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Thesis advisor: Thomas H. Groome / Thesis advisor: John J. Makransky / The premise of this dissertation is that Buddhism must inculturate to meet the context of contemporary North America. Given the widespread interest in the application of Buddhist-derived ideas and practices in a host of secular settings, the capacity for teachers to engage with new ideas and disciplines will be crucial to the tradition's continued relevance. Because there is a high demand for and interest in Buddhist-derived programming in secular spaces, the number of individuals and organizations striving to meet this demand is mushrooming. This trend, coupled with a dearth of professional training programs and accreditation processes means that not only are there an eclectic array of approaches being used to teach meditation, but there is also minimal discourse engaging the crucial question of what constitutes effective pedagogy or adequate training processes for teachers. Chapter 1 establishes the need for the inculturation of Buddhism. This imperative for adaptation raises fundamental questions regarding how to best evaluate the authenticity of changes to traditional teaching methods. In Chapters 2 and 3, the Buddhist doctrine of skillful means is explored with an eye toward distilling guiding principles for analyzing this process of adaptation of teachings to meet a variety of cultural and personal perspectives. Drawing from Mahayana and pre-Mahayana sutras, traditions of commentary, and contemporary hermeneutics, a set of priorities based on the perspective of the Buddhist tradition is proposed. In Chapter 4, it is established that finding points of relevance to particular cultural concerns such as physical and mental health issues has been a vital component of existing efforts toward secularized meditation programs to date. This chapter concludes by drawing out of such present practices additional guiding principles to advance the process of pedagogical inculturation. Despite the widespread interest in applying meditation to a variety of settings, the pedagogy and philosophy of education behind the various approaches remains largely under-theorized. To fill this need, Chapter 5 establishes a set of guiding principles for pedagogical adaptation, drawing from the tradition's own self-understanding as well as from the insights of Western education as discussed in the prior 4 chapters. Finally, Chapter 6 offers an example of inculturated pedagogy at work. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Religious Education and Pastoral Ministry.

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A growing body of literature supports the relationship between pathological worry and deleterious health consequences, including having a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; Waters & Craske, 2005). Individuals who suffer from pathological worry tend to live life in the future rather than in the present moment. Mindfulness, a practice grounded in the acceptance of present-moment experience, can therefore be conceptualized as the antithesis of worry. Thus, the current study aimed to better understand the interplay between mindfulness and pathological worry and the potential role of mindfulness practice in reducing pathological worry. This study examined the effect of a brief mindful breathing practice and an expressive writing exercise on psychological health outcomes in a sample of college students with pathological worry. The study aimed to replicate findings that expressive writing is helpful for individuals with pathological worry, and it aimed to test the hypothesis (Brody & Park, 2004) that expressive writing itself is a process conceptually similar to mindfulness. Participants practiced either a mindful breathing exercise or a relaxation exercise prior to engaging in three consecutive sessions of either expressive writing or a control writing exercise. It was expected that individuals who practiced mindfulness and engaged in expressive writing would have lower levels of depression, worry, and GAD symptoms as well as increased levels of self-reported mindfulness when assessed one month after completing the study, but these hypotheses were not supported. It was found, however, that individuals who engaged in expressive writing demonstrated a decrease in negative affect over time compared to those who engaged in control writing. Furthermore, those who engaged in mindfulness practice compared to those who engaged in relaxation practice reported higher levels of mindful awareness directly following the writing sessions. The study has the practical implication of understanding the utility of brief mindfulness practice to alleviate symptoms of worry and GAD in a sample of non-treatment-seeking high worriers. / Psychology

This study examined whether the Koru mindfulness intervention led to improved wellness outcomes, as evidenced by decreases in anxiety and stress scores, and increases in mindfulness scores of preservice teachers. This study also investigated the extent to which participants implemented the Koru intervention with fidelity and were satisfied with the intervention. The research is guided by the following questions: (1) To what extent do preservice teachers who volunteered and were randomly selected for a mindfulness practice (MP) intervention implement the intervention with fidelity (i.e., come to the workshop and practice at home) throughout the period of the intervention? (2) How satisfied are participants with the intervention throughout and at the end of the intervention? (3) To what degree does intervention participation affect students’ stress levels, as measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983)? (4) To what degree does intervention participation affect students’ anxiety levels, as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI-Y; STAI-Y; Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983)? (5) To what degree does intervention participation affect students’ mindfulness levels, as measured by the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003)? Major findings from this study demonstrate that Koru did significantly reduce preservice teachers’ anxiety and stress levels; however, no significant effects on mindfulness were observed. Findings from this research show mindfulness training can potentially benefit preservice teachers’ wellness outcomes. / Educational Psychology