Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007. / Thesis Advisor(s): Lawson, Letitia ; Freeman, Michael. "December 2007." Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Mar 25, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-66).

Because of the high levels of violence practiced by the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil), especially if its lethality is taken into consideration, the Pacifying Police Units - Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPPs) in Portuguese - were created in 2008 to work in some favelas (slums or shanty towns) of the state’s capital, the city of Rio de Janeiro. This form of policing became the object of attention of several social scientists due to its apparently less violent action in these specific urban spaces, which are historically marked by a social stigma and constitute a special target for police action. In this thesis, we analyze some of the research work that emphasized the UPPs’ characteristics as possibilities for a new and less violent police. It is argued that, despite the features that make the UPPs to be apparently less violent, it is necessary to take into account several other aspects that sociologically explain the police action in Rio de Janeiro and the UPPs. The social construction of Brazilian citizenship and public space affects the way Brazilians build the notion of equality between individuals and social groups, relating it to similarity between themselves and accepting as natural the unequal treatment given by the state’s institutions. This legal and juridical culture, associated to the new economic and financial context that the city of Rio de Janeiro has been going through in the last years, refers to the necessity of state control over some favelas to be able to increase the value of such urban spaces, through land speculation, in order to achieve a surplus-value by implementing new economic and lucrative activities. This state policy is heavily based on “pacifying” the favelas through the politics of security, in which police play a major and important role. Therefore, the thesis begins by offering an explanation of the Brazilian views of public space and citizenship, resorting to some social scientists studies that dealt with the specifics of those notions in Brazil. Then we elucidate how a documentary analysis was made explaining how the UPPs are understood in Brazil. Later, dissertating about the historical development of favelas and police in Rio de Janeiro, explaining the conjuncture in which the UPPs were implemented and how they are understood. Yet, in our research, we consider that the UPPs are not breaking away from the paradigm of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State, but using a different practice to give continuity to a traditional function of policing (repression) and a process that one could call of “criminalization” of favelas.

This research is an attempt at understanding the value of higher education with respect to police officer performance. This study used a sample of 331 Canadian Forces Military Police (CFMP) recruits who attended the Canadian Forces Military Police Academy (CFMPA) from January 2012 to April 2013 for the six month Military Police Qualification Level 3 (MP QL3) course. It examines between group differences in performance, among MP recruits with higher education – a college diploma or higher – and those with previous work experience – five years experience in another branch of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) or another police agency. The study used demographic and performance data obtained from the recruits’ CFMPA files. Descriptive statistics described central tendencies, standard deviation, kurtosis and skewness. This was used to assist in the description of recruits between groups and in order to determine distribution characteristics. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on 34 tests – 14 percentage and 20 pass/fail – administered during the course to determine their factor structure. Chi-squared was used to explore between group differences in course completion. Finally Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analyses were used to explore between group differences in performance based on the factor structure determined during EFA and the recruits overall course average. No significant between group difference with respect to performance were discovered, however, it is hoped that the results of this study will be used to inform the debate of the requirement for higher education in the field of policing and what factors contribute to police professionalization. / Thesis (Master, Education) -- Queen's University, 2014-03-22 16:42:11.736

