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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Extending the Model with Internal Restrictions on Item Difficulty (MIRID) to Study Differential Item Functioning

Li, Yong "Isaac" 05 April 2017 (has links)
Differential item functioning (DIF) is a psychometric issue routinely considered in educational and psychological assessment. However, it has not been studied in the context of a recently developed componential statistical model, the model with internal restrictions on item difficulty (MIRID; Butter, De Boeck, & Verhelst, 1998). Because the MIRID requires test questions measuring either single or multiple cognitive processes, it creates a complex environment for which traditional DIF methods may be inappropriate. This dissertation sought to extend the MIRID framework to detect DIF at the item-group level and the individual-item level. Such a model-based approach can increase the interpretability of DIF statistics by focusing on item characteristics as potential sources of DIF. In particular, group-level DIF may reveal comparative group strengths in certain secondary constructs. A simulation study was conducted to examine under different conditions parameter recovery, Type I error rates, and power of the proposed approach. Factors manipulated included sample size, magnitude of DIF, distributional characteristics of the groups, and the MIRID DIF models corresponding to discrete sources of differential functioning. The impact of studying DIF using wrong models was investigated. The results from the recovery study of the MIRID DIF model indicate that the four delta (i.e., non-zero value DIF) parameters were underestimated whereas item locations of the four associated items were overestimated. Bias and RMSE were significantly greater when delta was larger; larger sample size reduced RMSE substantially while the effects from the impact factor were neither strong nor consistent. Hypothesiswise and adjusted experimentwise Type I error rates were controlled in smaller delta conditions but not in larger delta conditions as estimates of zero-value DIF parameters were significantly different from zero. Detection power of the DIF model was weak. Estimates of the delta parameters of the three group-level DIF models, the MIRID differential functioning in components (DFFc), the MIRID differential functioning in item families (DFFm), and the MIRID differential functioning in component weights (DFW), were acceptable in general. They had good hypothesiswise and adjusted experimentwise Type I error control across all conditions and overall achieved excellent detection power. When fitting the proposed models to mismatched data, the false detection rates were mostly beyond the Bradley criterion because the zero-value DIF parameters in the mismatched model were not estimated adequately, especially in larger delta conditions. Recovery of item locations and component weights was also not adequate in larger delta conditions. Estimation of these parameters was more or less affected adversely by the DIF effect simulated in the mismatched data. To study DIF in MIRID data using the model-based approach, therefore, more research is necessary to determine the appropriate procedure or model to implement, especially for item-level differential functioning.
2

Bioécologie et diversité génétique d'Orthops palus (Heteroptera, Miridae), ravageur du manguier à La Réunion / No English title available

