Graduation date: 1999

Graduation date: 1995

Thesis (M.Tech.:Biotechnology)-Dept. of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2007 xvi, 185 leaves / Spirulina is a blue-green, multicellular, filamentous cyanobacterium that can grow to sizes of 0.5 millimetres in length. It is an obligate photoautotroph and has a pH growth range from 8.3 to 11.0.The large-scale production of Spirulina biomass depends on many factors, the most important of which are nutrient availability, temperature and light. These factors can influence the growth of Spirulina and the composition of the biomass produced by changes in metabolism. Brine effluent from cooling towers of electricity generating plants may provide an ideal growth medium for Spirulina based on its growth requirements, i.e. high alkalinity and salinity. The aim of this research was to optimise brine effluent from cooling towers by supplementing it with salts, in order to use this optimised effluent in a small open laboratory raceway pond in an attempt to increase the biomass production of Spirulina.

Thesis (M.Tech.:Biotechnology)-Dept. of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2007 xvi, 185 leaves / Spirulina is a blue-green, multicellular, filamentous cyanobacterium that can grow to sizes of 0.5 millimetres in length. It is an obligate photoautotroph and has a pH growth range from 8.3 to 11.0.The large-scale production of Spirulina biomass depends on many factors, the most important of which are nutrient availability, temperature and light. These factors can influence the growth of Spirulina and the composition of the biomass produced by changes in metabolism. Brine effluent from cooling towers of electricity generating plants may provide an ideal growth medium for Spirulina based on its growth requirements, i.e. high alkalinity and salinity. The aim of this research was to optimise brine effluent from cooling towers by supplementing it with salts, in order to use this optimised effluent in a small open laboratory raceway pond in an attempt to increase the biomass production of Spirulina.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6752.pdf: 4579140 bytes, checksum: b319a63f17cf6c81e23c5fddb8d6d2f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis has been studied as one of the main natural sources of astaxanthin carotenoid, potent antioxidant with applications in the nutraceutical and cosmetic industry. H. pluvialis is a microalgae Chlorophyceae whose life cycle includes a phase encystment with high pigment production. In recent years there has been increased activity, processes and applications involving the use of H. pluvialis and its biomass, however H. pluvialis culture do not achieve generally high biomass and species is considered delicate, a slow-growing. Thus, the production and use of the pigment depends on the microorganism and biological, physical and chemical interactions which result in high production of green cells which subsequently form red astaxanthin filled cysts. In this study we sought to optimize the vegetative growth of microalgae, increased the final biomass yield in crops. To this end we investigated the composition of the nutrient medium different pHs and culture methods (sealed vs continuous). Determination of photosynthetic efficiency and energy dissipation were used to infer the cellular health in green flagellates, evaluating the different experimental conditions on microalgae. Intracellular biochemical composition analyzes were performed by determining the concentration of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in addition to the fatty acid composition. The study was initiated by investigating different nutrient media the growth and biomass production and the results showed that modified Oligo LC medium containing ammonium bicarbonate four times more concentrated nutrients and the remaining 2 times, resulting in improved production of biomass. A procedure then to study the influence of pH on vegetative growth, photosynthetic efficiency and biochemical composition of H. pluvialis. For this purpose we used pH buffers (MES, HEPES, and PIPES), and the results showed a higher germination cysts and higher growth rate in buffered at pH 6.3 cultures (growth rate 0.45 d-1; MES buffer). These findings that the production of H. pluvialis can proceed in the absence of a lag phase in cultures inoculated with cysts. Pigments and lipids related to cell wall dominated at pH 6.3 and palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) were the most abundant fatty acids. PH in the 6.7 and 7.2 crops showed the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 6% higher than the control. Regarding the methods of cultivation, continuous were better. The biomass showed higher protein content and the larger culture growth rate and biomass of the sealed. The photosynthetic activity and its parameters suffered significant variations in continuous cultures. H. pluvialis responded better as the photosynthetic parameters in various light intensities when