This master thesis is focused on design of CNC hobby milling machine.In the first part of master thesis there are brief information about construction of CNC milling machines with varios types of milling machines available on market. After that, is made a selection of suitable machine componets for selected parameters. Futhermore, the masters thesis include a solutions of the component on all axes CNC milling machines.

This goal of the diploma thesis is to design, to construct and write control program for CNC milling machine designed for machining aluminum, wood and plastic. Entire structure of machine is designed and made of steel. The main table consists of an aluminum plate and aluminum structural profiles. Spindle of milling machine is a high speed motor from ATAS a.s. company. Milling machine is controlled by the program made in TwinCAT environment from Beckhoff Automation GmbH & Co. KG.

This thesis deals with manufacturing process of a front wheel hub carrier prototype for formula TU Brno Racing Dragon 5 series. The paper starts on foregoing work of design team leading to a proposed model and material. Both material and model are investigated form a manufacturing point of view. Cutting conditions and milling strategy are proposed based on final product analysis. Prototype was manufactured on CNC machining centre MCV 754 QUICK in company BOSCH DIESEL s.r.o. in Jihlava. Retrospective analysis of performed manufacturing process and critical risks is provided with a proposal of more effective manufacturing process. In the closure, there is technical-economical evaluation of chosen manufacture done by milling. Alternative manufacturing options including 3D print and welding are compared in technics and costs.

This master’s thesis deals with a design of a portal CNC milling machine. The thesis contains a description of milling machine’s single types, analysis of Czech and foreign market and analysis of basic milling machine’s groups. The work includes calculating of cutting forces and moments of a chosen tool, choice of spindle and design of axe’s drive systems. The thesis also includes 3D model of the chosen variant, it’s by a method of final elements and finally drawing documentation.

The thesis is about analyzing a current technological process. It also includes describing a current production machines, tools and methods of measuring. The problems of milling procedure are described in a detail. In addition, there are descriptions of a technology of the production, methods of using production preparations, and methods of measuring gained results. There is designed an innovative solution of a new technological production. A history of the stoba Precizní Technika Inc. is summarized there. A comparison of the two versions is described in a techno-economic evaluation part, which is about comparing of mechanical time. A solution of the thesis is realized in a medium-sized production company during particular conditions. Limited conditions of the thesis are influenced by the conditions of the selected company.

This diploma thesis deals with the construction proposal of a small multifunctional modeller CNC milling machine that enables milling of aluminium alloys and 3D printing using the FDM method. Based on the research, analyzes and defined entry requirements the construction proposal is created and verified by calculations. The thesis contains a description of all the construction parts including the printhead, the tool tray and the safety cover. The other part of the thesis describes the machine geometry adjustment and specifies the choice of control system. The thesis includes a 3D model and the drawing documentation of selected structural nodes.

In this study, the effect of speed was investigated on the breakage rate of UG2 platinum ore in a batch mill of 5 dm3 and 175 mm internal diameter. One size fraction method was carried out to perform the experiment. Five mono-sized fractions in the range of 1.180 mm to 0.212 mm separated by √2 series interval were prepared. The fractions were milled at different grinding times (0.5, 2, 4, 15 and 30 min) and three fractions of mill critical speed were considered (20%, 30%, and 40%). The target of critical speed below 50% was due to the need of lower energy consumption in milling processes. The selection and breakage function parameters were determined and compared for fractions of critical speed. First the grinding kinetics of the ore was determined and it was found that the material breaks in non-first order manner. Thereafter, effective mean rate of breakage was determined. It was found that the rate of breakage increased with increase of mill speed and optimum speed was not reached in the range of chosen mill speed fractions. Again the rate of breakage was plotted as a function of particle size, the optimum size was 0.8 mm when milling at 30% critical speed. As for 20% and 30% optimum size was not reached. The selection function parameters estimated at 30% critical speed were 𝑎0 = 0.04 min−1 , 𝛼 = 1.36, 𝜇 = 0.9 mm, and Λ = 3. Breakage function parameters were determined and was noticed that the material UG2 platinum ore is non-normalised, i.e. Φ value was changing from 0.25 to 0.90 depending on feed size and mill speed. The parameters 𝛽 and 𝛾 were constant at 7.3 and 1.17 respectively. / College of Science, Engineering and Technology / M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

