Over the course of the 20th century, the type of farm labour desired by the North American agricultural industry and the strategies used to procure that labour have undergone significant changes. Rather than relying on immigrant or domestic workers, many growers are now choosing to import temporary foreign workers under contract programs such as the Canadian Mexican Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (MSAWP). This thesis discusses the implementation of the MSAWP in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, a region that has for many years depended upon the labour of migrant Quebecois workers to harvest its crops but has for several years experienced severe agricultural labour shortages. Based on fieldwork which explored the experiences of Mexican and Quebecois migrant farmworkers in the Okanagan. it is suggested that the valley's labour shortage has largely been created by the agricultural industry and government, neither of which have improved the conditions of farmwork to the point where agricultural labour would appeal to Canadian workers, and that the MSAWP's implementation has a number of implications, both positive and negative, for agricultural labourers and farmers in the valley.

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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Business Administration (Entrepreneurship) in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014 / The primary objective of this study was to analyse the challenges in operating micro-enterprises faced by African foreign entrepreneurs in Cape Town. The rationale behind the study is the fact that foreign entrepreneurs are faced with different challenges in operating micro-enterprises; some of these challenges are detrimental to the enterprises and lead some entrepreneurs to stop doing business. South African entrepreneurs and African foreign entrepreneurs share similar challenges to some extent. However, African foreign entrepreneurs are faced with challenges such as xenophobia and problems obtaining capital from banks, which increases the stressors on these entrepreneurs. The literature review is divided into two sections, namely: Small-, medium- and micro-enterprises (SMMEs) and immigrant entrepreneurship. Convenience sampling (which falls under non-probability sampling) was employed; resulting in sample of 93 respondents. The study used mixed methods, where data were collected by conducting semi-structured personal interviews and from self-administered questionnaires. The study was limited to the Cape Town central business district (CBD) and surrounding suburbs that host a high number of African foreign entrepreneurs, including Bellville, Mowbray, Woodstock, Salt River and Wynberg. The findings show that though xenophobia is not a frequent challenge to African foreign entrepreneurs in Cape Town, it is detrimental to their enterprises. Lack of knowledge of local languages also appears to be a problem, making it difficult for African foreign entrepreneurs to converse with local customers. These immigrant-owned micro-enterprises are also affected by sales fluctuations. Competition is a constraint as there are many businesses of the same nature servicing the same market. Obtaining start-up and growth funding is not easy, especially for micro-enterprises owned by African foreign entrepreneurs, as it is extremely difficult to obtain funding from banks and financial institutions. Hence, these entrepreneurs use their own capital or capital from family and friends. Obtaining a business location is also a challenge; it can take as long as 10 years or more to secure a good business premises. High rent and crime are also obstacles to the enterprises. The recommendations of the study are based on the research objectives aimed at answering the research questions. Recommendations are directed to government departments dealing with African immigrant entrepreneurs and immigrant entrepreneurs themselves.

A study was conducted to investigate and compare the nutritional status and physical work performance of children of Brazilian migrant agricultural workers with Brazilian children from wel1-to-do backgrounds. The relationship between nutritional status and physical work performance was also investigated. Dietary analysis was conducted using the 24-hour diet recall method. Evidence was found that intakes of energy, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C may have been inadequate among migrant worker children. Their diet was generally monotonous and consisted mainly of rice, beans, and coffee with sugar. Diets of well-to-do children were considerably more varied with good representation from all major food groups. Anthropometric assessment indicated that migrant worker children had values for weight and triceps skinfold thickness that were low compared to American standards. Values for height, arm circumference, and arm muscle circumference were average compared to American standards. Well-to-do children exceeded American standards for all anthropometric parameters measured. Biochemical investigations of protein and iron status were also conducted. Serum total protein and albumin levels were normal in most subjects in both groups. However, many migrant worker, children had low values for hematocrit, serum iron, and transferrin saturation. Most well-to-do children had normal values for these parameters. Hemoglobin levels were adequate in most subjects. Physical work performance was found to be impaired in migrant worker children. Exercise heart rates and post-exercise blood lactic acid levels in response to a standardized bicycle-ergometer work test were significantly higher in migrant worker compared to wel1-to-do children. In addition, a significant correlation was found between anthropometric indicators of nutritional status and parameters of physical work performance. Finally, socio-economic and ecological assessment indicated that the living conditions of migrant worker children were impoverished and unsanitary. This probably aggravated health problems such as infections that were found to occur among these children. Well-to-do children did not share these conditions. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Orientador: Ricardo Luiz Coltro Antunes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T11:19:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roncato_MarianaShinohara_M.pdf: 2131503 bytes, checksum: 3ff30a1711f5708ca8ba9ba693b7a615 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa buscou compreender a especificidade do lugar que o trabalho imigrante dekassegui ocupa na sociedade de classes japonesa. O fenômeno dekassegui tem como característica a burocratização do fluxo migratório e a migração seletiva decorrente da ancestralidade nipônica destes sujeitos. Esta particularidade se reflete em garantia de algumas condições razoáveis de subsistência, não obstante, não se traduz em relações de trabalho estáveis, incorrendo em uma inserção em nichos de trabalho reservados aos imigrantes desqualificados. Paralelamente, desde a década de 1990, as relações e condições de trabalho dos japoneses tendem a expansão da informalidade, aumento do turnover, rebaixamento salarial, part time job, entre outras condições laborais degradadas antes pouco expressivas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo com dekasseguis retornados pós-crise econômica de 2008 para melhor compreensão do impacto da crise em suas vidas. À luz destas considerações, algumas questões que norteiam pesquisa são: a relação do dekassegui com a classe trabalhadora japonesa, a diferença étnica como fator diferenciador e a classe social como elemento que os assemelha / Abstract: This research sought to understand the specificity of the place that immigrant labor Dekassegui occupies in Japan class society. Dekassegui phenomenon is characterized by the bureaucratization of the migration and selective migration resulting from Japanese ancestry. This peculiarity is reflected in reasonable conditions of subsistence, however, this peculiarity does not deprive them of into informal jobs and labor insertion in unskilled immigrant niches. Meanwhile, since the 1990s, the labor relationships and conditions of the Japanese working class tend to expansion of informality, increased turnover, lower wages, part time job, and other employment conditions not very evident over the past few decades. A field research was carried out with dekasseguis returned after 2008 economic crisis to better understand the impact of the crisis in their lives. Through these considerations, some questions that guide this dissertation are: the relationship between Dekassegui and the Japanese working class, ethnic difference as a differentiating factor and social class as an element that resembles / Mestrado / Sociologia / Mestra em Sociologia