Este trabalho apresenta um breve histórico da Brigada Militar sob a perspectiva do ensino, do modelo de formação policial militar e dos ritos de ingresso na Instituição. No referencial teórico, construído a partir de pressupostos de Norbert Elias e Gregory Bateson, repousam as bases para as reflexões propostas, bem como os conceitos das categorias juventude e trabalho. A presente pesquisa parte da constatação de que está ocorrendo um processo de juvenilização do efetivo de soldados da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, como resultado de políticas de recompletamento de vagas para o cargo, com o objetivo de reduzir o déficit histórico. Em razão dessa crescente força de trabalho jovem, questiona-se: qual o perfil dos ingressantes no cargo de soldado da Polícia Militar, a partir da coorte juventude? Por meio de uma abordagem quali-quantitativa, objetiva-se desvelar as motivações que conduziram esses jovens a escolherem a atividade policial militar e, a partir do interesse comum, delinear o perfil dessa coorte da juventude. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as categorias que definem a transição para a vida adulta e as atividades como “estudo e trabalho” e “tempo livre e lazer”. O trabalho de investigação foi desenvolvido em três momentos distintos, utilizando-se das técnicas de levantamento de dados a partir de questionários, entrevistas e grupos focais, reunindo uma amostra robusta dos ingressantes dos dois últimos concursos (2009 e 2012). Depois de delineado o perfil dos ingressantes na Brigada Militar, foram utilizados para comparação e análise os dados apresentados pela pesquisa “Perfil da juventude brasileira”, do Projeto Juventude, realizado pelo Instituto Cidadania. / This article presents a brief history of Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul from an education perspective, police academy training model and rites of joining the Institution. In the theoretical framework, constructed from premises of Norbert Elias and Gregory Bateson, the basis for these reflections lies as well as the concepts of youth and work. This research finds that occurring a process of juvenilization of the Military Brigade effective, as a result of policies replenishment vacancies for the post, with the aim of reducing the historical deficit. Because of this growing young labor force, the question is: what is the profile of young people who join the Military Brigade as a soldier, from the youth cohort? Through a qualitative and quantitative approach, it intends to reveal the motivations that led these young people to choose the activity of the military police and, from the common interest, defines the profile of this youth cohort. For this, we used the categories that define the transition to adult life and activities such as study and work, free time and leisure. This research was developed in three distinct stages, using the techniques of data collection through questionnaires, interviews and focus groups and gathered a significant sample of freshmen in the last two contests (2009 and 2012). After delineated the profile of entering students in BM, was used for comparison and analysis, the data presented by the study „Profile of Brazilian youth”, from “Youth Project”, conducted by the Citizenship Institute.

Este trabalho apresenta um breve histórico da Brigada Militar sob a perspectiva do ensino, do modelo de formação policial militar e dos ritos de ingresso na Instituição. No referencial teórico, construído a partir de pressupostos de Norbert Elias e Gregory Bateson, repousam as bases para as reflexões propostas, bem como os conceitos das categorias juventude e trabalho. A presente pesquisa parte da constatação de que está ocorrendo um processo de juvenilização do efetivo de soldados da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, como resultado de políticas de recompletamento de vagas para o cargo, com o objetivo de reduzir o déficit histórico. Em razão dessa crescente força de trabalho jovem, questiona-se: qual o perfil dos ingressantes no cargo de soldado da Polícia Militar, a partir da coorte juventude? Por meio de uma abordagem quali-quantitativa, objetiva-se desvelar as motivações que conduziram esses jovens a escolherem a atividade policial militar e, a partir do interesse comum, delinear o perfil dessa coorte da juventude. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as categorias que definem a transição para a vida adulta e as atividades como “estudo e trabalho” e “tempo livre e lazer”. O trabalho de investigação foi desenvolvido em três momentos distintos, utilizando-se das técnicas de levantamento de dados a partir de questionários, entrevistas e grupos focais, reunindo uma amostra robusta dos ingressantes dos dois últimos concursos (2009 e 2012). Depois de delineado o perfil dos ingressantes na Brigada Militar, foram utilizados para comparação e análise os dados apresentados pela pesquisa “Perfil da juventude brasileira”, do Projeto Juventude, realizado pelo Instituto Cidadania. / This article presents a brief history of Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul from an education perspective, police academy training model and rites of joining the Institution. In the theoretical framework, constructed from premises of Norbert Elias and Gregory Bateson, the basis for these reflections lies as well as the concepts of youth and work. This research finds that occurring a process of juvenilization of the Military Brigade effective, as a result of policies replenishment vacancies for the post, with the aim of reducing the historical deficit. Because of this growing young labor force, the question is: what is the profile of young people who join the Military Brigade as a soldier, from the youth cohort? Through a qualitative and quantitative approach, it intends to reveal the motivations that led these young people to choose the activity of the military police and, from the common interest, defines the profile of this youth cohort. For this, we used the categories that define the transition to adult life and activities such as study and work, free time and leisure. This research was developed in three distinct stages, using the techniques of data collection through questionnaires, interviews and focus groups and gathered a significant sample of freshmen in the last two contests (2009 and 2012). After delineated the profile of entering students in BM, was used for comparison and analysis, the data presented by the study „Profile of Brazilian youth”, from “Youth Project”, conducted by the Citizenship Institute.