<p>The main aim of this paper was to find out if and how teachers in upper secondary school use oral feedback when they correct their students' oral mistakes. I also wanted to find out which approach the teachers find most useful and if they use different approaches depending on the error made by the student.</p><p>I have found that the majority of the teachers find oral feedback as an important tool to help students achieve a higher proficiency in a second and foreign language. My results also show that feedback is most often used when the student makes errors regarding content and pronunciation. Most of my respondents are aware of the necessity of applying different feedback approaches to different errors made by the students. My investigation shows that teachers chose to give feedback on different occasions, both directly, but more commonly, indirectly, to a single student or later on to a full class. Most teachers also prefer a mix of feedback approaches depending on the specific student and situation.</p><p>My intention with this study has also been to determine what factors influence the students' uptake. My respondents have, among several factors, stressed the importance of comfortable learning situations, students' personal interest and size of group.</p>

The use of instructional technology has opened up new avenues in education with broad implications in the foreign or additional language (L2) learning context. One of the research priorities is to explore student perceptions of the use of such modern means in their education which otherwise might not be anticipated. The present study aimed to determine (a) the perceived affordances as well as limitations of the information and communication technology (ICT) pedagogical application in coded corrective feedback (e-feedback) provision on L2 writing, (b) English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ perspectives on using e-feedback to reduce their local and global mistakes, and (c) the type of self-regulated learning (SRL) behaviours, according to EFL students’ self-reports, electronic feedback and learning logs called forth in cognitive, affective, and metacognitive domains. The participants (n=48) were high-intermediate to advanced EFL learners from four cohorts enrolled on an International English Language Testing System (IELTS) preparation course in a branch of the Institute of Science and Technology in Tehran. Each cohort went through 84 face-to-face tutorial sessions in four months. During this period, they also wrote essays and received e-feedback on 12 IELTS Writing Task 2 prompts with a minimum of drafting work three times for each on an e-learning platform (www.ekbatani.ir) specially designed for this study. The data from all four cohorts were collected over the course of 11 months, using semi-structured interviews, online structured and unstructured learning logs, and an open-ended questionnaire to provide an in-depth picture of student perceptions of this technology mediation. Through a purely qualitative research design, the log, interview, and open-ended questionnaire data were analysed, categorised and coded. The findings represented students’ perceptions of the benefits of the e-feedback and learning logs as (i) offering a motivating and empowering means of providing EFL writing support, (ii) enhancing the thinking and problem-solving processes, (iii) a flexible and fast scaffolding approach for L2 writing improvement, and (iv) encouraging student writers’ active knowledge construction by helping them notice mistakes, focus on writing specifics, overcome the fear of writing, and grow confidence in L2 learning. The self-reported data indicated perceived limitations including (i) the time-consuming nature of the e-feedback processes, (ii) the occasional need for face-to-face discussions, peer feedback addition, providing supplements to e-feedback such as on-demand e-tutorials, and (iii) increased workload for the teacher in proportion to the number of students. Specific writing improvement was perceived to be locally in the use of punctuation signs and grammar, in spelling skills and the scope of vocabulary; and globally in organising ideas, finding ideas in the form of blueprints, and developing ideas into full-length essays. The student perceptions demonstrated that the learner-centred e-feedback environment created different affordances for students’ cognitive, affective, and metacognitive behaviours: (i) cognitively, it assisted the use and development of various learning strategies, enhanced student EFL writing experience, and increased awareness of error patterns in their essays; (ii) affectively, it supported students’ motivational processes, ability to appraise their progress, restore, and sustain positivity, and greater perceived self-efficacy beliefs in their own L2 writing skills; finally, (iii) metacognitive affordances included the ability to rethink and amend their plans as well as seek out support, ability to reflect on the writing processes holistically, ability to self-monitor to remain on course, and ability to devise and implement a plan of action mostly by finding a strategy to deal with mistakes and by taking greater caution in writing their future drafts. Despite arising from a particular contextual framework with the experience of particular cohorts of students, the findings can hopefully be of value to researchers and practitioners in the fields of online language pedagogy, second language acquisition (SLA), EFL writing, and computer-assisted language learning (CALL) with communication uses. The findings can assist language courseware designers, e-feedback platform developers, and L2 writing course administrators to support and enhance their practices and decisions, especially in providing and implementing ICT and SRL initiatives in EFL writing.

