Abstract Background: Studies into risk factors and causes of childhood mortality present the opportunity to identify intervention programs appropriate in different populations in our attempt to reach the WHO Millennium Development Goals. Objectives: To determine whether there is an association between parental labour migration and child mortality in the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) in 2002. Methods: Secondary data extracted from the longitudinal database from the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System were used to study the association between father’s migration and child mortality in 2002 using logistic regression and survival analysis. The analysis included 10050 children born between 01 January 1998 and 31 December 2002. Results: The child mortality in 2002 was 12.9 deaths per 1000 person years. There was a statistically significant difference in death rate in infants (50.9 deaths per 1000 person years), and in children aged 1-4 years (9.6 deaths per 1000 person years). There was no association observed between migration and child mortality (OR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.59-1.60). The factors associated with mortality were the age of the child, the number of siblings that a child had, the refugee status of the mother, age of the mother at birth, breast feeding and whether the mother was deceased or not. The chances of dying were lower in older children compared to younger ones (OR: 0.58, 95% CI 0.50-0.68). Children who had one or more siblings were less likely to die (OR: 0.62, 95% CI 0.51-0.93) compared to those with none. Child mortality risk was higher in children born to refugees than to local residents (OR: 1.56, 95% CI 1.05-2.33). Those children who were not breast fed had increased chances of dying than those breast fed (OR: 5.33, 95% CI 2.60-10.95). The death of a mother increased the risk of the child dying (OR: 9.35, 95% CI 5.02-17.40). About 84.3% of migrants were sending remittances to members of the households remaining behind but there was no significant difference in child mortality among remitters and nonremitters. The leading causes of death among households with migrant father and those with a non-migrant father were infectious diseases (mainly HIV/AIDS related illness) with 47% and 50% respectively. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that on average children of migrants in a rural area in South Africa do not experience increased mortality compared to children of non-migrants. The findings from this study where no association between fathers’ migration and child mortality was observed were rather inconclusive. So far, this area of research has not been adequately addressed and much remains to be learned about the lives of children left behind by fathers migrating to seek employment elsewhere. For future studies it would be advisable to study in great depth the long term effects of migration on child mortality particularly in Africa.

This qualitative study conducted in Johannesburg and Pretoria, explores the effect of migration on domestic violence. Drawing on the social constructionist and feminist theory, the study investigates how migrant women understand and explain the effect of migration on domestic violence. Participants were identified using purposive and snowball techniques and narratives of fifteen migrant women were employed in data collection using a semi-structured interview guide. Data for this study was analysed using a combination of content, narrative and discourse analysis. Analysis of the data revealed that the context in which domestic violence is experienced greatly shaped how urban migrant women understood and explained domestic violence. Participants explained the meaning and effect of migration on domestic violence mainly drawing on discourses related to their experiences of migration. In addition, their definitions of domestic violence differed from the classical definitions that group domestic violence in categories; given that they drew on actual experiences in the context of migration as opposed to their home country to explain what domestic violence meant and how migration affected it. Further analysis, shows that broader factors in the context of migration including migrant women’s legal status, xenophobia, poverty, unemployment as well as immigration policies, intersected broadly with gender and unequal power relationships to increase migrant women’s vulnerability to domestic violence. Migrant women in this case, drew mainly on such migration related discourses to explain reasons that they felt led to increased domestic violence and to show how and why they endured domestic violence for survival in the absence of love for their spouses. 2 Factors including being migrants, women’s legal status, xenophobia, lack of networks, dependency caused by poverty and high crime rates in South Africa were also seen by migrant women as heightening their fear of public violence leading to the tolerance and preference of private violence as the only available option. Migrant women also idealised their home country as safer from domestic violence to show the negative consequences of migration on women and how it increases domestic violence. In doing so, they drew on the discourse of culture which they understood as tied to place to explain its role in prohibiting and minimising domestic violence, and to justify not using available services for responding to domestic violence in South Africa. In employing such discourses, they intended to show how services for responding to domestic violence in the host country1 were culturally inappropriate for migrant women and the attachments they held towards their home country and culture.