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este estudo parte da perspectiva subjetiva de policiais militares no que se refere a sua atividade laboral. A pretensÃo à compreender como se estabelece a lÃgica explicativa sobre a atividade fim como parte do adoecimento do sujeito, sendo revelada por estes atores sociais, caracterizados pelos discursos de medicalizaÃÃo, como sujeitos em crise, âdiagnosticadosâ como portadores de doenÃas de cunho psicolÃgico. Para tanto, foi realizado trabalho de campo de sete meses intensivos em uma unidade de tratamento da prÃpria instituiÃÃo militar, o Centro Biopsicossocial da CorporaÃÃo. O acesso a estes sujeitos, bem como parte de seus tratamentos foi privilegiado, neste contexto interacional. Nas categorizaÃÃes simbÃlicas destes sujeitos, parte de seu adoecimento se deve a dois tipos de problemas detectados como constituintes de sua rotina de trabalho, primeiro como problemas que afetam diretamente o corpo do indivÃduo como, em alguns casos, as condiÃÃes de trabalho insalubres, falta de equipamentos de seguranÃa deixando o sujeito exposto ao imprevisÃvel, Ãs escalas de trabalho exaustivas, com horas consecutivas em pÃ, em pelo sol, entre outros. O segundo problema està baseado em violÃncias simbÃlicas que incidem diretamente na mente do indivÃduo, provocando uma dor invisÃvel capaz de gerar sofrimentos, como o assÃdio moral, humilhaÃÃo, abuso de autoridade e as puniÃÃes veladas, este segundo problema à o mais recorrente nas narrativas destes sujeitos. Para estes agentes sociais tais problemas incidem em seus corpos em forma de doenÃas, sendo reverberadas em pressÃo profissional agindo diretamente nos modos de ser e de estar em sociedade. Para alguns, sÃo usadas tambÃm como justificativa para aÃÃes de violÃncia. Como aporte metodolÃgico, parte-se da experiÃncia etnogrÃfica nesse Centro de tratamento sobre a qual foram selecionadas as trajetÃrias de vida de trÃs militares e fragmentos de histÃrias de vida como fontes explicativas dessa problemÃtica. As justificaÃÃes se iniciam pelas condiÃÃes elencadas como propiciadoras de adoecimentos, passando pelo processo de acompanhamento terapÃutico e a adesÃo a grupos religiosos como possibilidade de cura. Em Ãltimo caso destaca-se um dos casos cujo fim trÃgico se configura como suicÃdio. Nesta perspectiva, categorias como humilhaÃÃo, sofrimento e medo sÃo usadas pelo prÃprio indivÃduo e pelos colegas de farda para explicar os seus dramas. Por fim pretende-se compreender como estes sujeitos entendem seu trabalho a partir desta condiÃÃo. / This research builds up from the subjective perspective of Military Police Officers in regards to their working activity. The intention is to understand how to establish an explanatory logic featuring work as a part of the subjectâs illness â as it is revealed by these social actors, characterized by the discourse of medicalization as âsubjects in crisisâ and âdiagnosedâ as carriers of psychological diseases. For such an enterprise, an intensive fieldwork research of seven months was conducted inside one of the military institutionâs treatment unit in Fortaleza, Brazil: the Corporationâs Biopsychosocial Center. Within this interactional context, the access to these subjects and a part of their treatments were selected as the focus. Following these subjectsâ symbolic categories, they attribute a share of their illness to two kinds of problems perceived as constituents of their work routine. First, as problems directly affecting the individualâs body, such as unhealthy working conditions, lack of security equipment leaving the subject vulnerable to the unpredictable, and the exhausting work schedules, with long hours standing on foot under the sun, among others. The second problem is based on the symbolic violence that directly affects an individualâs mind, inflicting an invisible pain capable of generating suffering, such as moral harassment, humiliation, abuse of authority and covert punishment. The second problem is the most recurring in these subjectsâ narratives. For these social agents, such problems affect their bodies in the form of illnesses, which reverberate as professional pressure directly influencing their ways of being in society. For some of them, these illnesses are also used for justifying acts of violence. An ethnographic experience was carried out as a methodological approach inside this treatment Center, from which the life trajectories of three military police officers and fragments of life stories were selected to feature as clarifying sources of this problem. The justifications are initiated by the aforementioned conditions conducive to illness, passing to therapeutic monitoring and concluded by adherence to religious groups as a possible path of cure. Another case to be highlighted is one of tragic outcome, which led to suicide. In this perspective, categories of humiliation, suffering and fear are mobilized by the individuals and their colleagues in uniform to explain their dramas. Ultimately, we aim to promote comprehension of how these subjects understand their work considering this condition.

