Submitted by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-02-09T13:09:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís Simões de Moura - 2014.pdf: 3101868 bytes, checksum: f25c89130f4c3d5dd7abafeb705693c7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-02-09T13:35:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís Simões de Moura - 2014.pdf: 3101868 bytes, checksum: f25c89130f4c3d5dd7abafeb705693c7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-09T13:35:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís Simões de Moura - 2014.pdf: 3101868 bytes, checksum: f25c89130f4c3d5dd7abafeb705693c7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The sources of supply must have its sheltered water for contamination in obedience to CONAMA Resolution 357/2005, which regulates the standard of quality that water for public supply should have to be used by the population, after some treatment. However, the fact that the rivers act as the last destination of contaminants it is necessary analyzes the sediment to the complete assignment quality water for consumption because the contaminats coming from air, land and even their own water. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental quality of four sources of supply - Ribeirão Sozinha, Córrego Água Branca, Córrego dos Macacos e Ribeirão Arrozal, - located in the metropolitan area of Goiânia / GO. The study was divided into four sections. The first chapter discussed the importance of sediment analysis in the discussion of water quality and found that over a period of ten years, the number of published studies that analyzed the sediment is small, but the numbers of related publications have increased each year. The second chapter evaluated the quality of water sources in a holistic mannerclassifying them according to the results of applying a Rapid Assessment Protocol Diversity of Habitats and some physico-chemical analysis. It was noted that these rivers are suffering from anthropic action and it can compromise the water quality of them. The third chapter measured the quality of the rivers from the results obtained from analyzes of temperature, pH, Eh, conductivity, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, total solids, total dissolved solids, total coliform and Escherichia coli in water and sediment test results of pH, Eh, moisture, organic matter and sediment grain size. Thus, it was possible to evaluate the four rivers in the category of class II freshwater according to relevant legislation and, considering these parameters, they have good quality and can continue to be used for this purpose. The fourth chapter evaluated the quality of water sources in relation to the concentration of six metals in water and sediment. Concentrations of Cd, Cr and Cu were found in the water; and concentrations of Cd, Cr and Ni in the sediment disagreement the limits established by law. Thus, it was concluded that these sources, even showing signs of anthropogenic physical deterioration, still offer quality water. However, it is necessary to the continuous monitoring of this quality in order to avoid future problems to the population who depend on this water resource. / Os mananciais de abastecimento devem ter a sua água resguardada quanto à contaminação em obediência à Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005, que regulamenta o padrão de qualidade que a água destinada ao abastecimento público deve possuir para que então seja utilizada, após algum tipo de tratamento, pela população. Entretanto, o fato dos mananciais atuarem como o destino final de contaminantes faz necessária a realização de análises nos sedimentos para a complementação da atribuição de qualidade à água que será destinada ao consumo pelo fato dele abrigar contaminantes oriundos da atmosfera, solo e até mesmo da própria água. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade ambiental de quatro mananciais de abastecimento – Ribeirão Sozinha, Córrego Água Branca, Córrego dos Macacos e Ribeirão Arrozal - situados na região metropolitana de Goiânia/GO. O estudo foi dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo abordou a importância da análise de sedimentos na discussão da qualidade da água e revelou que em um período de dez anos, a quantidade de trabalhos publicados que analisaram o sedimento é pequena, mas os números de publicações relacionadas têm aumentado a cada ano. O segundo capítulo avaliou a qualidade dos mananciais de uma forma holística classificando-os de acordo com resultados da aplicação de um Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida da Diversidade de Habitats e de algumas análises físico-químicas, com isso percebeu-se que esses mananciais estão sofrendo com a ação antrópica e que isso pode vir a comprometer a qualidade da água dos mesmos. O terceiro capítulo avaliou a qualidade dos mananciais a partir dos resultados obtidos da realização das análises de temperatura, pH, Eh, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, OD, DBO, DQO, matéria orgânica, nitrogênio total, fósforo total, sólidos suspensos totais, sólidos totais, sólidos dissolvidos totais, coliformes totais e Escherichia coli na água e nos sedimentos foram realizadas análises de pH, Eh, umidade, matéria orgânica e granulometria no sedimento. Assim, foi possível avaliar os quatro mananciais na categoria de água doce classe II de acordo com a legislação pertinente e, considerando esses parâmetros, eles apresentam boa qualidade e podem continuar sendo usados para essa finalidade. O quarto capítulo avaliou a qualidade dos mananciais em relação à concentração de seis metais na água e sedimento. Foram encontradas concentrações de Cd, Cr e Cu, na água; e concentrações de Cd, Cr e Ni no sedimento em discordância os valores limites estabelecidos pela legislação vigente. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que esses mananciais, mesmo apresentando sinais de degradação física de origem antropogênica, ainda oferecem água de qualidade. Entretanto, faz-se necessário o monitoramento contínuo dessa qualidade a fim de se evitar problemas futuros às populações que dependem desse recurso hídrico.

