculs conséquents. Cette modélisation fondée sur des bases mécanistes conserve, en dépit de certaines hypothèses simplificatrices, un caractère hautement prédictif.<br /><br />Compte tenu de la complexité de la géométrie du domaine, notamment en irrigation à la raie, et afin de pouvoir traiter des conditions initiales hétérogènes, le problème général est décomposé en problèmes élémentaires dont la résolution analytique est rendu possible par l'utilisation de la fonction de Green. La solution du problème général est alors obtenue par superposition des solutions analytiques de ces problèmes élémentaires.<br /><br />La méthode utilisée a l'avantage d'être adaptative. Elle permet de modéliser différentes pratiques d'irrigation et de fertilisation sur une vaste échelle de pas de temps. La résolution analytique peut également être appliquée de la même façon sur les transferts hydriques, les transferts de solutés et permet également la modélisation de l'extraction racinaire. Son efficacité et son domaine de validité sont cependant limités par les hypothèses sur lesquelles repose sa construction. Des méthodes permettant d'accroître les potentialités de cette modélisation sont à cet égard proposées.