Japanese particles have been studied syntactically and semantically in connection with preceding words for constructing sentence, and studied in terms of predicate in connection with core meaning of the noun. However, the role of particles in the field of reading has not clearly been explained. This dissertation investigates the role of Japanese particles for L2 and L1 readers reading aloud through the following questions: (1) In what ways do L 2 and L1 Japanese readers miscue on particles? (2) Why do L2 and L1 Japanese readers elongate the phoneme of the particle? (3) How do L2 and L1 Japanese readers' eye movements show fixation points on particles? (4) How do L2 and L1's Japanese readers' miscues of particles relate to the L2 and L1 readers' eye movements? (5) How do L2 and L1 readers' fixation points on particles relate to elongation? (6) How do L2 and L1 Japanese readers' fixation points relate to miscues and elongation? Five L2 and four L1 readers read a Japanese story that included 121 particles. By looking at miscues, the results show the segmentation process using particles. This segmentation process minimizes the number of particle miscues. Substitution, omission, and insertion miscues occur in a complex manner because they are related to finding word boundaries. Elongation occurs as a process of prediction and confirmation for making sense. L2 readers use elongation with miscues more often than L1 readers. In eye movement research, L2 reader's miscues are more highly connected to eye fixation than are L1 readers' miscues. Eye fixation points and elongation are used for prediction and confirmation for making sense. However, L1 readers' miscues mainly consist of fixation without elongation. L2 readers use more particles while L1 readers use more flexible construction with the meaning of adjacent words playing an important role. Readers do not just fixate, but also elongate particles to get information. The result shows that readers use miscues on particles, elongation, and eye fixations as complex processes to construct a meaningful text.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-206). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Regis University, Denver, Colo., 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jul. 28, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Doctor of Philosophy / Curriculum and Instruction Programs / Marjorie R. Hancock / Collaborative Retrospective Miscue Analysis (CRMA) is a process where students participate in a small group discussion about their reading miscues, retellings, and thinking about reading. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the self-efficacy beliefs students hold about their reading skills and abilities while engaged in CRMA. The six sixth- grade students audio taped their reading of text and followed by conducting an unassisted retelling. Next, the researcher transcribed the tapes providing students with a transcription during CRMA sessions. Students held discussions with their peers and the researcher about their reading miscues and retellings revealing their thinking about their miscues and examining why they occurred. Data from the videotaped CRMA sessions, Burke Reading Interviews, Self-Efficacy in Reading Scales, CRMA journals, and teacher e-mail interviews were extensively analyzed. Findings revealed changes in each of the participants’ self-efficacy in reading from the beginning to the end of the study. Analysis of the CRMA transcripts showed students held conversations from six areas: 1) initial discussions focusing on numbers of miscues or reading flawlessly; 2) discussion about reading strategies; 3) discussion about making sense of text; 4) discussion about miscues that affected meaning and those that did not; 5) discussion centered on the elements of retelling, and; 6) discussion finding strengths in peers’ skills. In addition, the transcripts revealed students discussed vocabulary from the text to build meaning during reading. Qualitative methods were employed to analyze multiple sources of data allowing students’ reading skills to be studied and examined in detail and the self-efficacy in reading that surfaced during the process. Thick, rich portraits of each student were developed looking through the following lenses: 1) prior literacy assessment; 2) Burke Reading Interviews; 3) miscue analysis; 4) retellings; 5) observational viewing; 6) the teacher’s lens; and, 7) developing self- efficacy in reading. Finally, a holistic group portrait was unveiled. Students deserve to be engaged in social learning, especially during reading when they can discuss their experiences with text with peers. CRMA provides a respectful avenue for students to talk about their miscues, retellings, and reading behaviors and nurture and extend self-efficacy in the process.

Literacy educators hold different beliefs about the best approaches to teach students how to read and about the reading process including a skills view of reading and learning to read versus a transactional, sociopsycholinguistic view of reading and learning to read (Weaver, 2002). Reading for understanding is an important skill to develop in students to promote overall success (Keene, 2008). When orally reading, readers occasionally say something differently than what is printed—which is called a miscue. Goodman, Martens, and Flurkey (2014) defined a miscue as “any response during oral reading that differs from what a listener would expect to hear” (p. 5). The purpose of this study was to teach a small group of fourth grade readers a process called Collaborative Retrospective Miscue Analysis, or CRMA (Costello, 1996), to help readers learn how to notice and analyze miscues during oral reading through small group collaborative discussions about their miscues and understanding during reading. In this CRMA study, the students’ teachers viewed video recorded student small group reading sessions to understand how students changed over the course of 14 weeks. A reading survey called the BIMOR, or Burke Interview Modified for Older Readers (Goodman, Watson, & Burke, 2005) was used before and after the study and student and teacher CRMA sessions were video-recorded to study what students thought about themselves as readers and keep track of changing views about reading. In addition, students orally read two different texts to determine if there were any changes in readers’ miscues over time through the use of the Miscue Analysis In-Depth Procedure Coding Form (Goodman et al., 2005). This analysis allowed a deeper understanding of the readers’ usage of the three cueing systems during reading including the syntactic (grammar) system; the semantic (meaning) system; and the graphophonic (letters and sounds) system (Goodman & Marek, 1996). As a result of the CRMA process, three themes emerged from the analysis of the data collected. Readers moved to a more meaning-based orientation to reading although the CRMA study students still employed the use of other less emphasized reading strategies such as sounding it out, using a dictionary, and asking for help. Students developed more self-efficacy as readers as they became more confident and aware of their reading process as they participated in the CRMA student sessions. Finally, teachers revalued readers through observing their students as readers with strengths, effectively using problem-solving strategies during reading, and by noticing, “what the reader’s smart brain does during the reading process” (Goodman, Martens, & Flurkey, 2014, p. 29). Implications for both classroom instruction and teacher professional learning are explored as useful applications of Collaborative Retrospective Miscue Analysis in schools and classrooms to help readers move to a more meaning-based orientation to reading and to help readers become more self-efficacious and aware of their own reading process, as well as revaluing readers.

