<p> The history of unemployment in Saudi Arabia has been a decades-long struggle, and is considered among the biggest challenges facing the Saudi Arabian government. The youth and women, unfortunately, have been the most affected groups of the high unemployment rate in Saudi Arabia. In an effort to decrease the number of unemployed, the government of Saudi Arabia introduced the Saudization program in an attempt to create jobs for Saudi job seekers. The Saudization policy was created by the government and implemented through the Ministry of Labor. The main objective of this program was to maximize efforts in decreasing labor opportunities for foreign workers, while increasing the number of opportunities for Saudis in the private sector. However, the Saudization policy was not as successful as had been anticipated. Therefore, new efforts to alter the policy were rolled out under the Nitaqat scheme in the year 2011. Despite the government&rsquo;s efforts to improve the employment situation in Saudi Arabia, research indicates that progress to reduce unemployment levels during the past 5 years since Nitaqat was implemented by the Ministry of Labor have been minimal. The main purpose of this research paper was to investigate and draw practical solutions to the unemployment challenges facing Saudi Arabia. This study was based on quantitative method using 2 online surveys: (a) Ministry of Labor employees, and (b) Saudi business owners. The most important findings for this study were a need of reforming the employment policy, changing the education system, and implement and/ or edit policy to create middle-class jobs. Additionally, the study found that there was a mismatch between the market needs and educational outcomes. The study also recommended the need for creating more jobs for women. Last, the study findings called for increasing the cooperation between the private sector and Ministry of Labor to create a more effective employment policy that will generate jobs for the Saudi job seekers.</p>

<p> After 12 years of negotiation, Saudi Arabia joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2005. The impact of joining the WTO has caused many Saudi organizations to change some of their old ways to keep up with competition from all around the world. Foreign investments created a healthy competition that encouraged Saudi Arabian organizations to change, adapt, and thrive in the market. With the need for change, Saudi Arabian organizations are facing employees&rsquo; resistance for unknown reasons. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reasons behind resistance to change in Saudi Arabian organizations and suggest approaches to minimize resistance and facilitate successful organizational change. Many researchers have found a relationship between organizational justice and employees&rsquo; behavior, especially during organizational change. Additionally, Saudi Arabian culture influences employees&rsquo; behavior towards change. Therefore, this correlational study examine the relationship between resistance to change and organizational justice, as well as the relationship between resistance to change and demographic measures in one Saudi Arabian organization. The scales that were used in this study are pre-existing and have been tested for validity and reliability. To measure resistance to change, the researcher used Oreg&rsquo;s (2003) Resistance to Change Scale, which divides resistance to change into four factors (routine seeking, emotional reaction, short-term focus, and cognitive rigidity), and Colquitt&rsquo;s (2001) Organizational Justice Scale, which divides organizational into four dimensions (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational). A total of 55 completed surveys were collected with 76.4% male respondents, and 85.5% under the age of 40 years old, which showed how young and male dominant the workforce is in Saudi Arabia. The study concluded that the organizational justice dimensions of procedural and interpersonal justice have a negative significant relationship with employees&rsquo; resistance, especially the short-term focus factor. Moreover, from the demographic measures, the age factor also had a significant negative relationship with resistance to change, mostly with the short-term focus factor.</p>

<p> There are multiple paths for constructive cooperation between Iran and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf that can reshape the current contentious relations. Because of numerous mutual concerns, shared historic, religious, and cultural ties, as well as the importance of trade, Iran and the neighboring Arab countries must surmount the costly, zero-sum political frictions of today and envision a cooperative future that ensures the peace and security of the Persian Gulf. This thesis aims to present viable pathways for constructive cooperation between Iran and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf through analysis of the Islamic Republic&rsquo;s foreign policy objectives and determinants, differentiating and analyzing identified grievances and positive factors in bilateral relations between Iran and the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the consequences of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on the geopolitics of the region.</p>