Este trabalho apresenta um breve histórico da Brigada Militar sob a perspectiva do ensino, do modelo de formação policial militar e dos ritos de ingresso na Instituição. No referencial teórico, construído a partir de pressupostos de Norbert Elias e Gregory Bateson, repousam as bases para as reflexões propostas, bem como os conceitos das categorias juventude e trabalho. A presente pesquisa parte da constatação de que está ocorrendo um processo de juvenilização do efetivo de soldados da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, como resultado de políticas de recompletamento de vagas para o cargo, com o objetivo de reduzir o déficit histórico. Em razão dessa crescente força de trabalho jovem, questiona-se: qual o perfil dos ingressantes no cargo de soldado da Polícia Militar, a partir da coorte juventude? Por meio de uma abordagem quali-quantitativa, objetiva-se desvelar as motivações que conduziram esses jovens a escolherem a atividade policial militar e, a partir do interesse comum, delinear o perfil dessa coorte da juventude. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as categorias que definem a transição para a vida adulta e as atividades como “estudo e trabalho” e “tempo livre e lazer”. O trabalho de investigação foi desenvolvido em três momentos distintos, utilizando-se das técnicas de levantamento de dados a partir de questionários, entrevistas e grupos focais, reunindo uma amostra robusta dos ingressantes dos dois últimos concursos (2009 e 2012). Depois de delineado o perfil dos ingressantes na Brigada Militar, foram utilizados para comparação e análise os dados apresentados pela pesquisa “Perfil da juventude brasileira”, do Projeto Juventude, realizado pelo Instituto Cidadania. / This article presents a brief history of Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul from an education perspective, police academy training model and rites of joining the Institution. In the theoretical framework, constructed from premises of Norbert Elias and Gregory Bateson, the basis for these reflections lies as well as the concepts of youth and work. This research finds that occurring a process of juvenilization of the Military Brigade effective, as a result of policies replenishment vacancies for the post, with the aim of reducing the historical deficit. Because of this growing young labor force, the question is: what is the profile of young people who join the Military Brigade as a soldier, from the youth cohort? Through a qualitative and quantitative approach, it intends to reveal the motivations that led these young people to choose the activity of the military police and, from the common interest, defines the profile of this youth cohort. For this, we used the categories that define the transition to adult life and activities such as study and work, free time and leisure. This research was developed in three distinct stages, using the techniques of data collection through questionnaires, interviews and focus groups and gathered a significant sample of freshmen in the last two contests (2009 and 2012). After delineated the profile of entering students in BM, was used for comparison and analysis, the data presented by the study „Profile of Brazilian youth”, from “Youth Project”, conducted by the Citizenship Institute.

