A indústria de plástico tem reconhecido que novos materiais podem ser produzidos por meio da mistura de polímeros dando origem às chamadas blendas poliméricas. Estes materiais, em geral, apresentam uma melhoria das propriedades em relação às dos polímeros que formam a blenda. Freqüentemente, as blendas são produzidas a partir de polímeros imiscíveis, os quais apresentam fases, microestruturas ou morfologias diferentes. A melhoria da miscibilidade entre os componentes da blenda, o que leva a um melhor desempenho, denomina-se compatibilização. Esta compatibilização pode ser feita por meio de processos químicos ou utilizando radiação ionizante. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo central o estudo do efeito da radiação ionizante de feixe de elétrons na blenda polimérica formada por poliamida PA 6,6 e polietileno de baixa densidade PEBD na proporção, respectivamente, de 75%/25% em peso, quando esta é submetida a diferentes doses de radiação no intervalo entre 50 kGy e 250 kGy. O efeito da compatibilização, induzida pela radiação ionizante, foi avaliado por meio de ensaios mecânicos que mostraram uma melhoria nas suas propriedades de tração e dureza e pela diminuição da resistência ao impacto das amostras irradiadas. Este comportamento mecânico pode ser atribuído à ação combinada da reticulação induzida na estrutura molecular dos polímeros que formam a blenda e ao aumento da miscibilidade destes componentes na blenda irradiada. O grau de compatibilização induzido pela radiação ionizante foi avaliado determinando-se as temperaturas de transição vítrea (Tg) dos componentes da blenda por meio de análise dinâmico mecânica (DMA). Dos resultados obtidos constatou-se que os valores de Tg dos polímeros PA 6,6 e PEBD se aproximaram em 8ºC, indicando que a radiação ionizante produziu efeito de compatibilização na blenda irradiada. / The plastic industry has recognized that mixture of polymers, called polymeric blends, yields new materials with improve properties and better features of those of the polymer blended. In most of the cases, blends are formed by immiscible components presenting separated phases, micro-structures or morphologies. One of the main factors for good mechanical performance is the interfacial adhesion of the blend components. The improvement of miscibility between the polymer components and the enhancement of blend performance is denominated of compatibilization. This compatibilization can be achieved by chemical methods or using ionizing radiation. The present work has as a main objective the study of the effect of the ionizing radiation from electron beam in the compatibilization of the polyamide (PA) 6.6 and low density polyethylene (LDPE) 75%/25% wt blend, in the range of applied doses from 50 to 250 kGy. The compatibilization effect was evaluated by mechanical test, which has shown improvement in the tensile strength and hardness properties and a reduction of the impact resistant. This mechanical behavior can be considered as a combination effect of the cross-linking, induced in the molecular structure on the polymers, and the increase of the miscibility of the blend components. The degree of compatibilization was evaluated by the behavior of the glass transition temperatures (Tg) for the blend components obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements. The results have shown that the values of Tg for PA 6.6 and LDPE get near by 8oC, showing that the ionizing radiation have promoted a compatibilization effect on the irradiated blend.

Orientador: Watson Loh / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T14:51:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_EvandroJoseda_D.pdf: 11483730 bytes, checksum: 3a27a58fb8b0765831e47f169a14e5d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Quimica

Cellular membranes are important targets for many membrane-active peptides and drug compounds. Here we are interested in deciphering how lipid membranes are perturbed by several membrane-active molecules, including the transmembrane domain of the influenza M2 protein (M2TM), aggregates formed by a synthetic polyglutamine peptide, and three polyphenol compounds (i.e., tamoxifen, genistein, and verapamil). We employ phase-separated ternary lipid model membranes in the form of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) to simulate raft-like structures that have been proposed to govern many important processes in plasma membranes (e.g., intracellular singling and trafficking). Specifically, we use fluorescent microscopy to interrogate how those membrane additives modulate the phase behavior of free-standing GUVs, as well as the miscibility transition temperature (Tm). We find that M2TM increases Tm and causes vesicle budding; polyglutamine aggregates disrupt lipid membranes; and the three polyphenol compounds exert disparate effects on GUV Tm.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22114号 / 理博第4541号 / 新制||理||1652(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 寺西 利治, 教授 島川 祐一, 教授 若宮 淳志 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Thermoplastic blends of several biodegradable polymers with lignin (L) and lignin esters were prepared by solvent casting and melt processing. Among the biodegradable thermoplastics were cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV), and a starch-caprolactone blend (SCL). Lignin esters included acetate (LA), butyrate (LB), hexanoate (LH), and laurate (LL). Blend characteristics were analyzed in terms of thermal and mechanical properties. The results indicate widely different levels of interaction between two polymer constituents. Melt blended samples of CAB/LA and CAB/LB were compatible on a 15-30 nm scale when probed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and the glass transition temperatures of the blends followed Fox equation, whereas those of CAB/LH and CAB/LL showed distinct broad transitions on the same scale. Melt blending produced well dispersed phases whereas large phase separation evolved out of solvent castings. Crystallinity and melting points of PHB and PHBV were affected by the incorporation of lignin component, revealing some interaction between the blend constituents. Blends of SCL with L and LB revealed significant effect on crystallinity and melting temperatures of poly-caprolactone component, revealing polymer-polymer interaction between SCL and lignin components. An increased degree of crystallinity was observed in the case of higher-Tg L compared to lower Tg LB. Improvememt in modulus (and in some cases strength also) was observed in almost all blends types due to the glassy reinforcing behavior of lignin. / Master of Science

