Why at the present time do we need added sources of labor beyond that available within the country? One faction would cry, "We don't!" Another would say, "We decry the importation of labor, but there simply aren't United States citizens in sufficient numbers to get these jobs done." A third group would probably answer, "Why worry about it? These laborers will come across the border, legally or illegally; we may as well avail ourselves of their services." Perhaps we should let a fourth group speak: "We must see that you do not misuse these people."

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

In this paper I discuss some of the findings in my study of the encounters between female migrants and immigration enforcement authorities along the U.S.-Mexico border. An objective of the research is to ascertain a more accurate picture of women temporarily suspended in the “intersection” of diametrically opposed processes: immigration enforcement and transnational mobility. Of the many issues that have emerged from this research, family separation is most palpable. This suggests a deeply entrenched relationship between immigration enforcement and the transnationalization of family ties. While this relationship may at first not be obvious, women’s accounts of family separation and family reunification show how, in reconciling these contradictory tendencies, migrant mobility is strengthened, which in turn challenges enforcement measures. In this way, the intersection not only sheds light on how opposing forces (enforcement and mobility) converge but also how each is contingent on the other. This analysis is possible in part through the use of a conceptual intersection of diametrically opposed forces, border enforcement and transnational movement, and thus proves useful in examining the transformative nature of globalized spaces.

This is a research report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Diversity Studies, in the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. / Prior to and immediately following 1994, South African youth literature has largely focused on atypical groups, especially young people’s participation in political protest and violence (Marks 2001; Ntsebeza 1993; Seekings 1993; Straker 1992; Van Kessel 2000). The challenge for new research is to grapple more broadly with the question of how young people construct ordinary lives and identities amid the changing and transforming socio-cultural, economic and political landscape. As such, this study aimed to focus on the ordinary, quotidian narratives of youth in an extraordinary place of Marikana, where the massacre of striking mineworkers took place in 2012. Face-to-face, individual interviews were conducted with 8 participants (aged between 19 and 31 years) living in Marikana, including people who were born in or had migrated to Marikana. Both structural and thematic analyses were used to analyse the transcribed texts. The structural analysis was used to examine how poverty plays a role in the form of stories told. The thematic analysis focused on the content of the narratives, drawing linkages across participants’ stories to understand how they make meaning of events and experiences in their lives. The themes identified were organised as follows: Marikana (nostalgia about the place of Marikana, and belonging to the place of Marikana), childhood in Marikana and elsewhere (growing up in Marikana, and growing up elsewhere), families and their structure (single-parent headed and transnational families, (grand)mothers as pillars of family, and (inter)generational absence/presence of fathers), education (lack of funds for schooling), and possibilities for the future (dreams and futures deferred, and fantasies of escape). The findings indicate that the trauma and violence of the Marikana Massacre was remarkably marginal in their narratives. Instead, participants stressed poverty as a systemic problem that is far more pervasive in how they (re)produce(d) their stories. This core finding reveals poverty as a perpetual structural violence, a repeated state of trauma that is inflicted on their lives and reflected in their stories. Further findings show that many biological fathers are absent in the lives of their children, mostly due to migration or death. Consequently, sons follow in their fathers’ footsteps, leaving their new families behind (some becoming transnational parents). This produces a prevalent intergenerational absence of fathers in Marikana. As a result, mothers and grandmothers are the main breadwinners and emotional pillars of the family. / MT2017