O bioma Cerrado ocupa aproximadamente 20% do território brasileiro e dos seus 207 milhões de hectares, 14 são ocupados com agricultura (grãos) e 50 por pastagens cultivadas. Dessa forma, o conhecimento da dinâmica da matéria orgânica (MOS) e da agregação do solo com o emprego de diferentes usos da terra e manejos agrícolas após a conversão do sistema nativo é de extrema importância para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e, principalmente, ambiental da região no que se refere à sustentabilidade dos sistemas produtivos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as alterações nos os estoques de C e N, assim como a agregação, o fracionamento da MOS, a origem do C e N (delta13C e delta15N) e as propriedades microbiológicas do solo. O estudo foi realizado em um Latossolo vermelho distrófico de textura argilosa (50-70% de argila) no município de Rio Verde (GO) (\'17GRAUS\'39\'07\'\'S e \'51GRAUS\'06\'49\'\'O). As áreas consistiram de um sistema nativo de fitofisionomia Cerradão (CE), uma pastagem de baixa produtividade com 20 anos (PA-20), um sistema plantio convencional com 29 anos (SPC-29) e quatro sistemas plantio direto com 3(SPD-3), 7(SPD-7), 10(SPD-10) e 15(SPD-15) anos de uso. As amostras de solo (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40cm) foram coletadas em julho de 2006 (época seca) e fevereiro de 2007 (época chuvosa). Os estoques de C do solo, além de comparados entre as áreas de estudo, também foram comparados aos resultados obtidos nos mesmos locais em um estudo anterior realizado há 3 anos (2004). A densidade foi inferior e o teor e estoque de C do solo (0-40 cm) superior nas áreas sob CE, SPD-15 e SPD-10 (exceto a densidade) em relação às demais áreas. No período médio de 3 anos não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os estoques de C, enquanto a densidade do solo elevou-se significativamente nas áreas SPC-29 e SPD-7. As áreas sob SPD apresentaram taxa média de acúmulo de C anual no solo estimada em 1.17 Mg ha-1. Esses resultados sugeriram que a prática do SPD nas áreas verificadas, precedido por nove anos de cultivo sob SPC, levou aproximadamente dez anos para o restabelecimento do estoque de C semelhante à condição sob vegetação original do Cerrado. Foi verificada elevada agregação do solo, semelhante nas épocas seca e chuvosa, com predominância de agregados >2,00mm em todas as áreas e camadas de solo avaliadas. No CE e na PA-20 foram observados os maiores DMP e quantidades de agregados >2,00mm, sendo que os sistemas de plantio afetaram negativamente essas variáveis. Nos sistemas agrícolas, os SPD tiveram os maiores valores DMP e agregados > 2,00mm em comparação ao SPC-29 na camada 0-5cm de solo. Quanto a quantidade de MOS leve livre e aos teores de C e N nas classes de agregados do solo, o CE e o SPD-15 em comparação as demais áreas indicaram maiores valores, com intermediários no SPD-10 (exceto N). Os teores de C, principalmente na classe de agregado >0,25mm (0-5 cm), o DMP e estoque de C (0-20cm) apresentaram correlação significativamente positiva. Dessa forma, as observações referentes ao C e a agregação do solo indicaram que a preservação e a manutenção da classe de agregados >0,25 mm foram processos fundamentais para os maiores níveis de C observados no CE, SPD-10 e SPD-15. E a quantidade de MOS leve livre verificada, componente responsável pela manutenção dos agregados, concordam com a correlação observada. Na área PA-20, mesmo com elevada agregação do solo, provavelmente pela baixa produtividade da gramínea não houve disponibilidade suficiente de C (via MOS) para a manutenção das classes de agregados, acarretando no menor estoque de C em relação as demais áreas (exceto ao SPC-29). A mesma insuficiência de MOS ocorreu na área SPC-29, mas nesse caso devido ao revolvimento do solo que acelerou a oxidação da MOS, visto que o aporte de resíduos culturais na área é semelhante as sob SPD, por utilizarem a mesma sucessão de culturas. No CE os valores mais negativos de delta13C observados em relação a PA-20 representam a predominância de plantas de ciclo fotossintético C3. E o mesmo padrão significativo de enriquecimento de delta13C e delta15N no solo em profundidade ocorreu devido à mineralização da MOS, exceto nos valores de delta13C na PA-20 provavelmente a gradativa substituição da MOS original. Os menores valores de delta15N no Cerrado podem estar indicando maior fixação biológica de N em relação à pastagem. Da MOS original do CE, 83% foi substituída na área PA-20 e apesar da elevada substituição, demonstra que baixa produtividade da gramínea pode ter influenciado no menor estoque de C da área em relação ao CE. Não foram verificadas diferenças nos valores de delta13C e delta15N entre as classes de agregados em cada área de pesquisa. Os valores de C e N microbiano (Cmic e Nmic), assim como as relações com os teores de C e N totais, e o qCO2 foram influenciados pelas estações sazonais, sendo maiores na época chuvosa, exceto para o qCO2. Menores valores de qCO2 na época chuvosa refletiram maior eficiência de imobilização de C na biomassa microbiana. Para as áreas sob uso da terra, os maiores valores de Cmic e Nmic foram observados na PA-20 e os menores no SPC-29. Esses resultados indicaram melhores condições ao desenvolvimento microbiano na PA-20 provavelmente ao cultivo da gramínea, a excreção dos animais e a reforma da área (dezembro/2007). A adoção do SPD foi importante fator no aumento do Cmic e Nmic em relação ao SPC, possivelmente ao não revolvimento do solo e aporte de resíduos e superfície, que com o tempo de implantação adaptou a biomassa microbiana a uma nova condição. O Cmic e o Nmic indicaram alterações nas áreas implantadas em relação ao Cerrado e apontou maior equilíbrio da microbiota nessa área / The Savannah biome occupies 20% of the Brazilian territory, approximately, and of their 207 million hectares, 14 are taken by agriculture (grains productions) and 50 for farming (cultivated pastures). In that way, the knowledge of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and the soil aggregation with the different uses and agricultural handlings after the conversion of the native system is very important for the socioeconomic development, environmental preservation and the sustainability of the productive systems. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the alterations of C and N stocks, the aggregation, the SOM fractionation, the origin of C and N (delta13C e delta15N) - and the microbiological properties of the soil. The study was accomplished in a Oxisol (clayey Red Dystrophic Latosol) with 50-70% of clay in the municipal district of Rio Verde (Goias state, Brazil) (\'17GRAUS\'39\'07\'\'S and \'51GRAUS\'06\'49\'\'W). The areas consisted of a native system of Savannah (CE) phytophysionomy (Cerradão), a pasture of low productivity with 20 years (PA -20), a conventional till with 29 years (SPC -29) and four no-till areas with 3 (SPD -3), 7 (SPD -7), 10 (SPD -10) and 15 (SPD -15) years of use. The soil samples from different depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40cm) were collected in July of 2006 (dry seasonal) and February of 2007 (rainy seasonal). The soil C stock, besides having compared among the study areas, its were also compared to the results obtained at the same places in a study accomplished previously, 3 years ago (2004). The C content and stock were higher (0-40cm) in the areas under CE, SPD-15 and SPD-10 and the bulk soil was lower in relation to the other areas. In the medium period of 3 years (2004 to 2007) there were not statistical differences among the storage of C, while the bulk soil were increased significantly in the areas SPC-29 and SPD-7. The areas under SPD showed medium rate of annual C accumulation in the soil valued to as 1.17 Mg ha-1. Those results suggested that the practice of SPD in the verified areas, preceded by 9 years of cultivation under SPC system, it took approximately ten years for the re-establishment of the C stock similar to the original vegetation (CE). Similar aggregation of the soil was verified in the dry and rainy seasons, with predominance of aggregates > 2.00mm in all areas and soil layers evaluated. In CE and in the PA-20 the largest mean weighed diameters (MWD) and amounts of aggregates were observed > 2,00mm, and the till systems affected negatively that variables. In the different agricultural systems, SPD had the largest values MWD and aggregates > 2.00mm in comparison with SPC-29 in the layer 0-5cm of soil. In relation to light free fraction from SOM and C and N in the soil aggregates, CE and SPD-15 in comparison to other areas indicated larger values, with intermediate SPD-10 (except N). The C content, mainly in the aggregate class > 0,25mm (layer 0-5cm of soil), DMP and C stock C (0-20cm) showed positive correlation. In that way, the observations regarding C and the soil aggregation showed that the preservation and the maintenance of the aggregates class > 0.25mm were fundamental processes to the largest levels of C observed in CE, SPD-10 and SPD-15 systems. The amount of light free fraction verified, responsible component for the maintenance soil aggregates, is in agree with the observed correlation. In the PA-20 area, even with high soil aggregation, probably for the low productivity of the grassy, there was not enough readiness of C (through SOM) for the maintenance of the aggregates classes, resulting in the smallest storage of C in relationship the other areas (except to SPC -29). The same deficiency of SOM happened in the area SPC-29, but in that case due to the rotation of the soil that accelerated the oxidation of the SOM, because the contribution of cultural residues in the area is similar to SPD, because these use the same cultures succession. The more negative values of delta13C observed in CE is due by the higher predominance of plants with C3 photosynthetic cycle. The same significant pattern of enrichment of delta13C and delta15N happened in the depth of the soil due to the SOM mineralization, with exception of the delta13C values in the PA-20 systems, due probably by the gradual substitution of the original SOM in the 20 years of CE transfer to PA-20 systems. The smallest delta15N values in CE system can be indicating larger N biological fixation in relation to the pasture. Of the original SOM of CE, 83% was exchange in the PA-20 area and in spite of the high exchange, the lowers productivity of the grassy might have influenced in the smallest C stock in the PA-20 to CE system. Differences were not verified in the values of delta13C e delta15N among the soil aggregates classes in each researched area. The microbial C e N values (Cmic and Nmic), as well as the relationship with the C e N contents and the qCO2 were influenced by the seasonal stations, being C e N larger and the qCO2 smaller at the rainy seasonal. The smaller qCO2 values in the rainy seasonal reflect the largest efficiency of C immobilization in the microbial biomass. The largest values of Cmic and Nmic were observed in the PA-20 and the smallest in SPC -29. Those results indicated better conditions to the microbial development in the PA-20 probably due to the grassy cultivation, the animal excretion and the reform of the area (December /2007). The adoption of SPD was an important factor in the Cmic and Nmic increase in relation to SPC, possibly due to the non soil rotation, the contribution of vegetables residues on the soil surface and- better microbial biomass adapted to the new condition of NT implantation. The Cmic and Nmic indicated alterations in the new areas implanted in relation to the CE and it pointed larger balance of the microbiota in CE system