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19197号 / 農博第2136号 / 新制||農||1034(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4943(農学部図書室) / 32189 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 西尾 嘉之, 教授 木村 恒久, 教授 髙野 俊幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Applying sizing material (poly n-vinylpyrrolidone or PVP) around graphite fibers enhances the mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Understanding the influence of the interphase region between the carbon fiber and epoxy matrix is crucial in enhancing the performance of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite materials. In this work, simulated interphase regions, in the form of pure and modified epoxies were synthesized in the laboratory. Several characterization techniques were used to identify the properties of these modified epoxies. They were: 1) Tensile Tests: 2) Fracture Toughness Tests; 3) Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): 4) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (nSC); 5) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometry: and ()) Water Absorption. Young's modulus, yield stress, yield strain. ultimate tensile stress. ultimate tensile strain, tensile toughness, fracture toughness, and strain energy release rate were obtained from tensile and fracture tests. DSC and FTIR experiments were employed in this study to show the miscibility of PVP and epoxy resin. The pure and modified epoxy samples were immersed in water for about a month to determine their water absorptivity. Almost all epoxies remained unchanged in stiffness, with the exception of the sample 40 wt. % PVP. Only the pure epoxy and light PVP loading epoxies exhibited yield points. The ultimate properties worsened significantly with the increase of PVP loading. A decreasing trend was found in fracture toughness as PVP loading increased. All pure and modified epoxies exhibited sharp glass transition temperatures and the T_g's followed the Fox prediction. Downward frequencies shifting of carhonyl and hydroxyl groups were obtained from the PVP/epoxy blends by infrared study. This was believed to show evidence of hydrogen bond formation. All epoxy and modified epoxies were swollen in water absorption experiments. The samples reached equilibrium after about one month and water absorptivity was found to be a function of PVP content. These experiments sought to demonstrate the characteristics of the interphase region of the composites. / Master of Science

Over the past few decades, amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been of great interest to pharmaceutical scientists to address bioavailability issues associated with poorly water-soluble drugs. ASDs consist of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) that is typically dispersed in an inert polymeric matrix. Despite promising advantages, a major concern that has resulted in limited marketed formulations is the physical instability of these complex formulations. Physical instability is often manifested as phase heterogeneity, where the drug and carrier migrate and generate distinct phases, which can be a prelude to recrystallization. One important factor that dictates the physical stability of ASDs is the spatial distribution of API in the polymeric matrix. It is generally agreed that intimate mixing of the drug and polymer is necessary to achieve maximum stabilization, and thus understanding the factors controlling phase mixing and nano-domain structure of ASDs is crucial to rational formulation design. The focus of this thesis work is to better understand the factors involved in phase mixing on the nanometric level and get insights on the role of excipients on overall stabilization of these systems. The central hypothesis of this research is that an intimately mixed ASD will have better physical stability as compared to a partially homogeneous or a non-homogeneous system. Our approach is to probe and correlate phase homogeneity and intermolecular drug-excipient interactions to better understand the physical stability of ASDs primarily using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy and other solid-state characterization tools. A detailed investigation was carried out to understand the role of hydrogen bonding on compositional homogeneity on different model systems. A comprehensive characterization of ternary ASDs in terms of molecular interactions and physical stability was studied. Finally, long-term physical stability studies were conducted in order to understand the impact of different grades of a cellulosic polymer on phase homogeneity for two sets of samples prepared via different methods. Overall, through this research an attempt has been made to address some relevant questions pertaining to nano-phase heterogeneity in ASDs and provide a molecular level understanding of these complex systems to enable rational formulation design.