Using anomie theory, in this paper it is argued that the new generation migrant workers (NGMWs) in China are not only receptors under structures, but also a reactive force towards those structures. However, anomie theory has faced theoretical ambiguities, controversies and misunderstandings. It also lacks the power to explain micro-to-macro relationships. For these reasons, anomie theory is first clarified and refined in this study based on its classical roots. It is then further developed by introducing the concept of social momentum to mend its theoretical lacuna. It is argued that anomie naturally reflects structural discoordination at the macro level, and that deviance and normlessness, although typically seen as indicators of anomie, are only its symptomatic presentations. Furthermore, social momentum, determined by the quantity, solidarity and modes of adaption, reveals the capacity of a social category to influence structural relationships. This study demonstrates that China entered a comparatively anomic age after its economic reform. The NGMWs can be considered as a potential antithesis to anomie in China, as implied by certain qualities of their uniqueness indicated in earlier studies. The NGMWs’ social momentum is analysed according to a field study carried out by the author in 2015 in Shanghai and the 2011 Chinese Social Survey (CSS 2011). The data from the survey and study are used to discuss whether the NGMWs will help to remedy anomie. The findings show that (1) the NGMWs’ social momentum is strong but segmental and fragile due to the primary level solidarity of them, i.e., they lack a strong identity, and (2) the directions of their social momentum can be narrowed to two undetermined modes. The NGMWs tend to aggravate the symptoms of anomie, as they are weakly attached to cultural norms. However, they have an uncertain and not yet fully formed effect on the essence of anomie.

Hong Kong plays host to hundreds of thousands of female migrant domestic workers, who have become an integral part of the local economy and a common sight in households. Despite their importance, their live-in status continues to place migrant domestic workers at a disadvantaged position in their host society and at the mercy of their employers. Articles about the exploitation and abuse of migrant domestic workers are commonplace in Hong Kong news, and in many cases the victims are Indonesian. At the same time, however, stories about migrant domestic workers who are treated very well and given large amounts of freedom have also been featured, but these cases are generally about Filipinos. Despite being the same gender, having the same occupation and being subject to the same set of laws, a discrepancy exists in the treatment of Indonesian and Philippine migrant domestic workers in Hong Kong. The main aim of this thesis is to unravel the underlying reasons behind this difference. I argue that the systematic advertising and perpetuation of nationality-based stereotypes and “brand images” lead to Philippine migrant domestic workers being valued higher than their Indonesian counterparts, impacting how they are perceived and treated by Hong Kong society. I employ empirical data obtained from international organizations, state governments, public media and the findings of earlier scholarly research to show how these following factors establish and maintain Hong Kong’s system of stratification: migration infrastructure impacting the labor migration corridors connecting Indonesia and the Philippines to Hong Kong, laws that dictate the treatment of migrant domestic workers, the actors involved in creating and maintaining stereotypes and “brand images”, and the respective efforts made by the two migrant worker groups at challenging their disadvantaged positions in Hong Kong society. / Graduate