Apesar da industrialização no setor farmacêutico, o emprego de drogas vegetais constitui desafio atual quando considerado alternativa terapêutica para as populações de baixa renda ou aquelas que apresentam tradição no uso dessas drogas. Além disso, tendências modernas valorizam a variedade de espécies com propriedades curativas, em particular as espécies brasileiras, desafiando os pesquisadores a intensificar investigações nessa área e induzindo à população um crescente consumo. Assim, questões relacionadas à qualidade dessas drogas apresentam fundamental importância. Devido à origem, a carga microbiana detectada nas mesmas é normalmente elevada, oferecendo riscos potenciais ao usuário. Desta forma, a avaliação de sua qualidade sanitária constitui etapa obrigatória no que se refere ao aspecto de segurança ao consumidor. Além disso, a eficácia terapêutica pode igualmente ser comprometida por decomposição de componentes, decorrente da ação de microrganismos. Com o objetivo de eliminar os efeitos decorrentes da biocarga presente nas drogas vegetais, agentes descontaminantes, de natureza física ou química, têm sido empregados. A utilização de tais procedimentos de descontaminação, prevista na legislação vigente, requer estudos relacionados à estabilidade dos princípios ativos após exposição ao agente selecionado. Dentre os agentes destaca-se a irradiação gama, amplamente utilizada em função de sua aplicabilidade na ausência de água e de temperatura elevada, além de apresentar alta penetrabilidade e reduzir, com eficácia, a carga microbiana viável. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de radiação ionizante sobre a carga microbiana de quatro espécies de drogas vegetais: alcachofra (Cynara scolymus L.), camomila (Matricaria recutita L.), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) e guaraná (Paullinia cupana H.B.K.), bem como detectar possíveis alterações provocadas pela radiação sobre os teores de seus princípios ativos. As análises microbiológicas e químicas foram realizadas antes e após irradiação com doses médias de 5,5 kGy, 11,4 kGy e 17,8 kGy. Os resultados obtidos anteriormente à irradiação revelaram elevados níveis de contaminação: média de 4,1 x106 para microrganismos aeróbicos totais e 3,3x105 para fungos. Após descontaminação, a dose média de 11,4 kGy, reduziu a carga de microrganismos aeróbicos totais a níveis menores ou iguais a 102 em todas as drogas, com exceção da camomila proveniente do fornecedor B (3,2x104). Para os fungos, a menor dose aplicada (5,5 kGy) foi suficiente para reduzir a contagem a níveis da ordem de 10. Com relação à determinação dos marcadores nas drogas vegetais, os resultados obtidos não revelaram alterações significativas nos teores de cafeína no guaraná e de glicosídeos flavonoídicos no ginkgo. Para a camomila, as amostras antes a após irradiação, apresentaram o mesmo teor de óleo volátil bem como ausência de diferenças significativas no teor de α-bisabolol. Em contraste, observou-se redução no teor de 7-glicosil apigenina após submissão à radiação ionizante, indicando degradação decorrente do processo. Com relação à alcachofra, permanece ainda desconhecida a influência da radiação devido à ausência de metodologias adequadas para extração e determinação da cinarina. / Despite industrialization in the pharmaceutical area, the use of vegetable drugs is being considered a therapeutical alternative either for underprivileged people or for those who are already used to their consumption. Furthermore there is presently a tendency to value those species with healing property, mainly the Brazilian ones, what is stimulating research and their increasing consumption. Thus, issues concerning the quality of such drugs are extremely important, mainly due to the fact that their microbial load offers potential risks to consumers. Consequently, the evaluation of their sanitary conditions has become fundamental, also owing to the fact that their therapeutical efficacy can be harmed by the decomposition of their components, as a result of the action of microorganisms. Therefore, physical or chemical decontamination has been employed as a measure to reduce the bioburden. Although these procedures are being legally performed they require studies concerning the stability of the active principles after the process. Gamma irradiation has been one of the most important decontaminating agents, widely used due to its applicability in the absence of water or high temperature and to its property of presenting high penetration and efficiently reducing the viable microbial load. This work aimed at evaluating the effects of different radiation doses over the microbial burden of four kinds of vegetable drugs: artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) and guarana (Paullinia cupana H.B.K.). The detection of possible alterations provoked by radiation on the contents of their active principies has also been a goal of this study. The microbiological and chemical analyses were performed before and after irradiation with average doses of 5,5 kGy, 11,4 kGy and 17,8 kGy. The results revealed high contamination levels: average of 4,1 x106 for total aerobic microorganisms and 3,3x105 for fungi. After decontamination the average dose of 11,4 kGy reduced the total aerobic microbial count to levels below or equal to 102 in all drugs, except the chamomile provided by supplier B (3,2x104). For fungi, the lowest dose applied (5,5 kGy) was enough to reduce the count to a level of 10. As to the determination of markers in vegetable drugs, the results obtained presented no significant alterations in cafein contents of guarana or in flavonol glycosides of ginkgo. The samples of chamomile, both prior to and after radiation presented the same yield of essential oil as well as absence of significant differences in the contents of α-bisabolol. On the other hand, a reduction in the concentration of apigenin-7-glycoside after irradiation was observed, what indicates degradation caused by the process. The influence of radiation over artichoke remains unknown due to the absence of adequate methods of extraction and determination of cinarin.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-18T19:29:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Felipe Machado Trombete.pdf: 1177577 bytes, checksum: 5ad9ebc406a8cd78d15ebfdc7acb27ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T19:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Felipe Machado Trombete.pdf: 1177577 bytes, checksum: 5ad9ebc406a8cd78d15ebfdc7acb27ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / CAPES / The grated parmesan cheese is a food commonly consumed in Brazil and, in the last decade, few studies evaluated their quality. The aim of this research was to evaluate the adequacy and the levels of aflatoxin M1 in the grated parmesan cheese marketed in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro in relation to the recommendations of current legislation. For this, were analyzed 30 samples representing 10 major brands sold in the region. In the evaluation of quality, were analyzed the levels of moisture, water activity, pH, acidity, sorbic acid and indicator microorganisms of hygienic quality and sanitary. The research of