[ES] La calidad superficial en las piezas mecanizadas depende del acabado superficial, resultado de las marcas dejadas por la herramienta durante el proceso de corte. Las aproximaciones teóricas tradicionales indican que estas marcas están relacionadas con los parámetros de corte (velocidad de corte, avance, profundidad de corte...), el tipo de máquina, el material de la pieza, la geometría de la herramienta, etc. Pero no todos los tipos de mecanizado y selección de materiales pueden dar un resultado ambiguo. Hoy en día, de manera progresiva, se están utilizando las técnicas de fresado de Alta Velocidad sobre materiales de difícil mecanizado cada vez más. El fresado de Alta Velocidad implica a un considerable número de parámetros del proceso que pueden afectar a la formación topográfica 3D de la superficie. La hipótesis de que los parámetros de rugosidad superficial dependen de las huellas dejadas por la herramienta, determinadas por las condiciones de trabajo y las propiedades del entorno, condujo al desarrollo de una metodología de investigación personalizada. Este trabajo de investigación muestra como la combinación de los parámetros, inclinación del eje de la herramienta, deflexión geométrica de la herramienta y comportamiento vibracional del entorno, influencian sobre el parámetro de rugosidad superficial 3D, Sz. El modelo general fue dividido en varias partes, donde se ha descrito la influencia de parámetros del proceso adicionales, siendo incluidos en el modelo general propuesto. El proceso incremental seguido permite al autor desarrollar un modelo matemático general, paso a paso, testeando y añadiendo los componentes que más afectan a la formación de la topografía de la superficie. En la primera parte de la investigación se seleccionó un proceso de fresado con herramientas de punta plana. Primero, se analiza la geometría de la herramienta, combinada con múltiples avances, para distinguir los principales parámetros que afectan a la rugosidad superficial. Se introduce un modelo de predicción con un componente básico para la altura de la rugosidad, obtenida por la geometría de la herramienta de corte. A continuación, se llevan a cabo experimentos más específicamente diseñados, variando parámetros tecnológicos. Esto empieza con el análisis de la inclinación del eje de la herramienta contra la mesa de fresado. Los especímenes de análisis son muestras con cuatro recorridos de corte rectos con corte en sentido contrario. Las trayectorias lineales con diferentes direcciones dan la oportunidad de analizar la inclinación del husillo de fresado en la máquina. Un análisis visual reveló diferencias entre direcciones de corte opuestas, así como marcas dejadas por el filo posterior de la herramienta. Considerando las desviaciones de las marcas de corte observadas en las imágenes de rugosidad superficial obtenidas a partir de las medidas, se introdujo un análisis sobre el comportamiento dinámico del equipo y de la herramienta de corte. Las vibraciones producen desviaciones en la mesa de fresado y en la herramienta de corte. Estas desviaciones fueron detectadas e incluidas en el modelo matemático para completar la precisión en la predicción del modelo. Finalmente, el modelo de predicción del parámetro de rugosidad Sz fue comprobado con un mayor número de parámetros del proceso. Los valores de Sz medidos y predichos, fueron comparados y analizados estadísticamente. Los resultados revelaron una mayor desviación de la rugosidad predicha en las muestras fabricadas con diferentes máquinas y con diferentes avances. Importantes conclusiones sobre la precisión del equipo de fabricación han sido extraídas y de ellas se desprende que la huella de la herramienta de corte está directamente relacionada con los parámetros de la topografía de la superficie. Además, la influencia de la huella está afectada por la geometría de la herramienta de corte, la rigidez de la herramienta y la precisión del equipo. La geometría de la herramienta conforma la base del parámetro Sz, desviación de la altura de la superficie. Las conclusiones alcanzadas son la base para recomendaciones prácticas, aplicables en la industria. / [CA] La qualitat superficial en les peces mecanitzades depèn de l'acabat superficial, resultat de les marques deixades per l'eina durant el procés de tall. Les aproximacions teòriques tradicionals indiquen que aquestes marques estan relacionades amb els paràmetres de tall (velocitat de tall, avanç, profunditat de tall...), el tipus de màquina, el material de la peça, la geometria de l'eina, etc. Però no tots els tipus de mecanitzat i selecció de materials poden donar un resultat ambigu. Avui en dia, de manera progressiva, s'estan utilitzant les tècniques de fresat d'Alta Velocitat sobre materials de difícil mecanització cada vegada més. El fresat d'Alta Velocitat implica un considerable nombre de paràmetres del procés que poden afectar la formació topogràfica 3D de la superfície. La hipòtesi que els paràmetres de rugositat superficial depenen de les empremtes deixades per l'eina, determinades per les condicions de treball i les propietats de l'entorn, va conduir al desenvolupament d'una metodologia d'investigació personalitzada. Aquest treball de recerca mostra com la combinació dels paràmetres, inclinació de l'eix de l'eina, deflexió geomètrica de l'eina i comportament vibracional de l'entorn, influencien sobre el paràmetre de rugositat superficial 3D, Sz. El model general va ser dividit en diverses parts, on s'ha descrit la influència de paràmetres addicionals del procés, sent inclosos en el model general proposat. El procés incremental seguit permet a l'autor desenvolupar un model matemàtic general, pas a pas, testejant i afegint els components que més afecten a la formació de la topografia de la superfície. En