This master thesis deals with the teaching of pronunciation in primary schools in the Czech Republic. The theoretical thesis explains the importance of pronunciation, of phonetics and of phonology, because of achieving communication skills. It explains terms, that are related with pronunciation, describes phenomena in the German phonetic system, that are difficult for Czechs, and discusses methods of teaching German pronunciation in the context of primary school. It also points out that the inclusion of teaching German pronunciation is insufficient in RVP and very diverse in the school educational plans. The practical part of the thesis introduces three textbook files and analyses the degree of the inclusion of pronunciation in their concepts. Afterwards, it shows research that took place in five classes in primary school. It conducts observations and interviews with teachers in this research. The mastery of the very difficult German sounds by the pupils was found out. Finally, the results of the research in all classes are compared. The results of the research show that there is some connection between the teacher's teaching skills and the pupil's pronunciation skills. However, pupils don't manage the pronunciation of German sounds after two years of learning German. KEYWORDS German as a foreign...

This thesis deals with accounting and reporting of selected operations in Equity. The object of interest are three balance sheet items: Reserve fund, Advance for a profit share and Other profit and loss of previous years. The theoretical part is focused on general characteristic of Equity, its basic items and structure of related Financial statements. The indispensable component of this part is also more detailed specification of these three items. Attention is mainly focused to the payments and settlement of advances for a profit share, or accounting view corrections of mistakes from previous years and changes in accounting methods. The practical part is focused on an analysis of the annual reports of the capital companies in 2013-2015. The result is the evaluation of the frequency of occurrence, the use and justification of the analysed items in the annual reports of the companies.

Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a vital component to the security ecosystem and the most popular security protocol used on the Internet today. Despite the strengths of the protocol, numerous vulnerabilities result from its improper use in practice. Some of these vulnerabilities arise from weaknesses in authentication, from the rigidity of the trusted authority system to the complexities of client certificates. Others result from the misuse of TLS by developers, who misuse complicated TLS libraries, improperly validate server certificates, employ outdated cipher suites, or deploy other features insecurely. To make matters worse, system administrators and users are powerless to fix these issues, and lack the ability to properly control how their own machines communicate securely online. In this dissertation we argue that the problems described are the result of an improper placement of security responsibilities. We show that by placing TLS services in the operating system, both new and existing applications can be automatically secured, developers can easily use TLS without intimate knowledge of security, and security settings can be controlled by administrators. This is demonstrated through three explorations that provide TLS features through the operating system. First, we describe and assess TrustBase, a service that repairs and strengthens certificate-based authentication for TLS connections. TrustBase uses traffic interception and a policy engine to provide administrators fine-tuned control over the trust decisions made by all applications on their systems. Second, we introduce and evaluate the Secure Socket API (SSA), which provides TLS as an operating system service through the native POSIX socket API. The SSA enables developers to use modern TLS securely, with as little as one line of code, and also allows custom tailoring of security settings by administrators. Finally, we further explore a modern approach to TLS client authentication, leveraging the operating system to provide a generic platform for strong authentication that supports easy deployment of client authentication features and protects user privacy. We conclude with a discussion of the reasons for the success of our efforts, and note avenues for future work that leverage the principles exhibited in this work, both in and beyond TLS.

This study investigates spelling errors among Swedish students of English. The purpose of this research is to develop a better understanding of the causes of spelling errors and to investigate whether there are any differences between program orientation and gender. The participants are English A students from Swedish high schools in year 1. The data analysed in this study consists of essays written by the participants which have been gathered into the Uppsala Learner English Corpus (ULEC). The results showed that the academic program has a lower error rate when compared to the vocational program and that female students display a lower error frequency than male students. These results reflect the same pattern found by previous studies on achievement between the programs and across gender. However, when comparing all variables, both gender and program, the results demonstrate that academic male students had the lowest error rate of all groups, which could partially be explained by the fact that the academic male students have a higher level of engagement with video- and online games when compared to the other groups. The language processes that the participants found the most challenging were letter omission, letter insertion and letter substitution. These results follow the same pattern highlighted in previous studies on spelling among both native speakers and learners. Finally, the exchange between the vowels <a>, <e> and <i> was found to be a frequent error among the students. Experiencing difficulties with the correct usage of vowels can be explained as a transfer error.