Atiama, Morguen 31 March 2016 (has links)
La culture du manguier à La Réunion est confrontée à un cortège de bioagresseurs, dont la punaise Orthops palus (Heteroptera, Miridae). Cette espèce est uniquement signalée en Ouganda et à La Réunion mais n'est considérée comme ravageur du manguier qu'à La Réunion. Peu d'études ont donc été consacrées à cet insecte, ce qui est à l'origine du manque de connaissance sur ce ravageur. L'objectif général de cette thèse est l'acquisition de connaissances sur O. palus. Il se décline en plusieurs objectifs spécifiques. Il s'agit, dans un premier temps, de caractériser la diversité de mirides présentes dans les vergers de manguiers de La Réunion. Dans un deuxième temps, l'objectif est de caractériser le cycle biologique d'O. palus et les interactions insecte-plantes. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, le dernier objectif consiste à étudier la distribution et la diversité génétique de l'espèce à La Réunion et dans la zone sud-ouest de l'océan Indien (SOOI). Les principaux résultats de la thèse sont les suivants. La miridofaune des vergers de manguiers a été étudiée et, parmi les 13 espèces de mirides recensées, O. palus est l'espèce la plus abondante sur les inflorescences du manguier lors de sa floraison. Pour identifier O. palus au laboratoire et la reconnaître sur le terrain, trois outils originaux ont été construits (une clé d'identification, des séquences du Cytochrome c Oxydase I et une fiche de reconnaissance sur le terrain). Un élevage d'O. palus a été mis au point ; il a permis de caractériser son cycle biologique et de mesurer les durées de développement des différents stades. Parallèlement, l'inventaire in situ des plantes hôtes d'O. palus (15 espèces à La Réunion) a montré le caractère polyphage de espèce. Les études sur la diversité et la structuration génétique d'O. palus dans les îles du SOOI ont apporté des résultats importants. À La Réunion, la population d'O. palus est structurée en deux clusters, mais les facteurs structurant n'ont pu être totalement identifiés. À Maurice, une seule population est recensée et demeure différente de celles de La Réunion. Aucune race d'hôte n'a été mise en évidence, ni à La Réunion, ni à Maurice. Des flux de populations, dans les deux sens, ont été mis en évidence entre ces deux îles. Enfin, l'analyse de la diversité de l'ADN mitochondrial sur des individus prélevés sur quatre îles du SOOI (La Réunion, Maurice, Mayotte, Grande Comore) montre la présence d'au moins sept haplotypes dont la distribution confirme les échanges inter-îles. La dynamique spatiale et temporelle de l'insecte en relation avec sa stratégie de passage de l'année ainsi que les flux de populations à l'échelle du SOOI font l'objet de discussions transversales. Les résultats montrent qu'au-delà d'être une punaise s'attaquant uniquement au manguier, comme son nom le suggérait jusqu'à présent, O. palus est surtout une "Punaise des fleurs", susceptible de se maintenir toute l'année en se déplaçant, selon la disponibilité des ressources alimentaires, de plante en fleur à plante en fleur. Parmi les plantes participant à sa dynamique annuelle, plusieurs sont des plantes d'intérêt économique (letchi, jujubier, avocatier). Diverses perspectives de recherche sont proposées pour compléter les connaissances déjà acquises sur O. palus, notamment la compréhension des processus de dispersion des populations à l'échelle de l'agroécosystème, la vérification de la présence d'O. palus dans d'autres territoires du SOOI et l'étude de sa diversité génétique dans cette même région. Enfin, à la lumière des résultats acquis dans la thèse, des propositions de gestion agroécologique des populations d'O. palus à l'échelle locale, ainsi que des recommandations sur les mesures de précaution à prendre pour éviter les flux de populations entre les pays de l'océan Indien sont faites. / Mango crops in Reunion Island are threatened by a series of pests, including the bug Orthops palus (Heteroptera, Miridae). This species has only been reported in Uganda and Reunion Island but is considered pest of mango only in Reunion Island. Few studies have therefore been devoted to this bug, which explains the lack of knowledge concerning this pest. The overall aim of my thesis was to acquire knowledge about O. palus, and several specific objectives were pursued. The first was to characterize mirid diversity in the mango orchards of Reunion Island. The second was to characterize the life cycle of O. palus and insect-plant interactions. The third objective was to study the distribution and genetic diversity of the species in Reunion Island and on other islands in the south-west Indian Ocean (SWIO).The main results of these studies are: among the 13 species identified in the community of mirids in mango orchards, O. palus was the most abundant on the mango inflorescences when in flower. Three original tools were built to identify O. palus in the laboratory and to recognize the species in the field: an identification key, COI sequences, and a field recognition card). A method was developed to rear O. palus, which enabled the characterization of its life cycle and the length of the development stages. Meanwhile, the inventory of in situ host plants (15 species in Reunion Island) showed that O. palus is polyphagous. Studies of the diversity and genetic structure of O. palus in SWIO islands also provided significant results. In Reunion Island, the population is structured in two clusters, although the structural factors could not be fully identified. In Mauritius, one cluster was identified and was shown to be different from the clusters in Reunion Island. No host race was found either in Reunion Island or in Mauritius. Population movements in both directions between the two islands were highlighted. Finally, the analysis of the mitochondrial DNA diversity of individuals sampled on four SWIO islands (Reunion, Mauritius, Mayotte, Grande Comore) revealed the presence of at least seven haplotypes whose distribution confirmed exchanges between islands.The dynamics of O. palus in space and over time are discussed in connection with its survival strategy over the course of the year and with population flows across SWIO. The results showed that beyond being a bug that attacks only the mango tree, as the name strongly suggests, O. palus is rather a "flower bug" likely to maintain populations throughout the year by moving from one flowering plant to another according to food availability. Among the plants involved in the annual dynamics of the insect, several species beside mango are of economic interest (lychee, jujube, avocado). Several research topics are proposed to complete the knowledge already acquired on O. palus, including understanding of population dispersion processes at the scale of the agro-ecosystem, and evaluating the presence and the genetic diversity of O. palus in other SWOI territories. Finally, agroecological practices for the local management of O. palus populations are proposed based on the results of the studies that comprise the present dissertation. Recommendations are made for precautionary measures to prevent the flow of O. palus populations between countries located in the Indian Ocean.
3

Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Biologie und Ökologie der räuberischen Weichwanze Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) / Investigaciones sobre la morfología, biología y ecología del mírido depredador Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) / Investigations of the morphology, biology and ecology of the predatory mirid bug Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae)

Voigt, Dagmar 15 January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Die paläarktische omnivore Weichwanze Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) zeichnet sich durch ein ausgesprochen breites Spektrum an besetzten Wirtspflanzen und konsumierten Beutetieren aus. Über 150 von D. errans akzeptierte Pflanzenarten sind erstmalig belegt worden. Der erfolgreiche Verzehr von 15 Beute-tierarten wurde quantitativ nachgewiesen. Eine weitere Besonderheit der Wanze besteht in der Präferenz für glandulär behaarte Pflanzen. Die Weichwanze besetzt somit von vielen anderen Insekten gemiedene Nischen. Untersuchungen im Botanischen Garten der Technischen Universität Dresden (2000 bis 2002) ließen auf eine bemerkenswerte räuberische Aktivität und Anpassungsfähigkeit an unterschiedliche Habitate, Beutetiere und Klimabedingungen schließen. Die fortführenden Studien im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation (2002 bis 2005) erbrachten umfassende Erkenntnisse über die Art D. errans im Hinblick auf deren Morphologie, Vermehrung und Haltung, Bionomie und Ökologie (Fekundität und Ontogenese in Abhängigkeit von ausgewählten Einflussfaktoren, Dormanz), Aufenthalt und Fortbewegung (räumliche Orientierung und strukturanalytische Studien zu den Interaktionen zwischen Wanze und Pflanzenoberflächen), den Nahrungserwerb (Verzehrleistung und Omnivorie) sowie Videodokumentationen der Lebensweise und des Verhaltens. Der Generalist und Opportunist D. errans integriert sich als Pflanzensaftsauger regulierendes Kompartiment neben echten Räubern und Parasitoiden in Biozönosen. Als omnivores Insekt übernimmt die Wanze eine intermediäre und supplementäre Position in Nahrungsnetzen. Die Lebensweise dieser Weichwanzenart erscheint sehr komplex. Die enge Assoziation mit Pflanzen tritt stark in den Vordergrund. Sie ist in jeglichen Betrachtungen von D. errans unbedingt zu berücksichtigen und bietet außerdem als ein Modellsystem ein spannendes Forschungsfeld im Hinblick auf die Adaptation partiell räuberisch lebender Insekten an behaarte Pflanzen. / The omnivorous mirid bug Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) lives on a wide range of host plants and feeds on various preys. Over 150 plant species accepted by the mirid bug have been identified. It was experimentally shown that 15 prey species are efficiently consumed. Another characteristical features of D. errans is that it preferes hairy plants. Thus, the mirid bug occupies unique niches avoided by many other insects. Investigations, carried out at the Botanical Garden of the Technical University of Dresden (2000-2002) gave evidence for a remarkable predatory activity and ability to adaptation to different habitats, preys and climate conditions. The studies presented in the dissertation (2002-2005) gave the comprehensive knowledge about the species D. errans, especially its morphology, rearing, bionomy and ecology (fecundity and ontogenesis depending on selected factors, dormancy), habitat preference and locomotion (spatial orientation and structural-analytical studies of the interactions between the bug and plant surfaces), foraging and food ingestion (predatory capacity and omnivory). In addition, video documentation of the modus vivendi and the behavior was performed. The generalist and opportunist D. errans lives together with predators and parasitoids and takes part in a biological control of phytophagous insects in biocenoses. The life history of this bug species appeared to be very complex. The close association to plants has to be considered. Dicyphus errans offers a model system for further research on omnivorous predatory insects connected with hairy plants.
4