"Cell and process migration are critical to the establishment of neural circuitry. The study of these processes is facilitated through use of model organisms with simple nervous systems, such as C. elegans. Research in this nematode has defined the cytoplasmic adaptor MIG-10 as a key regulator of these processes. Mutation of mig-10 disrupts neuronal and axonal migration and outgrowth of the ‘canals’, or processes, of the excretory cell. MIG-10 directs the localization of UNC-34, which remodels actin filaments at the leading edge of a migrating cell or process to modify the direction or rate of its protrusion. An interactor of MIG-10 identified in a yeast two- hybrid analysis, ABI-1, has several roles in actin remodeling, such as targeting Ena/VASP members for phosphorylation by Abl kinase. Mutation of abi-1 in the nematode produces phenotypes that resemble those of mig-10 mutants, including disrupted outgrowth of the excretory canals, a developmental process in which ABI-1 is known to function cell autonomously. To test the hypothesis that the ABI-1/MIG-10 interaction contributes to cell migration and outgrowth, both in vivo and in vitro analyses were performed. Expression of either MIG-10A or MIG-10B exclusively in the excretory cell partially rescued the canal truncation characteristic of mig-10 mutants, suggesting MIG-10 functions autonomously in this cell during canal outgrowth. Physical interaction between MIG-10 and ABI-1 was confirmed using a co-immunoprecipitation system. Both MIG-10A and MIG-10B interact with ABI-1 through a mechanism that likely involves the SH3 domain of ABI-1 and sites in either the central region or C-terminus of MIG-10. These results suggest that MIG-10 and ABI-1 function together in a cell autonomous manner to promote cell or process migration. A possible consequence of this interaction is modulation of the MIG-10 binding to UNC-34 through Abl-mediated phosphorylation of MIG-10."

In numerous regions around the globe, climate change can be expected to change the pattern of severe weather events. Migration flows have been systematically larger the higher the proportion of the population in urban areas in the destination county relative to the origin county. Richer models demonstrate that the effects of a number of different types of extreme weather events (i.e. flooding, heat waves, and wildfires) in the origin county on county-to-county migration flows are statistically significantly greater when the destination county is more urbanized. The effect of the number of fatalities from flooding and heat waves in the origin county on migration flows is also amplified when the destination county is more urbanized. Thus it appears that even in a developed country like the U.S. extreme weather events still exacerbate rural-to-urban migration flows.

Les migrations intérieures en Chine sont régulées par le système du Hukou. Celui-ci distingue la population rurale de la population urbaine et matérialise le droit d’accès aux biens publics du lieu d’enregistrement. Deux types de migration sont à distinguer selon que l’individu a pu convertir/ transférer ou non son Hukou en déplacement : migration permanente et migration temporaire. Notre recherche adopte donc une approche dichotomique et comparatiste en vue d’avoir une vue plus intégrale de la migration intérieure en Chine.D’abord, nous nous interrogeons sur les déterminants du choix de la localisation. Le résultat économétrique montre que la migration temporaire est plus déterminée que la migration permanente par les caractéristiques du marché du travail (salaire et chômage). Par ailleurs, les afflux de l’IDE et le développement de l’entreprise rurale représentent un attrait significatif pour les migrants temporaires, contrairement aux migrants permanents. L’autre remarque consiste dans l’attraction des régions autonomes de minorité à l’égard des migrants permanents.Ensuite, nous nous demandons si les deux types de migration créent des différences en termes de profils individuels et d’insertions professionnelles des migrants. Les permanents sont plus qualifiés que les natifs urbains alors que les temporaires sont loin derrière. Quant aux insertions professionnelles, deux indicateurs sont choisis : accès à l’emploi et rémunération. Les temporaires gagnent de 14 à 20% de moins, même si les attributs du capital humain sont contrôlés. Sans discrimination institutionnelle, ils verraient leur proportion dans l’auto-recrutement baisser de 34 %, alors qu’elle augmenterait de 11% pour l’employé et de 50% pour l’ouvrier, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. Or, les permanents sont beaucoup mieux insérés. Ils connaissent seulement une légère discrimination salariale, mais une « discrimination positive » pour l’accès à l’emploi par rapport aux natifs.A la fin de la thèse, nous nous intéressons aux rationalités du système du Hukou. D’une part, la ville d’accueil se sert du Hukou, grâce à la migration permanente, pour attirer les facteurs de production dont elle a besoin : capital et travail qualifié. D’autre part, elle peut bénéficier de la main-d’oeuvre de moindre coût, sans assumer les coûts sociaux à