in continuous culture, despite the saturation irradiance was higher in batch cultures. / A microalga Haematococcus pluvialis tem sido estudada por ser uma das principais fontes naturais do carotenoide astaxantina, potente antioxidante com aplicações na indústria de nutracêuticos e cosméticos. H. pluvialis é uma microalga Chlorophyceae cujo ciclo de vida inclui uma fase de encistamento onde o pigmento é acumulado. Apesar de registrar-se um aumento de processos e aplicações envolvendo H. pluvialis, suas culturas dificilmente atingem elevada biomassa e a espécie é considerada sensível a variações ambientais, com crescimento lento. Assim, a produção e uso do pigmento e do microorganismo tornam-se dependentes do desenvolvimento de tecnologia relativas aos fatores biológicos, físicos e químicos, cujas interações resultem em alta produção de células verdes para que posteriormente formem cistos vermelhos repletos de astaxantina. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se otimizar o crescimento vegetativo da microalga, aumentado o rendimento de biomassa final nas culturas. Para isso investigouse a composição de meios nutritivos, diferentes pHs (controle, 6.0, 6.3, 6.7 e 7.2) e modalidades de cultivo (estanque vs contínua). Determinações de eficiência fotossintética e dissipação de energia foram usadas para inferir sobre a saúde celular nas células flageladas verdes, avaliando-se as diferentes condições experimentais. Foram feitas análises da composição bioquímica intracelular determinando-se a concentração de proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos, além da composição de ácidos graxos. O estudo foi iniciado investigando-se diferentes meios nutritivos no crescimento e produção de biomassa e, os resultados mostraram que o meio de cultura LC Oligo modificado contendo bicarbonato de amônio 4 vezes mais concentrado e o restante dos nutrientes 2 vezes, resultou no maior rendimento de biomassa. Procedeu-se então ao estudo da influência do pH no crescimento vegetativo, eficiência fotossintética e composição bioquímica da microalga. Os resultados mostraram maior germinação de cistos e maior taxa de crescimento em culturas tamponadas em pH 6.3 com tampão MES (taxa de crescimento 0,53 d-1). Lipídios relacionados a pigmentos e parede celular dominaram nesse pH e, ácido palmítico (C16:0) e linoleico (C18:2n6c) foram os ácidos graxos de maior abundância. Em relação às modalidades de cultivo, os contínuos foram melhores do que os estanques, que tiveram menor conteúdo proteico e taxa de crescimento. A atividade fotossintética e seus parâmetros sofreu menor variação nas culturas contínuas. H. pluvialis respondeu melhor quanto aos parâmetros fotossintéticos em várias intensidades luminosas quando em cultura contínua, apesar da irradiância de saturação ter sido maior em cultivos estanques.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] En el contexto actual de escasez de recursos que sufre el planeta (biomasa, agua y energía), la tecnología basada en los cultivos de microalgas para el tratamiento de aguas residuales aparece como una tecnología muy interesante que permite no sólo la eliminación de los nutrientes (N y P) presentes en el agua, sino también la recuperación de estos nutrientes en la producción de una biomasa algal de alto valor con diversas aplicaciones: generación de biogás, producción de biocombustibles y biofertilizantes, elaboración de fármacos y cosméticos, etc. Estudios previos han demostrado que el efluente de un reactor anaerobio de membranas (AnMBR) resulta ser un medio de cultivo óptimo para el crecimiento de las microalgas. No obstante, la mayoría de los estudios existentes se han llevado a cabo a escala laboratorio en condiciones controladas de luz, temperatura, pH, carga de nutrientes, etc., y normalmente siempre en experimentos batch. Este trabajo consiste en el estudio y modelación matemática del proceso de cultivo de microalgas en una planta piloto de fotobiorreactores de membrana (MPBR) operando en continuo y en condiciones outdoor para el tratamiento del efluente de un sistema AnMBR que trata agua residual urbana real. Durante la fase de experimentación de los cultivos de microalgas se han llevado a cabo diversos experimentos en la planta MPBR donde se han evaluado diversos factores que afectan al crecimiento de las microalgas: temperatura, luz solar, tiempo de retención celular (TRC), carga de nutrientes o tiempo de retención hidráulico (TRH), sistema de recirculación del cultivo y el volumen en zona oscura. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la enorme importancia de las condiciones ambientales (luz solar y temperatura) en el rendimiento de los cultivos de microalgas. La temperatura óptima del cultivo de microalgas con predominancia del género Scenedesmus sp. resultó estar en torno a los 25ºC, mientras que temperaturas por debajo de 20ºC y por encima de 25ºC afectaron negativamente a la productividad de biomasa. La operación del sistema de fotobiorreactores (FBR) sin membranas para TRH 8 días y en condiciones ambientales favorables consiguió reducir la concentración de nutrientes por debajo de los límites de vertido que marca la Directiva 98/15/CE (10 mg N·L-1 y 1 mg P·L-1) alcanzando valores de eliminación de 75,2% de N y 77,9% de P. La operación del sistema MPBR permitió desacoplar el TRC del TRH en la operación de los FBR, lo que resultó en una mejora general del rendimiento de los cultivos de microalgas y permitió obtener un efluente libre de sólidos con alto potencial de reutilización. Los sistemas de recirculación del cultivo de microalgas comparados en el estudio (bombeo mecánico vs sistema airlift) no afectaron significativamente al rendimiento del cultivo. Por otro lado, reduciendo el volumen en zona oscura de un 27,2% al 13,6% en el sistema MPBR se consiguió un incremento del 40% en la productividad de biomasa. Mediante el uso de los datos obtenidos en planta piloto se ha desarrollado un modelo matemático de crecimiento de microalgas que permite simular de manera muy precisa (R2 = 0,9954) el comportamiento de los cultivos de microalgas en un sistema MPBR. Este modelo utiliza la notación y terminología de los modelos ASM, y consta de un total de 14 componentes (10 solubles y 4 suspendidos), 11 procesos gobernados por la cinética y los equilibrios ácido-base que determinan el pH del medio. Además, el modelo considera los efectos la luz y la temperatura en el crecimiento. Como novedad interesante respecto a otros modelos matemáticos de crecimiento de microalgas ya publicados, este modelo contempla, en condiciones de ausencia de P en el medio de cultivo, el crecimiento de las microalgas a partir del polifosfato almacenado internamente. El modelo desarrollado en este trabajo pretende ser una herramienta para facilitar la implementación futura de la tecnología de cultivos de microalgas en una EDAR a escala industrial. / [CAT] En el context actual d'escassetat de recursos que sofreix el planeta (biomassa, agua i energia), la tecnologia basada en els cultius de microalgues per al tractament d'aigües residuals apareix com una tecnologia molt interessant que permet no només l'eliminació dels nutrients (N i P) presents a l'aigua, sinó també la recuperació d'aquests nutrients amb la producció d'una biomassa algal d'alt valor amb diverses aplicacions: generació de biogàs, producció de biocombustibles i biofertilitzants, elaboració de fàrmacs i cosmètics, etc. Estudis previs han demostrat que l'efluent d'un reactor anaerobi de membranes (AnMBR) resulta ser un mitjà de cultiu òptim per al creixement de les microalgues. Tot i això, la majoria dels estudis existents s'han dut a terme a escala laboratori en condicions controlades de llum, temperatura, pH, càrrega de nutrients, etc., i normalment sempre en experiments batch. Aquest treball consisteix en l'estudi i la modelació matemàtica del procés de cultiu de microalgues en una planta pilot de fotobioreactors de membrana (MPBR) operant en continu i en condicions outdoor per al tractament de l'efluent d'un sistema AnMBR que tracta aigua residual urbana real. Durant la fase d'experimentació dels cultius de microalgues s'han dut a terme diversos experiments a la planta MPBR on s'han avaluat diversos factors que afecten al creixement de les microalgues: temperatura, llum solar, temps de retenció cel·lular (TRC), càrrega de nutrients o temps de retenció hidràulic (TRH), sistema de recirculació del cultiu i el volum en zona obscura. Els resultats obtinguts mostren l'enorme importància de les condicions ambientals (llum solar i temperatura) en el rendiment dels cultius de microalgues. La temperatura òptima del cultiu de microalgues amb predominança del gènere Scenedesmus sp. va resultar estar entorn als 25ºC, mentre que temperatures per sota de 20ºC i per sobre de 25ºC van afectar negativament a la productivitat de biomassa. L'operació del sistema de fotobioreactors (FBR) sense membranes per a TRH 8 dies i en condicions ambientals favorables va aconseguir reduir la concentració de nutrients per sota dels límits d'abocament que marca la Directiva 98/15/CE (10 mg N·L-1 i 1 mg (P·L-1) assolint valors d'eliminació de 75,2% de N i 77,9% de P. L'operació del sistema MPBR va permetre desacoblar el TRC del TRH en l'operació dels FBR, la qual cosa va resultar en una millora general del rendiment dels cultius de microalgues i va permetre obtenir un efluent lliure de sòlids amb un alt potencial de reutilització. Els sistemes de recirculació del cultiu de microalgues comparats en aquest estudi (bombeig mecànic vs sistema airlift) no van afectar significativament al rendiment del cultiu. D'altra banda, reduint el volum en zona obscura del 27,2% al 13,6% al sistema MPBR es va aconseguir un increment del 40% en la productivitat de biomassa. Mitjançant l'ús de les dades obtingudes a la planta pilot s'ha desenvolupat un model matemàtic de creixement de microalgues que permet simular de manera molt precisa (R2 = 0,9954) el comportament dels cultius de microalgues en un sistema MPBR. Aquest model utilitza la notació i la terminologia