la primera part de la investigació es va seleccionar un procés de fresat amb eines de punta plana. Primer, s'analitza la geometria de l'eina, combinada amb múltiples avanços, per distingir els principals paràmetres que afecten la rugositat superficial. S'introdueix un model de predicció amb un component bàsic per a l'altura de la rugositat, obtinguda a través de la geometria de l'eina de tall. A continuació, es duen a terme experiments més específicament dissenyats, variant paràmetres tecnològics. Això comença amb l'anàlisi de la inclinació de l'eix de l'eina contra la taula de fresat. Els espècimens d'anàlisi són mostres amb quatre recorreguts de tall rectes amb tall en sentit contrari. Les trajectòries lineals amb diferents direccions donen l'oportunitat d'analitzar la inclinació del fus de fresat en la màquina. Una anàlisi visual revelà diferències entre direccions de tall oposades, així com marques deixades pel tall posterior de l'eina. Considerant les desviacions de les marques de tall observades en les imatges de rugositat superficial obtingudes a partir de les mesures, es va introduir una anàlisi sobre el comportament dinàmic de l'equip i de l'eina de tall. Les vibracions produeixen desviacions en la taula de fresat i en l'eina de tall. Aquestes desviacions van ser detectades i incloses en el model matemàtic per completar la precisió en la predicció de el model. Finalment, el model de predicció de el paràmetre de rugositat Sz va ser comprovat amb un major nombre de paràmetres del procés. Els valors de Sz mesurats i predits, van ser comparats i analitzats estadísticament. Els resultats van revelar una major desviació de la rugositat predita en les mostres fabricades amb diferents màquines i amb diferents avanços. Importants conclusions sobre la precisió de l'equip de fabricació han estat extretes i d'elles es desprèn que l'empremta de l'eina de tall està directament relacionada amb els paràmetres de la topografia de la superfície. A més, la influència de la empremta està afectada per la geometria de l'eina de tall, la rigidesa de l'eina i la precisió de l'equip. La geometria de l'eina conforma la base del paràmetre Sz, desviació de l'altura de la superfície. Les conclusions assolides són la base per recomanacions pràctiques, aplicables en la indústria. / [EN] Surface quality of machined parts highly depends on the surface texture that reflects the marks, left by the tool during the cutting process. The traditional theoretical approaches indicate that these marks are related to the cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed, depths of cut...), the machining type, the part material, the tool geometry, etc. But, different machining type and material selection can give a variable result. In nowadays, more progressively, High Speed milling techniques have been applied on hard-to-cut materials more and more extensively. High-speed milling involves a considerable number of process parameters that may affect the 3D surface topography formation. The hypothesis that surface topography parameters depends on the traces left by the tool, determined by working conditions and environmental properties, led to the development of a custom research methodology. This research work shows how the parameters combination, tool axis inclination, tool geometric deflection, cutting tool geometry and environment vibrational behavior, influence on 3D surface topography parameter Sz. The general model was divided in multiple parts, where additional process parameters influence has been described and included in general model proposed. The incremental process followed allows the author to develop a general mathematical model, step by step, testing and adding the components that affect surface topography formation the most. In the first part of the research a milling procedure with flat end milling tools was selected. First, tool geometry, combined with multiple cutting feed rates, is analyzed to distinguish the main parameters that affect surface topography. A prediction model is introduced with a basic topography height component, performed by cutting tool geometry. Next, specifically designed experiments were conducted, varying technological parameters. That starts with cutting tool axis inclination against the milling table analysis. The specimens of analysis are samples with 4 contrary aimed straight cutting paths. Linear paths in different directions give a chance to analyze milling machine spindle axis topography, as well as marks left from cutting tool back cutting edge. Considering the deviations of cutting marks observed in the images of the surface topography obtained through the measurements, the milling equipment and cutting tool dynamical behavior analysis were introduced. Vibrations produce deviations in the milling table and cutting tool. These deviations were detected and included in the mathematical model to complete the prediction model accuracy. Finally, the prediction model of the topography parameter SZ was tested with increased number of process parameters. Measured and predicted SZ values were compared and analyzed statistically. Results revealed high predicted topography deviation on samples manufactured with different machines and with different feed rates. Relevant conclusions about the manufacturing equipment accuracy have been drawn and they state that cutting tool's footprint is directly related with surface topography parameters. Besides, footprint influence is affected by cutting tool geometry, tool stiffness and equipment accuracy. / Logins, A. (2021). High speed milling technological regimes, process condition and technological equipment condition influence on surface quality parameters of difficult to cut materials [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/164122