AFM1 was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-DFL) preceded by purification by immunoaffinity chromatography. Only 14 of the 30 samples analyzed (46.7%) were in accordance with the legislation that regulates the product quality. Beyond the lack of uniformity in production, the major irregularities were due to excessive moisture content and also by the abusive addition of the preservative sorbic acid. These results suggest the occurrence of faults on Good Manufacturing Practices by the industries responsible for the brands tested, which represents beyond economic fraud, risks to consumers health, even if indirectly. With relation to research of AFM1, all samples showed satisfactory values with the national legislation. However, the existing limit for aflatoxin in this product is excessively high when compared with those established by others countries. If compared with the regulation prevailing in the European Union, 8 samples (26.7%) could be considered contaminated. / O queijo parmes?o ralado ? um alimento popularmente consumido no Brasil e, na ?ltima d?cada poucos trabalhos objetivaram estudar sua qualidade. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a adequa??o do queijo parmes?o ralado comercializado na Regi?o Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro em rela??o ao preconizado pela legisla??o atual e tamb?m pesquisar os ?ndices de aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) no produto. Para tal, foram analisadas 30 amostras representativas das 10 principais marcas comercializadas na regi?o. Na pesquisa da qualidade, foram analisados os teores de umidade, atividade de ?gua, pH, acidez titul?vel, conservante ?cido s?rbico e microrganismos indicadores da qualidade higi?nica e sanit?ria. J? a pesquisa de AFM1 foi realizada por cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia com detec??o por fluoresc?ncia (CLAE-DF), precedida de purifica??o por Cromatografia de Imunoafinidade. Apenas 14 amostras das 30 analisadas (46,7%) estavam em acordo com a legisla??o que regulamenta a qualidade do produto. Al?m da falta de uniformidade na produ??o, as principais irregularidades constatadas foram referentes ao excessivo teor de umidade e tamb?m pela adi??o abusiva do conservante ?cido s?rbico. Tais resultados sugerem a ocorr?ncia de falhas nas Boas Pr?ticas de Fabrica??o pelas ind?strias respons?veis pelas marcas analisadas, o que representa al?m de fraude econ?mica, riscos ? sa?de do consumidor, mesmo que de forma indireta. Com rela??o a pesquisa de AFM1, todas as amostras se adequaram a legisla??o nacional. No entanto, o limite existente para a presen?a da toxina neste produto ? excessivamente alto quando comparado com os estabelecidos por outros pa?ses. Se comparado com a regulamenta??o predominante na Uni?o Europ?ia, 8 amostras (26,7%) poderiam ser consideradas contaminadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:32:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina_Daros_Massarollo.pdf: 1639123 bytes, checksum: 069a8265b4cb03e465c5b15f53f3530d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The family agribusinesses, that have emerged to take advantage of the surplus that is not go to the market, together and to cope with this unfavorable prices, differ from traditional agribusinesses by exclusively using hand labor in family production and processing products adding value to the final product. With the increase in foodborne diseases in recent years, due to factors such as population growth, vulnerable or exposed groups, unplanned urbanization and food production scale, aimed to evaluate the sanitary conditions of eight agro baking from Francisco Beltrão who provide their products for school lunches, as well as evaluating the sanitary quality of products through microbiological analysis. Parallel to this, were applied a good practices training of manufacturing and elaborated good practices manual for each of the agribusinesses. The evaluation of agribusinesses sanitary-hygienic conditions enabled visualization of changes that could be made, which were suggested in an action plan and many of them worked by agribusinesses, increasing the percentage of compliances items in the check list verification. Simultaneously, the results of microbiological analysis improved when compared to the assessment of the first and second batch. This was possible through the good practices training of manufacturing ministered to producers. The implementation of good manufacturing practices in agribusinesses was efficient, because it improves the microbiological quality of products offered to school meals. / As agroindústrias familiares, que surgiram para aproveitar o excedente que não é comercializado e, juntamente a isto fazer frente à conjuntura desfavorável dos preços, diferenciam-se das agroindústrias tradicionais por utilizar exclusivamente a mão-de-obra familiar na produção e transformação dos produtos, agregando valor ao produto final. Com o aumento das doenças transmitidas por alimentos nos últimos anos, por fatores como aumento populacional, grupos vulneráveis ou mais expostos, urbanização desordenada e produção de alimentos em escala, objetivou-se avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias de oito agroindústrias de panificação do município de Francisco Beltrão que fornecem seus produtos para a merenda escolar, bem como avaliar a qualidade sanitária dos produtos, através de análise microbiológica. Paralelamente a isto, foi aplicado um treinamento de boas práticas de fabricação e elaborado o manual de boas práticas para cada uma das agroindústrias. A avaliação das condições higiênico-sanitárias das agroindústrias permitiu a visualização de mudanças que poderiam ser feitas, as quais foram sugeridas em um plano de ação e muitas delas trabalhadas pelas agroindústrias, aumentando assim o percentual de conformidades nos itens do check list de verificação. Simultaneamente, os resultados das análises microbiológicas melhoraram quando comparada a avaliação do primeiro e do segundo lote. Isto foi possível através do treinamento de boas práticas de fabricação ministrado aos produtores. A implantação das boas práticas de fabricação nas agroindústrias mostrou-se eficiente, pois melhorou a qualidade microbiológica dos produtos oferecidos à merenda escolar.