This dissertation traces Chinese migration to and settlement in Colombia from the 1890s through 2020, and situates immigrants' experiences within a larger racially-attuned economic story of a commercially integrating transpacific Caribbean immediately before and after the consolidation of American hegemony. It specifically traces Chinese migration and commercial activities in key sites and regions increasingly drawn into financial and trade systems shaped by the US, including: the Colombian Pacific port of Buenaventura; Panama and the interoceanic canal which connected transpacific Caribbean communities and commerce; the Colombian Caribbean port cities of Barranquilla, Cartagena, and Santa Marta; and Bogotá, the political seat of power which oversaw externally-oriented national economic development and international trade. Though they were racially and economically marginalized and their entry and movements were restricted in Colombia as elsewhere in the Americas, Chinese were nevertheless able to carve out commercial and migration opportunities that connected regions of nations together. Bridging Anglophone and Spanish-speaking, agricultural and industrial, Pacific and Atlantic, their particular migration paths and economic niches enabled them to play unrecognized but integral integrative roles in larger commercial integration processes—whether as merchants who connected the Colombian Pacific to markets in the United States and Europe; truck farmers whose production of food for domestic consumption supported agricultural export and industrialization efforts; or restauranteurs whose expansion of Chinese restaurants from the Caribbean coast to the western coffee axis and Andean interior later became the basis for a new import-export role of distributing goods cheaply made in China within Colombia’s urban centers. Continually adapting to new structural constraints and opportunities, Chinese created a persisting and evolving migrant and migration economy sustained by and sustaining familial and commercial connections that spanned what I term a transpacific Caribbean. Their (often serial) transpacific and circum-Caribbean historical migration trajectories took them from villages, cities, and counties mostly in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong province and Hong Kong to the Greater Caribbean region (Panama, Trinidad, Cuba, Jamaica, Venezuela, etc.), the United States, and the coastal Caribbean, Pacific, and Andean interior regions of Colombia. What facilitated such migrations (and what attracted Chinese migrants)—the anticipated economic opportunities that followed the building of integrative transportation and trade infrastructure that connected interior to port cities and port cities to international (mainly US) markets—is as important to Colombian economic development history and US overseas commercial expansion as to Chinese immigration history. By showing how Chinese built a migrant and migration economy within this broader imperial and national economic structure, “A Transpacific Caribbean: Chinese Migration, US Imperialism, and the Making of Modern Colombia” weaves these interconnected strands of history together.

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts Degree In Development Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand, Department of Sociology, 2016 / Online resource (vii, 75 leaves) / According to a report provided by Consortium for Refugees and Migrants in South Africa (CoRMSA, 2011), Zimbabwean migrants in South Africa are estimated to be between one and two million, although the actual figures remain elusive. Many of these migrants do not possess legal documentation (Tevera and Zinyama, 2002) and as a result, it is difficult for them to access financial services in the South African financial institutions, since these institutions require documentation such as valid passports with visas, proof of residence and salary slips. In light of this, undocumented migrants in South Africa are facing challenges in saving, borrowing, investing and remitting money back home. As a result, they are at risk as they may become vulnerable to loan sharks and conmen if they access financial services informally. In relation to that, the study investigates how undocumented migrants in South Africa access financial services and how this may affect their lives. The researcher found it important to conduct a first-hand investigation onto the strategies and experiences of undocumented self-employed Zimbabwean migrants who might be financially excluded in South Africa. Studying the experiences of undocumented migrants in South Africa is important as it allows for an exploration of their reactions and views about their financial exclusion or inclusion. It is also of paramount importance for us to comprehend how some people who are financially excluded worm their way into the social and economic milieu that are in large measure hostile to them. Thus the present study aims to ensure that the voices of undocumented immigrants who are financially excluded are equally heard in order for us to appreciate the harsh realities that confront them. The research focuses on undocumented self-employed Zimbabweans (street vendors, hairdressers and barber men) in the Pretoria Central Business District (CBD). The study draws on the concepts of Human Security and 'Alternative Economic Repertoires' to understand the strategies employed by undocumented Zimbabweans in South Africa in the face of financial exclusion and the insecurities that they encounter. The research follows a qualitative approach on the basis that qualitative research enables the researcher to construct meanings and interpret the behaviours of undocumented self-employed Zimbabwean migrants. In-depth interviews and participant observations were conducted in order to explore strategies in this regard. This enabled the researcher to deeply explore the experiences, views and feelings of these migrants. / MT2017

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism at the University of the Witwatersrand, 2016 / Economic migrants to South Africa face a hostile reception; periodic displays of widespread xenophobia have highlighted the myths and stereotypes that still abound about foreigners - that they are job-stealers, criminals and a threat to our nation’s well-being. The Department of Home Affairs recently brought in new immigration laws that raise the barriers to entry and participation in the South African economy and society. Yet a back door has been left wide open for economic migrants, often unskilled and with no other options, to enter South Africa, live and work. For six consecutive years South Africa was the number one destination for asylum seekers globally and the influx has caused the refugee determination process to become clogged and corrupt, leaving genuine refugees vulnerable and hundreds of thousands of foreigners in an unhappy limbo. The accompanying narrative long form journalism piece highlights some of the fault lines in the government’s uncoordinated and inconsistent migration policy. Overall the project seeks to personalize some of the key challenges and contentious issues faced by migrants to South Africa. It aims to puts a human face to a bureaucratic process by accessing the stories of marginalized migrants, giving them a voice to articulate their experiences in South Africa. The accompanying method document outlines some of the academic research underpinning the study. / GR2017