Introduction: Both police and Armed Forces personnel are at increased risk of encountering psychological trauma with the prevalence of mental health problems higher than in the general population. Appropriate and effective mental health services are crucial but there is a marked lack of take-up of services. This research considered how the attitudes of police officers with a military background affected their help-seeking for mental health problems. Methodology: A phenomenological approach was used with the aims of producing rich data with the insider viewpoint and generating theory about the process. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 male ex-Armed Forces police officers. A social constructivist Grounded Theory approach was used to analyse the data. Findings: Police officers with an Armed Forces background viewed themselves as a discrete social group. There was significant cognitive separation between them and their non-service peers, the police organisation, those with mental illness and mental health services. Four group norms, formed during military service, were identified as relevant to the research topic: a) Mission Focus, b) Strength and Control, c) Cohesion and d) Be the Best. These norms were used to determine the stigma associated with both on-set and off-set responsibility for mental health problems within the group. Group norms underpinned the acceptable strategies for managing mental health problems. Education around mental health was not seen as personally relevant at the time. Accepting a mental health problem was the greatest barrier to care and meant an acceptance of norm violation in oneself often triggering an existential crisis. Potential helpers were judged against the group norms and this either hindered or facilitated the process. As the individual recovered, they reframed the group norms in relation to their experience of mental illness and reported Post Traumatic Growth. A theoretical model for the help-seeking process is proposed. Implications: Anti-stigma interventionists need to consider the individual’s perception of their loss of a valued identity and their violation of group norms. The stereotyping and generalisation of police managers and mental health services as “other” reduces the likelihood of accepting offers of support from those sources. Education must connect with the early beliefs from military service in order to effect change. Organisational denial or ambivalence about the subject needs tackling just as much as the denial in the group and individuals. The group holds much of the solution to the problem within its own membership and peer supporters who have overcome their own mental health challenges can be better used by the organisation to both prevent and manage the problem. They need to able to provide timely, trusted referrals to competent mental health services.

MPD is an entity within the SANDF responsible for maintaining law and order, prevent and combat crime, investigates criminal cases or alleged within the DoD. The role of the MPs has changed drastically over the past years especially after the integration of the non-statutory and statutory forces with all changes in crime growth increased in South Africa and affected the DoD. This led to the MPD shifting from disciplinary crime prevention issues to criminal crime prevention, as the basic mission of the police is to prevent crime and disorder. MPs form part of the police agencies that are within South Africa, the uniqueness of the MPs they operating within the SANDF but they cannot be isolated from the complicated growing crime phenomenon that affects the whole South African community. As crime prevention is the catchphrase for all the police agencies and government departments, it is imperative for the MPs to align its crime prevention to the modern policing. This study gives a comprehensive explanation of what crime prevention is, from the literature reviewed relevant to the study, with the aim to critically analyse the role of the MPs in crime prevention within the military proclaimed environment. The researcher collected data in the form of unstructured interviews, documents and literature. Collected data was transcribed; larger text was broken into smaller segments, coded and then selected into themes. Participants had different views of the understanding of the meaning of crime prevention and different comprehension of the MPs crime prevention guideline and procedures. This analysis was done in order to determine the level of understanding of the role of the MPs, in crime prevention within the military proclaimed environment and how MPs can be effective and efficient within this environment. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Police Practice)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:21:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELIO GOMES PEREIRA.pdf: 1944439 bytes, checksum: 195a1cfe566ff78855aab44115a8b8e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / This paper presents a study on the teaching given to the officers of the Academy of Military Police of the State of Goiás. Its purpose is to analyze the main changes made to the Curriculum Training Course for Officers of CAPM / GO, especially with regard to courses offered for this and the teaching methodologies adopted by professors. It has been the intention of showing how and why the disciplines of Curriculum have been changing or gradually being replaced due to the regime prevailing Government or due to the need to provide more humanitarian official training for these to improve their professional skills, becoming able to meet the demands of contemporary society. The relevance of this research is the academic-scientific dimension