Neste estudo amostras coletadas de pinturas rupestres foram analisadas para identificação do material utilizado; análises da sua interação e de processos eventuais de degradação, além de atribuições quanto à sua origem, foram também feitas através da espectroscopia Raman. Pigmentos encontrados em pinturas rupestres em Minas Gerais foram identificados, junto a produtos de degradação microbiológica. A partir dos resultados, foi feita uma caracterização da transformação de desidratação do pigmento amarelo de goetita (α-FeOOH) a hematita (α-Fe2O3) por espectroscopia Raman na tentativa de contextualizá-la no problema da origem da hematita encontrada nas representações. Foram identificados os pigmentos calcita (CaCO3) para o branco, carvão vegetal para o preto, goetita (α-FeOOH) para o amarelo e hematita (α-Fe2O3) para o vermelho, que constituem basicamente a paleta de cores desse período. Produtos de degradação microbiológica foram identificados por espectroscopia Raman e no infravermelho por ATR como sendo whewellita (CaC2O4.H2O) e weddelita(CaC2O4.2H2O). A transformação topotática de goetita a hematita por aquecimento foi acompanhada por espectroscopia Raman in situ e ex-situ e infravermelho, na tentativa de caracterizar o processo quanto às fases formadas, possíveis marcadores, de maneira a complementar resultados da literatura que utilizaram outras técnicas, como difração de raio-X (XRD) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM). Esse estudo foi realizado na tentativa de determinar a existência de possível manipulação térmica desses materiais como sugerido em trabalhos anteriores. Em particular, nos espectros Raman, o comportamento diferenciado da banda em torno de 660 cm-1 e a maior largura das bandas de uma maneira geral, presentes na chamada hematita desordenada, perfil que as amostras naturais coletadas apresentam, são marcadores do efeito de temperatura, uma vez que parecem estar ligados mais estreitamente ao deslocamento catiônico dos íons Fe do que ao rearranjo da gaiola octaédrica de oxigênios ao redor destes, durante a transição a partir de goetita. Esse comportamento dos espectros Raman é confirmado pelos padrões dos difratogramas de raio-X. Concluiu-se que esse desordenamento, entretanto, não é causado somente pela temperatura e, dessa forma, não pode ser usado para atestar inequivocamente como sendo resultado de processamento dos materiais (goetita). / This dissertation reports the investigation carried out on samples collected from rupestrian paintings, aiming at the identification of materials used, their interaction and degradation. The technique of choice was Raman microscopy as it is a non-destructive tool, which provides the spatial resolution necessary for the study of heterogeneous samples. Pigments were identified together with products of microbiological degradation. Thermal convertion of goethite (yellow) to hematite (red) was followed by Raman spectroscopy in a tentative to address the issue of the provenance of red pigments (natural hematite or heated goethite) found in the paintings. White pigments were identified as calcite (CaCO3), whereas charcoal was used as black, goethite (α-FeOOH) as yellow and hematite (α-Fe2O3) as red. These pigments are usually found in rock art palletes. Degradation products from microbiological activity were identified by Raman microscopy and ATR infrared spectroscopy as being whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O) and weddelite (CaC2O4.2H2O). The topotatic transition from goethite to hematite was followed by in situ and ex-situ Raman and infrared spectroscopy, regarding the characterization of the phases formed, possible markers, aiming to complement the previous results reported in the literature using other techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and transmission eletron microscopy (TEM). The main goal of the study of temperature effect on the Raman spectrum of goethite was to determine whether hematite was used as found in nature or was obtained by goethite heating as suggested in previous investigations. Particularly, the behavior of the 660 cm-1 band and a larger linewidth for bands in the spectrum, present in the disordered hematite and in the red pigments analysed, are markers of the thermal processing. These features seem to be related to the movement of iron ions and to the rearrangment of the octahedrical cage formed by oxygen atoms around them. Such conclusions are in agreement with X-ray data. Unfortunately, temperature is not the only factor to cause such structural disorder and, hence, it cannot be used as an unequivocal marker of thermal processing.