<p> Despite being a relatively young and prosperous country, Saudi Arabia has recently suffered from substantial rises in unemployment. This dissertation thus examines the root causes for the rise in unemployment and limited monetary policies in Saudi Arabia. It then attempts to provide feasible solutions for these problems. It includes an explanation of the Saudi economic structure and its features. It additionally investigates the historically-rooted causes of unemployment issues in the nation. The dissertation explains the high economic and social costs of unemployment and also calculates the empirical relationship between unemployment and loss in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) utilizing Okun&rsquo;s law and applying recently-developed panel econometrics techniques; additional details about the social costs of unemployment are also explained. Knowledge of money&rsquo;s effect on unemployment in Saudi Arabia is currently limited and thus the dissertation explores the ability and affordability of implementing a comprehensive solution to persistently high rates of unemployment. This is done through examining whether or not the nation experiences endogenous money processes wherein loans create deposits and deposits create reserves. In addition to exploring potential methods of achieving full employment and the expected benefits of these methods, the study explained the unique features of the Saudi economy that make said methods particularly easy to facilitate. In essence, this study revealed the possibility for the nation to achieve full employment using statistical evidence and the endogenous money supply hypothesis. The primary goal of the dissertation is to develop an approach to achieve full employment ultimately resulting in significant economic benefits for the society as a whole. It employs the endogenous money approach to offer policy solutions for unemployment in Saudi Arabia through transforming the economy into a Knowledge-based economy (KBE). KBE&rsquo;s pillars are all present in Saudi Arabia save for innovation which could easily be improved because of the high numbers of educated individuals among the unemployed. Thus, this approach could benefit the nation with no foreseeable risks of harm threatened or seen from previous attempts at solutions from Saudi policy-makers.</p>

<p> The popular coined term "state failure," has been used in a variety of ways to explain states that may have not lived up to the Western model of statehood. Many theorists have concluded a variety of reasons for this occurrence, but have usually looked at it through one lens and failed to acknowledge others. This paper proposes that one lens is sufficient in analyzing state failure, that of constructivism. Iraq is a country frequently considered synonymous with state failure. This paper analyzes the history of Iraq based on constructivist ideas of identity and institutions to explain state failure and determine solutions that could benefit the state.</p>

<p> This study examined the role of social media in the lives of Saudi female international college students as they faced issues related to adjusting to living and studying in a culture vastly different from their own. Social media is an increasingly important consideration in literature on self-identity, education, and community. This study employed qualitative interview methods to explore this topic. Fourteen Saudi female international college students living in the United States for three to nine years answered questions about their personal identities in Saudi Arabia and in the United States, their social media use in Saudi Arabia and in the United States, their experiences with online communities, and their experiences with educational social media. Of the 14 participants, nine were married and five were unmarried, nine were graduate students and five were undergraduate students, and all ranged in age from 18 to 40. Major themes that emerged were identity as a Saudi, female, Muslim, and student; identity changes after arriving in the United States; social media and the expression of identity; the role of communities in the lives of Saudi female international college students; and educational social media and Saudi female international students. Recommendations developed from this study&rsquo;s findings aimed to help U.S. professors better understand their male and female Saudi students, how Saudi cultural and religious factors impacted these males and females differently, and how to effectively use educational social media in a way that acknowledged Saudi culture but still encouraged participation by all Saudi students. Limitations of this study, recommendations for future research topics, and a conclusion are also provided. The findings of this research further point the need for educators to understand how to implement social media in the classroom in a way that serves students of all cultural backgrounds as the U.S. educational system continues to receive large numbers of Saudi international students each year. Overall, this study found the experiences of Saudi female international college students studying in the United States impacted their identities, their use of social media to connect with their communities, and how they interacted in a culturally diverse classroom through educational social media.</p>

No description available.

This dissertation analyzes everyday talk about livelihoods, or about the challenges of work and getting by, among displaced Kurds in the city of Diyarbakır in southeastern Turkey. Over the past two decades, Diyarbakır has grown dramatically with the influx of tens of thousands of displaced and dispossessed rural Kurds uprooted by state policies of forced migration. These policies were designed with two strategic aims in mind: eliminating rural support networks for the Kurdish armed rebellion (the PKK), and concentrating populations in less dispersed and thus theoretically more easily policed spaces. However, it is argued here that while the former ambition has perhaps succeeded, the displacement and dispossession of rural Kurds throughout the 1990s, rather than suppressing dissent, has generated new fields and new forms of political struggle. Based on two years of fieldwork in Diyarbakır, this study explores the ways in which ordinary talk about livelihoods, about how to make a living and pay the bills, is, in this context, about more than ‘the economy’ alone. The interplay of people’s efforts to rebuild life and livelihood and the semiotic interpretation of these efforts is analyzed as a rich and under-appreciated site for the everyday practical generation of the political in Kurdish Turkey. This study contributes to the anthropology of Kurdish Turkey and of the Middle East, as well as to theories of displacement and dispossession, evaluative discourse, and the pragmatics of political stance. / Anthropology