that permeates the track changes disciplinary curriculum and pedagogical practices of teachers involved in teaching military police officers in order to form a professional profile that is able to be responsible for the security of the population civil altruistically, avoiding physical repression and symbolic, feature of the Ideological State Apparatus. The theoretical framework is based on research that address power relations, from the perspective of Foucault (1979), with critical institutions used to perpetuate this power, the history of the military and their teaching according to Ludwig (1998), Germano (1994), Sostré (2010), Castro (2004), Silva (2012) and others. A historical review and conceptualization of police and police teaching at the Academy were conducted through document analysis and curriculum proposals from APM Goiás and other states. In the research were emphasized curriculum of these courses, since the establishment of APM, in 1940, until it is in force. The analysis of these curriculum led to the use of theoretical, focused on the history curriculum advocated by Kelly (1981), Moreira (2012), Pacheco (2001), Silva (2001) and Libâneo (2000). The research methodology was qualitative, using the case study. In the field research, it was decided by observation and interviews with a structured schedule. The informants were selected at random, among the ex-comandantes/ex-diretores APM/GO and former teachers, current teachers and students who attended the 3rd year of officer training in 2012. Through the data obtained, the theoretical framework, the record of observations and interviews can be concluded that the teachinglearning process and curriculum practices currently developed by APM/GO indicate that a differentiation in relation to what happened during the military governments, facing the military police preparation for the defense of the territory. At present, the essence of military education is to prepare the future professional to handle everyday situations, respecting the rights of the citizen. Another relevant conclusion with respect to socio-political changes that characterize the subjects of the current curriculum of the APM/GO, demonstrating a more civil than military. The research also showed that the Academy adopt different teaching methods, with in some cases alternating between positivist and progressivist theory. / A presente dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre o ensino ministrado aos oficiais da Academia de Polícia Militar do Estado de Goiás. Seu propósito é analisar as principais mudanças realizadas na Matriz Curricular do Curso de Formação de Oficiais da CAPM/GO, especialmente quanto às disciplinas oferecidas e às metodologias de ensino adotadas pelos docentes. Tem a pretensão de mostrar como e por que as disciplinas da Grade Curricular vêm sofrendo alterações ou sendo gradativamente substituídas em função do regime de governo predominante ou em decorrência da necessidade de oferecer aos oficiais uma formação mais humanitária para que esses melhorem sua qualificação profissional, tornando-se aptos para atender às exigências da sociedade contemporânea. A relevância dessa investigação consiste na dimensão acadêmico-científica que a permeia ao acompanhar as mudanças disciplinares da matriz curricular e as práticas pedagógicas dos docentes envolvidos no ensino policial militar, visando formar oficiais com um perfil profissiográfico que seja capaz de responsabilizar-se pela segurança da população civil de forma altruísta, evitando a repressão física e simbólica, característica do aparelho ideológico do Estado. O referencial teórico encontra-se fundamentado em pesquisas que abordam as relações de poder, sob a ótica de Foucault (1979), com críticas às instituições usadas para se perpetuar esse poder, a história da instituição militar e de seu ensino segundo Ludwig (1998), Germano (1994), Sostré (2010), Castro (2004), Silva (2012) e outros. A revisão histórica e a conceituação de polícia e de ensino policial na Academia foram realizadas por meio da análise documental e das propostas curriculares da APM de Goiás e de outros estados. Na pesquisa foram enfatizados os currículos desses cursos, desde a criação da APM, em 1940, até ao que se encontra em vigor. A análise desses currículos levou à utilização de referencial teórico voltado para a história de currículo defendida por Kelly (1981), Moreira (2012), Pacheco (2001), Silva (2001) e Libâneo (2000). A metodologia da pesquisa foi qualitativa, utilizandose o estudo de caso. Na pesquisa de campo, a investigação optou pela observação e entrevistas, com roteiro pré-estruturado. Os informantes foram selecionados por amostra aleatória, entre os excomandantes/ ex-diretores da APM/GO e ex-instrutores, atuais instrutores e alunos que frequentaram o 3º ano do curso de formação de oficiais, em 2012. Por meio dos dados obtidos, do referencial teórico, do registro das observações e das entrevistas realizadas, pôde-se concluir que o processo ensino-aprendizagem, bem como as práticas curriculares atualmente desenvolvidas pela APM/GO apontam para uma diferenciação do que ocorria durante os governos militares, voltados para o preparo do policial militar para a defesa do território. Na atualidade, a essência do ensino militar é preparar o futuro profissional para lidar com situações do cotidiano, respeitando os direitos do cidadão. Outra conclusão relevante diz respeito às mudanças sociopolíticas que caracterizam as disciplinas da atual grade curricular da APM/GO, demonstrando um caráter mais civil do que militar. A pesquisa evidenciou também que a Academia adota metodologias de ensino diferenciadas, havendo em alguns casos alternância entre a teoria positivista e uma mais progressista.