travers la migration temporaire. La Chine en a retiré des gains considérables, tels que la sécurité alimentaire, l’industrialisation à faible coût et la diminution du chômage urbain. Mais les coûts du maintien de ce système sont devenus plus préoccupants à l’heure actuelle, dans la mesure où il renforce la disparité économique, restreint la demande intérieure et forme une attention insuffisante sur les droits et l’égalité. C’est pourquoi nous proposons des mesures de réforme en insistant sur le rôle du gouvernement central. / In China, internal migrations are governed by the Hukou system. This system distinguishes between rural and urban residents and gives citizens' right to public service of the place of registration. We distinguish two types of migration depending on whether the individual was able to convert/transfer his/her Hukou during his/her moves: permanent and temporary migrations. This study will adopt a dichotomous and comparatist approach so as to have a more comprehensive view of internal migrations in China.First of all, we will analyze the determining factors of location purposes. The econometric result suggests that, compared to permanent migration, temporary moves are caused by variations in the labour market (wages, unemployment). Furthermore, the FDI inflows, and EVB (village enterprise) development are great incentives for temporary migration unlike permanent migration. Another observation is related to the attractiveness of autonomous minority regions for permanent migrants.Secondly, we wonder if both types of migration generate some differences in the individual profiles and the integration of workers. Permanent migrants are more qualified than urban residents, while temporary migrants are far behind them. As far as vocational integration is concerned, two indicators have been selected: access to employment and wages. The temporary workers earn 14 to 20% less than the others; their ratio in self-recruitment would otherwise be 34% lower but it would be 11% higher for the employee and 50% for the worker, all things being equal. On the other hand, the permanent migrants are only faced with low wage discrimination, and to a “positive discrimination” as far as access to employment is considered.At the end of the thesis, we will focus on the rationale of the Hukou system. The host towns resort to the Hukou system to attract permanent migrants in order to obtain the production factors they need: investment and skilled labour. Through temporary migration, they can take benefit from low-cost manpower without accepting the social costs. It is obvious that China has substantially gained by the contemporary Hukou system: food security, low-cost industrialization, and control over urban unemployment. However, the cost of maintaining it is increasingly worrying since it reinforces economic disparity, reduces domestic demand, and causes the policy to depart from aim of right and equality. In this case, it will be an opportunity to propose reforms while emphasising the role of the central government.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Cartas al editor / Revisión por pares / Revisión por pares

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神經元定向遷移是中樞神經系統發育必須進行的過程，遷移中的神經元極化細胞支架和分途徑，以達到神經元兩極性。小腦是腦部的運動神經中心，負責調整身體的平衡和肌肉的協調。蒲金氏細胞 (Purkinje cell)是小腦主要的輸出路線，為小腦必不可少的一員。可是，蒲金氏細胞遷移過程的分子機制和細胞機制仍然認知多。高爾基器(Golgi apparatus)是蛋白分途徑中的早期細胞器，它的再定位移動在大腦和小腦神經元的遷移過程中有發生。但是，高爾基器極性在蒲金氏細胞定向遷移中究竟發揮什麼作用仍然未知。在這文研究，我目標研究高爾基器定位和蒲金氏細胞早期遷移的關係。 / 透過免疫熒光成像分析，我發現在蒲金氏細胞早期遷移過程中，高爾基器重新定位於前導突起頂端的底部，將前導突起頂端突化成軸突。透過超表達一種高爾基器重組蛋白，培養中的蒲金氏細胞失去高爾基器極性和軸突，證明高爾基器的定位對於蒲金氏細胞突化軸突是必要的。在條件性 Smad1/5雙基因剔除小鼠的小腦，一群蒲金氏細胞未能遷移，顯示出隨機和分散的高爾基器定位，並失去軸突突出。總括來說，我的結果顯示出當蒲金氏細胞在進行早期遷移過程時，高爾基器的定位突化蒲金氏細胞的軸突，這可能對蒲金氏細胞遷移有重要作用。此發現揭開蒲金氏細胞遷移過程中的細胞機制，豐富我們對小腦發展過程中其中一件重要事件的認知。 / Neuronal migration is a fundamental process for central nervous system development during which migrating neurons polarize their cytoskeleton and secretory pathway to establish polarity. Cerebellum is the motor center, tuning body balance and muscle coordination. Purkinje cells, as the major output in the cerebellum, play an indispensable role for cerebellar function. However, the migration of Purkinje cells during early embryonic stages with respect to molecular and cellular mechanisms is largely unknown. Golgi apparatus is an early subcellular compartment in the protein secretory pathway. Recent studies show that Golgi reorientates during neocortical and cerebellar neuronal migration. Nevertheless, it is still not clear what role Golgi polarization plays during Purkinje cell migration. Therefore, in my study, I aim to address how Golgi polarization relates to Purkinje cell migration. / By immunofluorescence study, I showed that Golgi located at the base of leading processes during early Purkinje cell migration, which specifies the leading processes into axons. Disruption of Golgi orientation by overexpressing a Golgi stacking protein suppressed axon specification in cultured Purkinje cells, which suggests that Golgi polarization may be necessary for Purkinje cell axon specification. Conditional inactivation of Smad1/5 in the mouse cerebellum resulted in ectopic Purkinje cells which failed to migrate displayed random and dispersed Golgi positioning and an absence of axon protrusions. Overall, the results suggest that Golgi orientation specified axons of Purkinje cells, which may be important for further Purkinje cell migration. This finding identifies the cellular process during Purkinje cell migration and enriches our understanding of one of the critical events during cerebellar development. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Au, Sin Man June. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-109). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Abbreviations --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Cerebellum --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Cerebellum development --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Anatomy and cellular components --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Neuronal polarization and migration --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Axon specification and axon guidance --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Cerebellar Purkinje cells --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Physiological and morphological development --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Migration of Purkinje cells. --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Settling pattern of Purkinje cell populations --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Migration before E13.5 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Interaction with radial glia --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Molecular mechanisms --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Golgi in neurons --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Polarized trafficking --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Golgi motility during cell polarization and migration --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Golgi/centrosome positioning in non-neuronal cell polarization and migration --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Golgi/centrosome positioning in neuronal polarization --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.2.3 --- Golgi’s role in dendrite development --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.2.4 --- Golgi/centrosome positioning in neuronal migration --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.2.5 --- Opposite views on Golgi/centrosome positioning in cell polarization and migration --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Golgi’s role in microtubule cytoskeleton organization --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Other factors determining Golgi positioning --- p.32 / Chapter 1.5 --- Aims of the study --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Characterization of Lhx1{U+1D33}{U+A7F1}{U+1D3E}, a Lhx1-driven tau-eGFP knock-in transgenic mouse line / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Tissue preparation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Immunofluorescence --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- GFP expression in Lhx1{U+1D33}{U+A7F1}{U+1D3E} mice --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Purkinje cell markers specifically stain GFP-positive cells in Lhx1{U+1D33}{U+A7F1}{U+1D3E} mice --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Purkinje cell morphology and migration in early embryonic stages / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Confocal imaging of Lhx1{U+1D33}{U+A7F1}{U+1D3E} embryos --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Specification of axon by localization of Golgi in Purkinje cells / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- Methods --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Golgi orientation from E12 to E15.5, in postnatal and in adult Lhx1{U+1D33}{U+A7F1}{U+1D3E} mice --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Anteriorly-orientated Golgi locates at the base of axon --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Golgi locates at the base of axon in cultured Purkinje cells at --- p.1DIV.71 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Purkinje cells with Golgi orientation loss abrogate axon specification --- p.72 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Purkinje cells with migration defect lose Golgi polarization and axon specification in Smad1/5 dKO mutants / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Purkinje cells with migration defect lose Golgi polarization, normal morphology and axon differentiation --- p.83 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter --- 6 General discussion, future perspectives and conclusions / Chapter 6.1 --- General discussion --- p.92 / Chapter 6.2 --- Future perspectives --- p.95 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Golgi polarization in directing Purkinje cell migration --- p.95 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- The signal mediating Purkinje cell early migration and axonogenesis --- p.96 / Chapter 6.3 --- Conclusions --- p.97 / References --- p.98