Untersuchungen zur Morphologie, Biologie und Ökologie der räuberischen Weichwanze Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae)

Voigt, Dagmar 08 November 2005 (has links)
Die paläarktische omnivore Weichwanze Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) zeichnet sich durch ein ausgesprochen breites Spektrum an besetzten Wirtspflanzen und konsumierten Beutetieren aus. Über 150 von D. errans akzeptierte Pflanzenarten sind erstmalig belegt worden. Der erfolgreiche Verzehr von 15 Beute-tierarten wurde quantitativ nachgewiesen. Eine weitere Besonderheit der Wanze besteht in der Präferenz für glandulär behaarte Pflanzen. Die Weichwanze besetzt somit von vielen anderen Insekten gemiedene Nischen. Untersuchungen im Botanischen Garten der Technischen Universität Dresden (2000 bis 2002) ließen auf eine bemerkenswerte räuberische Aktivität und Anpassungsfähigkeit an unterschiedliche Habitate, Beutetiere und Klimabedingungen schließen. Die fortführenden Studien im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation (2002 bis 2005) erbrachten umfassende Erkenntnisse über die Art D. errans im Hinblick auf deren Morphologie, Vermehrung und Haltung, Bionomie und Ökologie (Fekundität und Ontogenese in Abhängigkeit von ausgewählten Einflussfaktoren, Dormanz), Aufenthalt und Fortbewegung (räumliche Orientierung und strukturanalytische Studien zu den Interaktionen zwischen Wanze und Pflanzenoberflächen), den Nahrungserwerb (Verzehrleistung und Omnivorie) sowie Videodokumentationen der Lebensweise und des Verhaltens. Der Generalist und Opportunist D. errans integriert sich als Pflanzensaftsauger regulierendes Kompartiment neben echten Räubern und Parasitoiden in Biozönosen. Als omnivores Insekt übernimmt die Wanze eine intermediäre und supplementäre Position in Nahrungsnetzen. Die Lebensweise dieser Weichwanzenart erscheint sehr komplex. Die enge Assoziation mit Pflanzen tritt stark in den Vordergrund. Sie ist in jeglichen Betrachtungen von D. errans unbedingt zu berücksichtigen und bietet außerdem als ein Modellsystem ein spannendes Forschungsfeld im Hinblick auf die Adaptation partiell räuberisch lebender Insekten an behaarte Pflanzen. / The omnivorous mirid bug Dicyphus errans Wolff (Heteroptera, Miridae, Bryocorinae) lives on a wide range of host plants and feeds on various preys. Over 150 plant species accepted by the mirid bug have been identified. It was experimentally shown that 15 prey species are efficiently consumed. Another characteristical features of D. errans is that it preferes hairy plants. Thus, the mirid bug occupies unique niches avoided by many other insects. Investigations, carried out at the Botanical Garden of the Technical University of Dresden (2000-2002) gave evidence for a remarkable predatory activity and ability to adaptation to different habitats, preys and climate conditions. The studies presented in the dissertation (2002-2005) gave the comprehensive knowledge about the species D. errans, especially its morphology, rearing, bionomy and ecology (fecundity and ontogenesis depending on selected factors, dormancy), habitat preference and locomotion (spatial orientation and structural-analytical studies of the interactions between the bug and plant surfaces), foraging and food ingestion (predatory capacity and omnivory). In addition, video documentation of the modus vivendi and the behavior was performed. The generalist and opportunist D. errans lives together with predators and parasitoids and takes part in a biological control of phytophagous insects in biocenoses. The life history of this bug species appeared to be very complex. The close association to plants has to be considered. Dicyphus errans offers a model system for further research on omnivorous predatory insects connected with hairy plants.

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