Name of the thesis is "Effects of the Teaching Czech as a Second Language" and in its first part presents theoretical introduction to the field of study, empirical researches of student's productive skills (Czech as a foreign language) follow (speaking, writing). First part is focused on theoretical knowledges of second language acquisition, options and approaches to exploration of language's errors and approach and viewing of errors and mistakes in general, especially in foreign researches and literature. Bigger attention is paid to selected analyzes, those are basic instruments for making of practical part of the thesis. It is especially error analysis (EA) and analysis of fluency and accuracy. Because the thesis's topic is concerned to effects of teaching and affecting factors, there are defined terms of pedagogy and psychology in theoretical part. In practical part there is presented empirical execution of mentioned analyzes, its comparison, evaluation and making conclusions in relation to appointed variables, or rather determinants, which enter the education process. Beside these instruments the research uses questionnaires and evaluation sheets for (self)reflection of student and lecturer. The aim of the thesis firstly is mapping of student's interlanguage progress thanks to case study, and...

This diploma work completely deals with problems of the evaluation by a teacher. In the introductory part there are described specifics of the school evaluation, its importance and sense. There is also mentioned a survey of many types, functions of the evaluation and methods, which are mostly being used for the pupils{\crq} evaluation at school. It also discusses an influence of the evaluation on the pupil. It summarizes principles and processes of the pupils{\crq} evaluation, which are established and obligatory for schools in the Czech Republic. It analyzes the problems of basic forms of the evaluation, which are mostly being used at our schools; those are the word evaluation and the classification by marks; and it also describes the portfolio that is a new alternative form of the evaluation. It concentrates on important aspects of pupil{\crq} evaluations, principles, those are important to know and they must be observed. It devotes to an importance of positive and negative evaluations and also to a smart question of the evaluation objectivity. It refers to mistakes which are important to avoid. It points out the importance of individual approach to pupils, especially to pupils with specific learning difficulties. It analyzes the evaluation problems of the pupils with learning disability and it refers to the mistakes that are necessary to remember in the evaluation of pupils with specific learning difficulties.

The graduation thesis is focused above analysis of Legal Entity Income Tax and include new trends aplicated in the Czech Tax Administration. First there is described tax audit general procedure, including operations that are necesarry to do before of initiation of tax audit. Next there is carried out of tax audit till its finishing. After I try to meet readers with implementation of new audit instruments used in tax audit. In the practical part of my thesis there are the most frequent tax frauds and mistakes, from those I aimed for analysis for the problem of the rectyfiing items to claims of course all this operations are carried out with e-audit instruments, especially with analytic software IDEA.

This dissertation focuses on the analysis of simultaneous interpreting from Czech into the Czech Sign Language and on mistakes which occur during this process. The terminology the author uses to describe the mistakes is derived from the taxonomy of D. Cokely (1985). Cokely's five types of mistakes in interpreting to a sign language (omissions, additions, substitutions, intrusions and anomalies), including their subtypes were also identified in the analysed texts. The work is based on the analysis of mistakes in the interpreted text, which has confirmed the hypothesis of the thesis stating that the use of free interpreting by Czech Sign Language interpreters is only marginal. The interpreters did not reflect pragmatic aspects of dialogue in an appropriate way and they did not use unique language features of the sign language either. They also heavily relied on the Deaf recipients' knowledge of the majority language. In other parts of the work the author pays attention to other specificities of mistakes made during interpreting into the sign language. These are for example sign deformation, mouth movement during the production of a sign, use of a sign in a context etc. She also focuses on an undesirable "accent", the important elements of which are sign placement, the choice of the sign, rhythm,...