The purpose of this study was to explore and understand the emotional responses of selected high school readers when they engage in retrospective miscue analysis.Several data sets were collected through audio and video taping of interviews, readings, and individual and group sessions. Analysis of the data involved the use of In Depth procedure of miscue analysis to examine readers' meaning construction, grammatical patterns, and word substitution similarities. Results from the miscue analysis sessions were used to engage the students in retrospective miscue analysis (RMA). RMA consisted of engaging readers to reflect and evaluate the reading process and strategies by analyzing their miscues. Their emotional responses during the RMA sessions were examined and analyzed to describe patterns in readers' revalued voices. Martin and White's (2005) appraisal theory was used to analyze student's emotional responses. Appraisal theory is based on Halliday's systemic functional linguistic view of language.Research findings indicated that readers became adept at articulating their own strategies, fine tuned their own affective stance about reading and used what they know about miscues and reading to better themselves as readers. Their emotional responses towards reading also changed over time as students began to use linguistic resources to agree, disagree, critique, and position their listeners to their own assessments and adapted their own revalued voice about who they are as readers. Readers' miscues also showed that they began to focus more on making meaning, thus improving their reading.

The main purpose of this investigation was to analyze both quantitatively and qualitatively reader's oral reading miscues and the retellings of Venezuelan fourth graders in five Venezuelan dialect regions. The major question to be answered was: In what ways do Venezuelan children who speak variations of Spanish use their syntactic, semantic, graphophonic and pragmatic systems and their reading strategies (sampling, predicting, confirming, and correcting) in their process of meaning construction during oral reading? The answer to the major research question reveals that informants from the highlands: Merida and Trujillo are more proficient readers in their meaning construction. In the group of informants from the lowlands the percentages show that at least half of the subjects are similar to the most proficient readers from the highlands. The findings are supportive of a definition of reading as meaning construction. They were able to retell the events in an ordered sequence and to name and develop most of the characters in the story. There were no major dialect features differences between the five Venezuelan regions' informants. Most of the dialect features that children displayed in the oral reading were also present in reader's oral retellings. Among these groups of informants, their dialect can be considered as an unrelated factor to their reading proficiency.

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the effectiveness of two graduate teacher education programs in reading assessment, one group using the Reading Miscue Inventory and the other using one of its simplified forms, the Reading Appraisal Guide. The main question that is answered in this study is whether it is more effective for teachers to be given training in the Reading Miscue Inventory, or is training in the Reading Appraisal Guide sufficient to enable teachers to carry out competent assessments of children's reading ability? In the six months of the study's duration, different types of data were collected. These consisted of assessments of children's taped readings of a story by two groups of teachers before (the pretest) and after (the posttest) their respective training programs; anecdotal records of the teachers' views of the programs and the assessment instruments they were using, and observations of the teachers' reading assessments of children selected by them for their practicum. Quantitative analyses of the pretest and posttest were made; these were based on criteria drawn from the Reading Miscue Inventory manual and the investigator's own miscue analysis of the children's taped readings. They showed that the teachers trained in miscue analysis, as reflected in the Reading Miscue Inventory, were able to make significantly better assessments of children's reading ability than the teachers trained in the Reading Appraisal Guide. In addition to the quantitative analysis, written and oral statements made by the teachers during the pretest, posttest and training programs were subjected to qualitative analysis and comparisons. These indicated that both groups' programs had strengthened the teachers' adherence to the Goodman model of reading, but those trained in the use of the Reading Miscue Inventory developed more effective assessment abilities and were more approving of the instruments they used, than were those trained in the use of the Reading Appraisal Guide. It was concluded that the Reading Miscue Inventory is an appropriate assessment instrument for use in college graduate reading programs. It proved complex and time-consuming to use, but at the same time it enabled teachers to make more accurate, in-depth assessments of children's reading than did the Reading Appraisal Guide. The latter was found to have some serious drawbacks, mostly arising from attempts to make it quicker and easier to use.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-189). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-189). Also available on the Internet.