L'utilisation de fluides au comportement rhéologique complexe (seuil d'écoulement, thixotropie) est de plus en plus courante dans notre quotidien. Une description globale du comportement n'est pas suffisante et c'est pourquoi ce travail se focalise sur la détermination locale des propriétés de ces matériaux complexes. Pour cela nous nous appuyons sur des méthodes optiques pour obtenir des informations sur la contrainte et la vitesse de cisaillement. Nous avons choisi d'opter pour la PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) pour l'obtention du gradient de vitesse et la photoélasticimétrie pour la mesure de contrainte. L'emploi de ces deux techniques de mesure oblige que les fluides étudiés soient transparents et biréfringents. Nous étudions alors une solution de Milling Yellow (fluide au comportement rhéologique simple) pour valider nos techniques de mesure et des suspensions de Laponite qui sont des fluides à seuil et thixotropes. La première étape de ce travail consiste à avoir une idée générale du comportement rhéologique des fluides d'où leur caractérisation à l'aide d'un rhéomètre. Ensuite, dans une géométrie où la répartition de contrainte est connue (géométrie à cylindres coaxiaux), nous déterminons les lois rhéo-optiques nous permettant de relier la contrainte dans le matériau à sa réponse optique. Enfin, dans une géométrie plan-plan, nous couplons les deux techniques de mesure optiques (PIV et photoélasticimétrie) afin de reconstruire un rhéogramme local des différents fluides étudiés pouvant être comparé à celui issu de mesures classiques de rhéométrie. / The use of fluids with a complex rheological behavior (yield stress, thixotropy) is becoming more common in our daily lives. However, a global description of this behavior is not satisfactory even if it is quickly and easily accessible. The aim of this work is to advance in the understanding of complex behaviors at a local scale. Optical methods are the best way to do that. In our case, we need to get information about the shear stress and the shear rate. So we need a measurement technique for each of these variables. A PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique is used to obtain the shear rate and the shear stress is determined by photoelasticimetry. The use of these two techniques requires that the studied fluids are transparent and birefringent. Then, our measurement techniques are validated using a Milling Yellow solution (a simple rheological fluid) before studying Laponite suspensions which are thixotropic yield stress fluids. Firstly, a rheometer is used to have a general idea of the rheological behavior of our fluids. Secondly, in a geometry where the shear stress distribution is known (a coaxial cylinders geometry), rheo-optical laws connecting the shear stress within the material to its optical response are determined. Finally, in a plate-plate geometry, the two optical measurement techniques (PIV and photoelasticimetry) are coupled to reconstruct a local rheogram for the studied fluids that can be compared to the one obtained from conventional Rheometric measurements.