<p> <u>Objectives.</u> Despite a child restraint system (CRS) law in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A.), compliance has been minimal. We explored the salient behavioral, normative and control beliefs, which may predict intentions of CRS use in K.S.A; identified which of them independently predicted attitude, subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC); and tested the effect of attitude, SN, and PBC on the intent for CRS use. </p><p> <u>Methodology.</u> This study was conducted in two stages. During the qualitative stage two focus groups were conducted (n=25). The identified beliefs were incorporated into a survey following Ajzen's guidelines. 196 pregnant women completed surveys at Dallah Hospital, Riyadh during June, 2013. In a separate observation to measure the CRS usage, two nurses discretely monitored 150 women leaving hospital following maternity stay. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between intent and TPB constructs; and salient beliefs and respective composite belief scores. </p><p> <u>Results.</u> Lack of health education and law enforcement, cultural pressure, advice from family, desire to stay close to the child, family size were key factors stated. Logistic regression model with TPB constructs and covariates as predictors of CRS usage intent was statistically significant (&chi;2=64.986, p&lt;0.0001, df=11) and correctly classified 72.4% of the cases. There was an increase in odds of intent to use CRS for attitudes (31.5%, p&lt;0.05), SN (55.3%, p&lt;0.001), and for PBC (76.9%, p&lt;0.001). The logistic regression models testing the association of the relevant set of composite belief scores were also statistically significant for attitudes (&chi;2=16.803, p&lt;0.05, df=6), SN (&chi;2=29.681, p&lt;0.0001, df=5), and PBC (&chi;2=20.516, p&lt;0.05, df=8). The behavioral observation showed that none of 150 women observed used CRS for their newborn. </p><p> <u>Conclusion.</u> Attitude, SN, and PBC were significantly and independently associated with higher intent for CRS usage. Three beliefs were found to be significantly and independently associated with respective TPB constructs. While TPB appears to be useful in identifying beliefs related to CRS usage intentions in K.S.A., the results of the behavioral observation indicate that intentions may not be related to the actual usage of CRS in K.S.A. Further studies are recommended to examine this association.</p>

<p> This dissertation examines indigenous Arab Bedouin legal struggles for land ownership in the Negev area in Israel. Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the question of land ownership has been central to relations between Negev Bedouins and the state. The courts have rejected Bedouin claims for land ownership, declaring Negev lands as belonging to the state. </p><p> This study examined the historical Bedouin connection to land in the Negev, with emphasis on the evolution of customary practices of land ownership from the second half of the 19th century until the second half of the 20th century. The validity of Bedouin law in present Bedouin society is considered, as well as the meanings of land for Bedouin land claimants. In addition, clashes between Negev Bedouin law and Israeli law are considered in defining land ownership rights in the Israeli court. </p><p> Located in the discipline of anthropology, the theoretical frames for this study are indigenous people studies and postcolonial theories. The methodologies are participatory research and ethnography. Data sources included interviews with 15 Bedouin land claimants and 3 former Israeli officials, 9 visits to Bedouin villages, observations of 5 academic events regarding the land dispute, and primary documents from various state archives. In addition, a case study was conducted of one litigated land dispute between Bedouin land claimants and Israeli authorities. </p><p> In contrast to the traditional representations of the Bedouins as "rootless nomads," the results of this study indicate a strong connection of Bedouin participants to land in the Negev. The findings suggest that Bedouin society in the Negev includes practices of land ownership, and that their customary land ownership is valid in present Bedouin society. The legal conflict reflects clashes between Israeli legal practices and Bedouin indigenous oral practices, and has also been shaped by the national conflict between Israel as a Jewish state and the Bedouins as part of the Arab Palestinian minority. </p>