dels models ASM, i consta d'un total de 14 components (10 solubles i 4 suspesos), 11 processos governats per la cinètica i els equilibris àcid-base que determinen el pH del medi. A més, el model considera els efectes de la llum i la temperatura en el creixement. Com a novetat interessant respecte d'altres models matemàtics de creixement de microalgues ja publicats, aquest model contempla, en condicions d'absència de P en el mitjà de cultiu, el creixement de les microalgues a partir del polifosfat emmagatzemat internament. El model desenvolupat en aquest treball pretén ser una eina per facilitar la implementació futura de la tecnologia de cultius de microalgues a una EDAR a escala industrial. / [EN] In the actual context of resource scarcity along the world (biomass, water and energy), microalgae-based technology for wastewater treatment appears as a promising technology that allows not only nutrient removal (N and P) from wastewater, but also the recovery of these nutrients for the production of high-value algal biomass which has different applications: biogas generation, biofuel and biofertilizer production, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics manufacturing, etc. Previous studies have proved that the effluent from an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) could be a suitable growth medium for microalgae cultivation. However, most of the existing studies have been carried out at bench scale under controlled conditions of light, temperature, pH, nutrient load, etc., when working in batch mode. The present work consists of the study and mathematical modelling of an outdoor pilot-scale membrane photobioreactor (MPBR) for microalgae cultivation under continuous operation for treating the effluent of an AnMBR system fed with real municipal wastewater. During the experimental phase of microalgae cultivation, different experiments were carried out in the MPBR plant to evaluate the main factors that affect microalgae growth: temperature, solar light irradiance, biomass retention time (BRT), nutrient load or hydraulic retention time (HRT), the algae culture recirculation system and the non-photic volume. The results obtained show the significant effect of the environmental conditions (solar light and temperature) on the microalgae cultivation performance. Optimum temperature for the microalgae cultures with a predominance of the genus Scenedesmus sp. resulted to be around 25ºC, while temperatures below 20ºC and above 25ºC negatively affected biomass productivity. During the operation of the photobioreactors (PBRs) system without membranes at HRT of 8 days and under favourable environmental conditions, it was possible to comply with effluent nutrient discharge limits established by Directive 98/15/CE (10 mg N·L-1 and 1 mg P·L-1) and to achieve nutrient removal efficiencies of 75.2% of N and 77.9% of P. The MPBR plant allowed decoupling BRT and TRH in the PBRs operation, which resulted in a general improvement of the microalgae cultivation performance and allowed to obtain a solid-free effluent with high potential for reuse applications. The microalgae culture recirculation systems compared in the study (mechanical pumping vs airlift system) did not significantly affect the culture performance. Moreover, reducing the non-photic volume fraction in the MPBR system from 27.2% to 13.6% resulted in an increase of 40% in biomass productivity. A mathematical model of microalgal growth was developed by making use of the data obtained in the pilot plant. This model was able to reproduce accurately (R2 = 0.9954) the overall microalgae cultivation performance in an MPBR system. This model uses the notation and terminology of the ASM models, and it considers a total of 14 components (10 soluble and 4 suspended), 11 processes governed by kinetics and acid-base equilibria to calculate the pH of the medium. In addition, the model considers the effects of solar light and temperature on microalgae growth. As an interesting novelty with respect to other published mathematical models of microalgae growth, this model contemplates the possibility of using the stored polyphosphate for growing in the absence of P in the culture medium. The model developed in this work is intended to be a tool to promote the future implementation of microalgae cultivation technology on full-scale WWTP. / This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, Projects CTM2011-28595-C02-01/02, CTM2014-54980-C2-1-R and CTM2014-54980-C2-2-R) jointly with the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Generalitat Valenciana (GVA-ACOMP2013/203), which are gratefully acknowledged. The authors also like to acknowledge the support received from Generalitat Valenciana via one VALi+d post-doctoral grant (APOSTD/2014/049). / Viruela Navarro, A. (2023). Modelación matemática del proceso de crecimiento de microalgas en el tratamiento de aguas residuales Aplicación a un fotobiorreactor de membranas (MPBR) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195826 / Compendio