Water quality in the Vaalharts region in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa, decreased over the past few years and there was a need for the microbiological and physico-chemical assessment. This problem was identified through discussions with Vaalharts Water (Vaalharts Water User Association) in 2010 when the issue of the impact of deteriorating water quality on drinking water production was raised. It was thus important to investigate concerns of the water users association pertaining to water quality issues. The aim of this study was to assess the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of household water in the Vaalharts irrigation scheme. The main residential areas were Hartswater, Pampierstad, Jan Kempdorp and Warrenton. Faecal coliforms were detected in the raw water of all the drinking water distribution systems during 2011 and 2012. No faecal coliforms were detected in the household water during 2011. This was a very positive result, because not only did the household water comply with the SANS 241 (2011) standard (0 CFU/100ml), but the purification processes were successful by removing all the E. coli’s from the raw water. However, during March 2012 faecal coliforms were detected in the household water of Jan Kempdorp (191CFU/100ml). This could be due to point pollution and possible breakage of faecal coliforms in the distribution system. Low amounts of total coliforms were detected in the raw water of some of the drinking water distribution systems. This could be due to high amounts of other colonies (pink and purple) growing on the m-Endo agar which suppress the growth of the metallic green sheen (total coliform) colonies. The total coliform numbers complied with the SANS 241 (2011) standard of ≤10 CFU/100ml at most of the distribution systems, except for Hartswater during July 2011 (14CFU/100ml) and Warrenton during March 2012 (256 CFU/100ml). Heterotrophic plate count bacteria were very high in the household water of some of the distribution systems during 2011 and 2012 which exceeded the SANS 241 (2011) standard of ≤1000 CFU/ml. A large number of pigmented (yellow, orange, pink) and non-pigmented (white) colonies were isolated on R2A agar. This can be an indication of some failure in treatment processes. Other microbiological parameters that were tested such as faceal streptococci, Clostridia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi did not indicate any danger, but there were high levels of total anaerobic bacteria in the raw water during 2011 and 2012. A high level of anaerobic bacteria was detected in the household water of Hartswater during July 2011. Clostridia were also present in the household water of some of the distribution systems during 2011 and 2012. Sequencing results of the mdh, lacZ and uidA genes indicated that one of the isolates was identified as Enterobacter cloacae and the other isolates were E. coli. Four of the isolates were identified as Escherichia coli O104:H4. This is a pathogenic strain and raised concern. The physicochemical parameters that were measured complied with the SANS 241 (2011) standards during 2011 and 2012, but some of the parameters increased gradually from 2011 to 2012. Statistical analysis indicated that physico-chemical parameters had an influence on microbiological parameters and that deteriorating raw water may have an impact on drinking water quality. Another concern currently is that there is no SANS 241 (2011) for faecal streptococci, Clostridia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi and anaerobic bacteria. These are all opportunistic pathogenic bacteria and consuming water with high levels of these bacteria may cause health problems. This study indicated good progress in the treatment processes of the distribution systems over the two years. This may be due to the feedback given to Vaalharts Water during this study regarding the water quality of the residential areas. The physico-chemical and microbiological results of the present study indicated possible biofilm formation in the distribution systems. This may have impacts on the drinking water quality of the distribution systems. It was also evident that deteriorating raw water sources may have an impact on drinking water production. / Thesis (MSc (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Water quality in the Vaalharts region in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa, decreased over the past few years and there was a need for the microbiological and physico-chemical assessment. This problem was identified through discussions with Vaalharts Water (Vaalharts Water User Association) in 2010 when the issue of the impact of deteriorating water quality on drinking water production was raised. It was thus important to investigate concerns of the water users association pertaining to water quality issues. The aim of this study was to assess the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of household water in the Vaalharts irrigation scheme. The main residential areas were Hartswater, Pampierstad, Jan Kempdorp and Warrenton. Faecal coliforms were detected in the raw water of all the drinking water distribution systems during 2011 and 2012. No faecal coliforms were detected in the household water during 2011. This was a very positive result, because not only did the household water comply with the SANS 241 (2011) standard (0 CFU/100ml), but the purification processes were successful by removing all the E. coli’s from the raw water. However, during March 2012 faecal coliforms were detected in the household water of Jan Kempdorp (191CFU/100ml). This could be due to point pollution and possible breakage of faecal coliforms in the distribution system. Low amounts of total coliforms were detected in the raw water of some of the drinking water distribution systems. This could be due to high amounts of other colonies (pink and purple) growing on the m-Endo agar which suppress the growth of the metallic green sheen (total coliform) colonies. The total coliform numbers complied with the SANS 241 (2011) standard of ≤10 CFU/100ml at most of the distribution systems, except for Hartswater during July 2011 (14CFU/100ml) and Warrenton during March 2012 (256 CFU/100ml). Heterotrophic plate count bacteria were very high in the household water of some of the distribution systems during 2011 and 2012 which exceeded the SANS 241 (2011) standard of ≤1000 CFU/ml. A large number of pigmented (yellow, orange, pink) and non-pigmented (white) colonies were isolated on R2A agar. This can be an indication of some failure in treatment processes. Other microbiological parameters that were tested such as faceal streptococci, Clostridia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi did not indicate any danger, but there were high levels of total anaerobic bacteria in the raw water during 2011 and 2012. A high level of anaerobic bacteria was