Research presented for the degree of Master of Management in the field of Public and Development Management to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management of the University of Witwatersrand. March 2016 / As an economic hub of Africa, South Africa has been experiencing an influx of economic and political migrants leading to the ethnic diversification of its population. This trend has incited a xenophobic atmosphere due to frustrations from locals, and has led to violent attacks towards foreign nationals. In particular, the Somali population has endured a high number of attacks as this group has successfully penetrated the informal business market in the townships of South Africa. Government has responded to these xenophobic attacks by proposing, amongst others, a Licensing of Businesses Bill in 2013. The bill has been criticised by the public as it is considered a hostile policy that aims to enforce regulations that restrict foreign nationals from operating businesses in the informal sector. This political dilemma has also led to questions as to how this policy response may have an effect on social cohesion in unequal societies where violence against Somalis is prevailing. The Klipspruit community was selected as it forms part of the City of Johannesburg that has a significant amount of Somali informal traders. The purpose of the study was to examine the root causes of violence against Somalis and the potential of the governments’ policy response to mitigate this phenomenon. In particular, the study also investigated the effect of the proposed Licensing of Businesses Bill on social cohesion development between Somalis and South Africans in Klipspruit. The qualitative research findings indicate that violence against Somalis was due to the economic situation, lack of regulation, competition and business miscommunication. The responses were generally driven by the perception that the government of South Africa introduced a bill that is fostered by nationalistic interests to the detriment of foreign nationals such as Somalis. It is therefore recommended that the government develops a way to enhance power sharing in decision-making processes, monitoring and correcting inequalities amongst culturally distinct groups, promoting cultural diversity and integration through education and lastly ensuring that the government acts in a constitutional manner. / GR2018