O presente estudo está dividido em duas partes. A primeira parte está relacionada à preparação de pós de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) nanoestruturados através do processo de moagem de alta energia, bem como à caracterização dos pós moídos e no estado como recebido. A análise dos dados obtidos nesta etapa do trabalho foi feita utilizando-se uma abordagem essencialmente teórica. A segunda parte deste estudo refere-se à produção e caracterização de revestimentos preparados com os pós de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) nanoestruturados e como recebido. O comportamento destes revestimentos sob erosão-oxidação em alta temperatura foi comparado com base em uma abordagem de caráter mais tecnológico. O tamanho médio de cristalito do pó de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) decresceu rapidamente de 145 nm para 50 nm nos estágios iniciais de moagem e, posteriormente, com o aumento do tempo de moagem, decresceu mais lentamente até atingir um estado estacionário para um tamanho de cristalito em torno de 10 nm. Este estado estacionário corresponde ao início do processo de recuperação dinâmica. A máxima deformação da rede cristalina (δ = 1,17%) foi observada para pós moídos por 16 horas, caracterizando um tamanho crítico de cristalito da ordem de 28 nm. Por outro lado, o parâmetro de rede atingiu um mínimo para pós moídos por 16 horas. Após atingir o tamanho crítico de cristalito, a densidade de discordâncias praticamente não mais varia (estado estacionário) e toda deformação plástica posteriormente introduzida no material é acomodada através de eventos que ocorrem nos contornos de grão, particularmente por meio do processo designado deslizamento de contorno de grão (grain boundary sliding). A energia de deformação armazenada na rede cristalina dos pós de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) moídos com diferentes tempos de moagem foi determinada por meio de medidas da variação de entalpia. Estes resultados indicaram que a máxima variação de entalpia (ΔH = 722 mcal) também ocorreu para pós moídos por 16 horas. Analogamente, a máxima variação do calor específico (ΔCp = 0,278 cal/gK) ocorreu para pós moídos por 16 horas. As seguintes propriedades mecânicas dos revestimentos de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr), preparados utilizando-se o processo HVOF de aspersão térmica, foram determinadas: microdureza Vickers, módulo de Young e tenacidade à fratura. As propriedades dos revestimentos preparados com os pós nanoestruturados e como recebido foram comparadas. A dureza e o módulo de Young dos revestimentos preparados com os pós nanoestruturados foram aproximadamente 26% maiores que aqueles preparados com os pós como recebido. A tenacidade à fratura dos revestimentos nanoestruturados foi aproximadamente 36% maior do que o verificado para os revestimentos produzidos com pós no estado como recebido. A resistência à erosão-oxidação do revestimento produzido com o pó nanoestruturado foi em torno de 52% maior do que a do revestimento preparado com o pó no estado como recebido, a 800ºC. Ambos os revestimentos mostraram um aumento da taxa de erosão-oxidação para temperaturas acima de 450ºC. / This study is divided in two parts. The first part is about the preparation of nanostructured Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powders by high energy milling followed by characterization of the milled and the as received powder. Analyses of some of the data obtained were done using a theoretical approach. The second part of this study is about the preparation and characterization of coatings prepared with the nanostructured as well as the as received Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powders. The high temperature erosion-oxidation (E-O) behavior of the coatings prepared with the two types of powders has been compared based on a technological approach. The average crystallite size of the Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powder decreased rapidly from 145 nm to 50 nm in the initial stages of milling and thereafter decreased slowly to a steady state value of around 10 nm with further increase in milling time. This steady state corresponds to the beginning of a dynamic recovery process. The maximum lattice strain (δ = 1,17%) was observed in powders milled for 16 hours, and this powders critical crystallite size was 28 nm. In contrast, the lattice parameter attained a minimum for powders milled for 16 hours. Upon reaching the critical crystallite size, the dislocation density attained a steady state regime and all plastic deformation introduced in the material there after was in the form of events occurring at the grain boundaries, due mainly to grain boundary sliding. The deformation energy stored in the crystal lattice of the Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powders milled for different times was determined from enthalpy variation measurements. These results indicated that the maximum enthalpy variation (ΔH = 722 mcal) also occurred for powders milled for 16 hours. In a similar manner, the maximum specific heat variation (ΔCp = 0,278 cal/gK) occurred for powders milled for 16 hours. The following mechanical properties of Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) coatings prepared using the HVOF thermal spray process were determined: Vickers micro-hardness, the Young Modulus and the fracture toughness. The properties of the coatings prepared with the nanostructured and the as received powders were compared. The hardness and Young Modulus of the coatings prepared with nanostructured powders were approximately 26% higher than that of the coatings prepared with as received powders. The fracture toughness of the nanostructured coating was 36% higher. The erosion-oxidation resistance of the coating produced with the nanostructured powder was around 52% higher than that of the coating prepared with the as received powders at 800 ºC. The E-O wastage of both types of coatings increased with temperature beyond 450 ºC.