detected in the household water of Hartswater during July 2011. Clostridia were also present in the household water of some of the distribution systems during 2011 and 2012. Sequencing results of the mdh, lacZ and uidA genes indicated that one of the isolates was identified as Enterobacter cloacae and the other isolates were E. coli. Four of the isolates were identified as Escherichia coli O104:H4. This is a pathogenic strain and raised concern. The physicochemical parameters that were measured complied with the SANS 241 (2011) standards during 2011 and 2012, but some of the parameters increased gradually from 2011 to 2012. Statistical analysis indicated that physico-chemical parameters had an influence on microbiological parameters and that deteriorating raw water may have an impact on drinking water quality. Another concern currently is that there is no SANS 241 (2011) for faecal streptococci, Clostridia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi and anaerobic bacteria. These are all opportunistic pathogenic bacteria and consuming water with high levels of these bacteria may cause health problems. This study indicated good progress in the treatment processes of the distribution systems over the two years. This may be due to the feedback given to Vaalharts Water during this study regarding the water quality of the residential areas. The physico-chemical and microbiological results of the present study indicated possible biofilm formation in the distribution systems. This may have impacts on the drinking water quality of the distribution systems. It was also evident that deteriorating raw water sources may have an impact on drinking water production. / Thesis (MSc (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common and important pathogen in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Recently epidemic strains of P. aeruginosa associated with increased morbidity, have been identified. The method of transmission is not clear, but there is evidence of a potential airborne route. The aim of this study was to determine whether different strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from people with CF were able to survive within artificially generated aerosols in an aerobiological chamber. Viable P. aeruginosa could still be detected up to 45min after halting generation of the aerosols. All of the strains of P. aeruginosa expressing a non-mucoid phenotype isolated from people with CF had a reduced ability to survive within aerosols compared to an environmental strain. Expression of a mucoid phenotype by the strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from people with CF promoted survival in the aerosol model compared to strains expressing a non-mucoid phenotype.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 werle_ch_me_sjrp.pdf: 450035 bytes, checksum: 099e05dc79950fa3c945b0a7abcf9810 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os alimentos são passiveis de contaminação por diferentes agentes etiológicos que podem levar ao desenvolvimento de doenças afetando a saúde humana desencadeada por microrganismos patogênicos ou suas toxinas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a merenda servida ás crianças, e as condições de preparo desta, através da análise microbiológica dos principais micro-organismos envolvidos em doenças transmitidas por alimentos.Este trabalho analisou 78 amostras de diferentes tipos de alimento servido para as crianças em 3 escolas do ensino infantil da cidade de São José do Rio Preto, 21 amostras de água utilizada no preparo da merenda e 29 amostras de Swab das mãos dos manipuladores. Avaliou-se a merenda foram quanto a presença de Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, determinação do número mais provável de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, contagem de Bacillus cereus, Clostridios sulfito redutores, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e bolores e leveduras. As amostras de água foram avaliadas quanto a contagem total de bactérias heterotróficas, coliformes totais, termotolerantes e pesquisa de E.coli. Investigou-se coliformes totais, termotolerantes, pesquisa de E.coli, contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e bolores e leveduras nas amostras de swab. Quando presentes cepas de E. coli e S. aureus foi realizado teste de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos. Para avaliação das condições de preparo da merenda realizou-se um check list nas cozinhas das escolas. 100% das amostras estavam de acordo com a legislação na contagem de Bacillus cereus, Clostridios sulfito redutores e pesquisa de Salmonella spp. 7,7% das amostras apresentaram contagens iguais ou superiores a 1100 NMP para coliformes totais, 1,3% não atendiam aos padrões estabelecidos para coliformes termotolerantes, em 6,4% das amostras foi detectado a presença de E.coli 1.3% apresentou... / Foods are susceptible to contamination from different etiologic agents which can lead to the development of illnesses affecting human health triggered by pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins. The objective of the study is to evaluate the conditions in which the school meals are served to the children through a microbiological analysis of the principal food-related pathogens. This work analyzed 78 samples of different types of food served to children from 3 infant schools in the city of São José do Rio Preto, 21 water samples used in the preparation of school meals and 29 swab samples from the hands of the food handlers. The food samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, the most probable number (MPN) of total and thermotolerant coliforms, the amount of Bacillus cereus, sulphite-reducing Clostridium, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, mould and yeast. The water samples were tested for the total heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms, thermotolerants, and traces of E. coli. The swab samples were analysed for total coliforms, thermotolerants, traces of E. coli, the amount of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, mould and yeast. The strains of E. coli and S. aureus found were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. To evaluation of conditions of preparation of the meal took place a check list in school kitchens. 100% of the samples were in accordance with the legislation for the amount of Bacillus cereus, sulphite-reducing Clostridium and traces of Salmonella spp. 7.7% of the samples presented results equal to or above 1100 MPN for total coliforms while 1.3% did not comply with the standards established for thermotolerant coliforms. In 6.4% of the samples the presence of E. coli was detected; 1.3% presented results higher than 10 3 colony-forming units (CFU) for coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and 6.4% of the samples presented... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)