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Communication

This thesis examines labour migration as an outcome of the interaction between the state and the informal economy, by considering the trends of contemporary labour migration from Ukraine to Southern Europe. It contends that in both the sending and receiving countries, migration policies either disregard or severely limit labour migration, while their informal economies facilitate the development of migration. This basic contradiction sustains migration flows over time. The main argument of the thesis is that migration develops within the system of interacting informal economies. I demonstrate the embeddedness of migration in the informal economy by using the case of Ukrainian migration to Italy. / The role of the informal economy in the development of migration is examined across several dimensions. First, I argue that the recent labour migration from Ukraine emerged as a strategy of the informal economy, continuing the previous strategies of cross-border trading and short-term migration to Central Europe. These economic practices were the innovative responses of the population to the decline of the state economy and to the absence of economic reforms. Migration developed in the space between the state and the market economy. / Second, the flows of labour migration were 'invisible' to states, and developed outside state control and regulation. This thesis demonstrates that the migration policies of the Ukrainian state disregarded the process of out-migration of Ukrainian citizens. Similarly, Italian immigration policies did not recognise the existing flows of labour migration. The informal economy of the receiving state resolved the contradiction between the economic demand for migrant workers and restrictive migration policies and enabled access to the receiving economy. / However, access to the receiving labour market through the informal economy contributed to the disadvantaged incorporation of migrants and prevented their integration into the receiving society. The analysis of economic incorporation demonstrates that the informal economy channelled Ukrainian migrants to the secondary labour market with low earnings, a lack of benefits, and no possibility of professional advancement. The mode of access to the receiving economy and the resulting illegality heavily influenced the position of Ukrainian migrants in the labour market. / Finally, the analysis of Ukrainian labour migration to Italy demonstrates that alternative migration-facilitating institutions were developed in the absence of the state recognition of labour migration. These institutions paralleled the institutions of the official labour markets and allowed migrants to implement income-generating projects. In addition, migration was facilitated by the supporting institutions of the receiving society, which counteracted the restrictive immigration laws and political controls on migration. The migration-supporting institutions were predicated on the strategies of circumventing state control which developed from participation in the informal economy of the sending country. Labour migration from the former Soviet Union would not be possible without these informal practices and the culture of avoiding state control in economic activities. / The proposed analysis answers the challenge posed by the recent Ukrainian labour migration to conventional theories on migration, whose approaches usually omit references to the meso-level of migration processes, and consider either the structural-economic or the micro- determinants of migration. This thesis presents the informal economy both as a structural factor which enables migration and as a characteristic of the migrant agency that facilitates it. / By doing that, the thesis also complements the literature on migration to Southern Europe and argues that migrations are not simply encouraged by the informal economies of the receiving countries, but they emerge from, and are facilitated by, the informal economies of the sending countries. To perpetuate migration migrants creatively use the resources of the informal economy in conjunction with strategies of circumventing the state. This argument holds for a number of ex-Soviet countries, which suffered severe economic crises during the disintegration of the state-controlled socialist economies, and consequently produced significant labour migrations to Western Europe.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal, analisar elementos da interculturalidade no contexto organizacional a partir da inserção de trabalhadores haitianos, em diferentes organizações de Pato Branco – PR. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório, descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 11 entrevistados com vínculo em organizações de segmentos diversos que contrataram trabalhadores haitianos. A primeira etapa da coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de documentos e relatórios oficiais disponibilizados por órgãos como o Ministério do Trabalho, Polícia Federal, Observatório das Migrações. Posteriormente, foram realizadas entrevistas e grupo focal, utilizando-se um roteiro semiestruturado com perguntas abertas. Para a análise qualitativa dos dados, empregou-se o método de análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2016). As categorias de análise a priori definidas foram: Trocas entre diferentes culturas; interação entre culturas, alteridade, diferença e identidade. Os resultados a partir das categorias analíticas evidenciam que relativo as trocas entre culturas, o ambiente organizacional é impermeável, ou seja, a cultura nacional é predominante. Quanto a interação entre culturas, os resultados evidenciaram para a existência de barreira linguística refletindo no desempenho do trabalho, segregação, bem como na dificuldade de interação. Ainda, há ausência de mobilização para estimular o convívio que fomente a proximidade entre nativos e migrantes. Em relação a alteridade verificou-se a ausência, ou seja, não há práticas que contemple a valorização das diferenças existentes. A disparidade salarial e de competências técnicas também revelou-se como uma barreira ao crescimento e reconhecimento profissional. Na categoria diferença, identificou-se que a comunicação é um desafio na gestão intercultural, pois há dificuldade de estabelecer diálogos, em virtude, da falta de conhecimento da língua portuguesa. A constatação relativo a identidade revelam que os discursos institucionais priorizam relações democráticas, ao qual todos possuem oportunidades e direitos igualitários, todavia, as ações não ocorrem na prática. Conclui-se que as organizações precisam investir na preparação de equipes que acolham trabalhadores migrantes, principalmente, no que tange as políticas e práticas de comunicação, uma vez que se percebeu o distanciamento provocado as limitações da linguagem. Faz-se necessária a melhoria da leitura do cenário organizacional, bem como a superação de preconceitos existentes nas culturas organizacionais e as formas etnocêntrica de perceber as relações entre trabalho e pessoas. Assim, é importante o desenvolvimento de políticas e estratégias que possibilitem ações para a integração efetiva do trabalhador migrante, e a promoção da interação cultural. / The present dissertation has as its main objective, to analyze elements of interculturality in the organizational context from the insertion of Haitian workers, in different organizations of Pato Branco - PR. For that, it was made a research which was exploratory, descriptive and with a qualitative approach. The sample of the study was composed by 11 interviewees who were bonded to organizations of diverse segments that hired Haitian workers. The first stage of data collection was carried out through official documents and reports available by agencies such as Ministry of Labor, Federal Police, Migration Observatory. Subsequently, interviews and focus group were conducted, using a semi-structured script with open questions. For the qualitative analysis of the data, the content analysis method was used (BARDIN, 2016). The categories of analysis defined in the first place were: Exchanges between different cultures; interaction between cultures, alterity, difference and identity. The results from the analytical categories show that in relation to the exchanges between cultures, the organizational environment is impermeable, that is, the national culture is predominant. Regarding the interaction between cultures, the results evidenced for the existence of a linguistic barrier reflecting in the work performance, segregation, as well as in the difficulty of interaction. Still, there is no mobilization to stimulate interaction that encourage the proximity between natives and migrants. In relation to alterity, the absence was verified, that is, there are no practices that contemplate the appreciation of the existing differences. The pay and technical skills gap also proved to be a barrier to growth and professional recognition. In the difference category, it was identified that communication is a challenge in intercultural management, because it is difficult to establish dialogues, due to lack of knowledge of the Portuguese language. The findings about identity reveal that institutional discourses prioritize democratic relations, to which all have equal opportunities and rights, however, these actions do not occur in practice. It is concluded that organizations need to invest in the preparation of teams that accommodate migrant workers, especially in terms of policies and communication practices, once it was noticed the distance caused by language limitations. It is necessary to improve the reading of the organizational scenario, as well as overcoming existing prejudices in organizational cultures and ethnocentric ways of perceiving the relationships between work and people. Thus, it is important to develop policies and strategies that enable actions for the effective integration of the migrant worker, and the promotion of cultural interaction.