Η “καθιερωμένη θεώρηση για την πράξη”, όντας δεσμευμένη σε ένα ευρύτερο νατουραλιστικό μοντέλο, κατανοεί την πράξη ως “επιμέρους συμβάν”, το οποίο προκαλείται αιτιακά από συγκεκριμένες νοητικές καταστάσεις. Σ’ αυτό το πλαίσιο, η αιτιακή επίδραση της πρόθεσης υπάγεται στο σύνηθες χιουμιανό μοντέλο της αιτιότητας μεταξύ συμβάντων. Ωστόσο, η εν λόγω θεώρηση αποτυγχάνει ουσιωδώς να ερμηνεύσει τις πράξεις στην εξέλιξή τους, πριν δηλαδή να διαμορφωθεί το απαιτούμενο (από το χιουμιανό μοντέλο) εξατομικευμένο συμβάν. Το γεγονός αυτό έχει ευρύτερες επιπτώσεις για τον τρόπο με τον οποίο αντιλαμβάνεται η εν λόγω προσέγγιση τόσο την έννοια της πρόθεσης, όσο και κατ’ επέκταση το ρόλο του δρώντος. Στην παρούσα εργασία και με αφορμή κυρίως πρόσφατες εργασίες από τους Hornsby και Crowther, επιχειρηματολογώ σχετικά με το ότι μπορούμε να υιοθετήσουμε μια εναλλακτική προσέγγιση, τόσο για την οντολογία της πράξης, όσο και για την πρόθεση, η οποία δίνει ικανοποιητικότερες απαντήσεις στις ανωτέρω προκλήσεις. Κεντρική θέση στα πλαίσια αυτής της προσέγγισης είναι η αναγνώριση της “δραστηριότητας” ως συγκροτησιακού στοιχείου της πράξης, κατά τη διάρκεια της οποίας η αιτιακή συμβολή του δρώντος παραμένει συνεχής, σε συμφωνία με μια αριστοτελικού τύπου προσέγγιση της αιτιότητας. Όι παραδοχές αυτές οδηγούν σε μια θεώρηση της πρόθεσης ως καθοδηγητικής της πράξης καθόλη τη διάρκεια εξέλιξής της. / The “standard story of action” being committed to a broader naturalistic model, understands action as a “particular event”, which is caused by certain mental states. In this context, the causal efficacy of intention is covered by the standard humean model of causality between events. Nevertheless, the story in question substantially fails to give an account for actions as they develop, that is, before the required (by the humean model) individuated event has been formed. That fact has broader effects on the way that the approach in question understands the concept of intention, and ultimately the role of the agent. In this thesis, following mainly on recent papers by Hornsby and Crowther, I argue that we can endorse an alternate approach regarding the ontology of action, as well as intention, that gives more adequate answers to the challenges mentioned above. The main thesis in this context is to recognize “activity” as a constitutional element of action, during which the causal efficacy of the agent remains ongoing, in accordance with an aristotelian type of approach to causality. These commitments result in recognizing intention as guiding action throughout the whole of its development.

Language adaptation of foreigners is always accompanied by a number of problems connected to the acquisition and the use of the language which becomes the primary communicative tool in the new environment. Ignoring and underestimating these problems typical of a particular language community can result in a failure to master the target language and consequently in the unsuccessful integration in the new society. This thesis is aimed at specific problems in the area of morphosyntax and phonetics, characteristic of Russian-speaking students of Czech. At the same time, it warns about the danger of overestimating positive transfer from Russian and emphasizes the necessity of using special didactic approach in teaching this group of foreign-language speakers. The analysis of the chosen language phenomena is based on the data from the Database of the voice recordings of spoken Czech by native speakers of Russian and the Database of language mistakes in Czech made by speakers whose native language is another Slavic language, which were created, among others, for the purpose of this thesis. The attention is specifically focused on the use of the reflexive se/si, forms of the auxiliary verb to be in the past tense, short forms of personal pronouns in spoken and written production of Russian-speaking...