by Tsang Ka Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-168). / ABSTRACT --- p.i-ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii -iv / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi -viii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix -x / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xi / CHAPTER / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- The Research Problem --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Methodology --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the Research --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.10 / Chapter 2. --- RESETTLEMENT PROJECT : A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Resettlement Experience in the Developing Countries: A Review of the English Literature --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Resettlement Project in China --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Little Concern of the Affected People --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Deficiencies of IRP Studies --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Policy Implementation in China --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.30 / Chapter 3. --- THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Political-economic Reality of Post-Mao China: A Call for a Relevant Framework --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- The Collapse of a Total Society and the Emergence of an Ungovernable Differentiated Society --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- A Shift from Direct to Indirect State Management --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The Requirement to Take Note of Local Interests in a Changing Central-local Relation --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- The Emergence of Rural Society with More Diverse Interests and Decision-making Mechanisms --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Actor-Network Approach --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- General Background --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Its Arguments --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The Role of Space --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4 --- Implications for the Study of IRP Implementation in China --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.68 / Chapter 4. --- A DESCRIPTION OF THE SETTING / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2 --- Overview of the TGP --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3 --- Historical Background of TGR --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4 --- Basic Characteristics of Zigui County --- p.85 / Chapter 4.5 --- Implications of the Setting for Actor-network Analysis: A Preliminary Statement --- p.92 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.95 / Chapter 5. --- INTEGRATED POPULATION RESETTLEMENT IN ZIGUI COUNTY: AN ACTOR-NETWORK APPROACH / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter 5.2 --- Setting the Scene: The Actor-world --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Major Actors involved in Zigui Resettlement Project --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Mechanism of Non-human Actors: State Allocation and Mobilization --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Social Atmosphere --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3 --- Process of Translation: The IRP Implementationin Tongshuwan Village --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Problematization: The Establishment of IRP as Obligatory Passage Point (OPP) --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Interessement: Keep the Local Residents on Track --- p.122 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Enrolment: To Make the Local Residents Cooperated --- p.129 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Mobilization: The Success of Translation --- p.140 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.142 / Chapter 6 --- SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.144 / Chapter 6.2 --- Research limitations --- p.147 / Chapter 6.3 --- Implications of the Study --- p.150 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Theoretical Advancement --- p.151 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Policy Recommendation --- p.152 / Chapter 6.4 --- Directions for Future Research --- p.154 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.155 / Cited Yearbooks & Local Gazettes --- p.155 / Other Publications --- p.156

This paper examines the specific case of migration flows from Poland to the UK in the wake of the 2004 EU enlargement. Beginning with an analysis of the prevailing theories of migration, which attempt to both describe and predict the phenomenon, the paper moves on to an empirical analysis of migration flows in both Poland and the UK in the years immediately following enlargement. The effects of these flows on the internal market of the UK are examined through a comparison with other exogenous migration shocks that have impacted other countries in recent history. Finally, an attempt is made to evaluate the prevailing theories analyzed earlier in light of the empirical evidence.