<p>Stavning handlar ej enbart om att stava rätt! Att lära sig stava kan vara en hjälp i en individs läs- och skrivutveckling. Genom att lära sig stava kan det bli lättare att lära sig läsa, samtidigt som läsningen kan bidra till att lära sig stava. Genom att skriva kan en elev lära sig stava bättre samtidigt som goda stavningskunskaper kan skapa en känsla av trygghet och säkerhet i skriftspråket som gör att han/hon vill skriva. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på när, hur och varför lärare arbetar med stavning i de tidiga skolåren och att skapa en överblick över olika synsätt på stavning samt hur dessa kan påverka undervisningen. Studien tar upp stavning ur olika perspektiv, från det teoretiska till det praktiska samt hur elever uppfattar stavning. Studien har en tvärsnittsdesign med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa inslag. Datainsamlingsmetoder som använts har bestått av intervjuer, enkätförfrågningar samt dokumentstudier. Studien har visat att synen på stavning delvis har förändrats de senaste decennierna. Gemensamt för lärare och elever är att det är viktigt att kunna stava rätt. Skillnader mellan lärarna framkom genom att de har olika syn på hur den bästa vägen till korrekt stavning går. Trots dessa skillnader har eleverna väldigt lika uppfattningar i synen på stavning. Dessutom har studien visat ett samband mellan lärares arbetssätt, deras respektive lärarutbildning och styrdokumenten för grundskolan. Synen på stavning har förändrats både inom styrdokument samt lärarutbildning. Gemensamt för lärarna är att de verkar behålla grunden de får med sig från sin utbildning. Äldre lärare fick enligt vår studie lära sig mer om metoder för stavning medan detta uteblivit hos de yngre lärarna. I studien har också berörts vilka konsekvenser lärares olika syn på hur de bäst lär elever stava kan få för det praktiska arbetet och eleverna. Nyckelord stavning, stavningsutveckling, stavfel, stavningsundervisning, läs- och skrivutveckling, läsning, skrivning, styrdokument, lärarutbildning, elevers tankar</p><p>Spelling involves more than spelling correctly! Learning to spell could be useful for an individual’s reading and writing development. The ability to spell could facilitate learning to read, as well as reading could facilitate learning to spell. By writing children become better spellers, at the same time as good spelling ability can create a feeling of confidence in written language that impels children’s will to write. The purpose with our study is to investigate when, how and why teachers work with spelling in the early grades. Different views on spelling and how these can effect the teaching are also examined. Our study includes spelling in different perspectives, from the theoretical to the practical and also pupils’ thoughts on spelling. The study has a cross-sectional design with both qualitative and quantitative parts. The methods that have been used are interviews, questionnaire and document studies. The study has shown that the views on spelling have changed the last decades. The ability to spell correctly is considered to be important by both teachers and pupils. The teachers have different views on what the best way of learning correct spelling looks like. Despite these differences their pupils share common views. This study has also shown a connection between ways of teaching, different periods within the Swedish teachers’ education system and curriculum standards for compulsory grades. The views on spelling have changed both within curriculum standards and teachers education. The teachers seem to keep the foundation from their education. The older teachers learned, according to our study, more teaching methods in relation to spelling while this was not the case regarding the younger teachers. This study has also shown what consequences different views on spelling and teaching techniques may lead to when learning pupils to spell. Keywords spelling, spelling development, spelling mistakes, teaching spelling, reading and writing development, reading, writing, curriculum standards, teacher education, pupils’ thoughts</p>

Stavning handlar ej enbart om att stava rätt! Att lära sig stava kan vara en hjälp i en individs läs- och skrivutveckling. Genom att lära sig stava kan det bli lättare att lära sig läsa, samtidigt som läsningen kan bidra till att lära sig stava. Genom att skriva kan en elev lära sig stava bättre samtidigt som goda stavningskunskaper kan skapa en känsla av trygghet och säkerhet i skriftspråket som gör att han/hon vill skriva. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på när, hur och varför lärare arbetar med stavning i de tidiga skolåren och att skapa en överblick över olika synsätt på stavning samt hur dessa kan påverka undervisningen. Studien tar upp stavning ur olika perspektiv, från det teoretiska till det praktiska samt hur elever uppfattar stavning. Studien har en tvärsnittsdesign med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa inslag. Datainsamlingsmetoder som använts har bestått av intervjuer, enkätförfrågningar samt dokumentstudier. Studien har visat att synen på stavning delvis har förändrats de senaste decennierna. Gemensamt för lärare och elever är att det är viktigt att kunna stava rätt. Skillnader mellan lärarna framkom genom att de har olika syn på hur den bästa vägen till korrekt stavning går. Trots dessa skillnader har eleverna väldigt lika uppfattningar i synen på stavning. Dessutom har studien visat ett samband mellan lärares arbetssätt, deras respektive lärarutbildning och styrdokumenten för grundskolan. Synen på stavning har förändrats både inom styrdokument samt lärarutbildning. Gemensamt för lärarna är att de verkar behålla grunden de får med sig från sin utbildning. Äldre lärare fick enligt vår studie lära sig mer om metoder för stavning medan detta uteblivit hos de yngre lärarna. I studien har också berörts vilka konsekvenser lärares olika syn på hur de bäst lär elever stava kan få för det praktiska arbetet och eleverna. Nyckelord stavning, stavningsutveckling, stavfel, stavningsundervisning, läs- och skrivutveckling, läsning, skrivning, styrdokument, lärarutbildning, elevers tankar Spelling involves more than spelling correctly! Learning to spell could be useful for an individual’s reading and writing development. The ability to spell could facilitate learning to read, as well as reading could facilitate learning to spell. By writing children become better spellers, at the same time as good spelling ability can create a feeling of confidence in written language that impels children’s will to write. The purpose with our study is to investigate when, how and why teachers work with spelling in the early grades. Different views on spelling and how these can effect the teaching are also examined. Our study includes spelling in different perspectives, from the theoretical to the practical and also pupils’ thoughts on spelling. The study has a cross-sectional design with both qualitative and quantitative parts. The methods that have been used are interviews, questionnaire and document studies. The study has shown that the views on spelling have changed the last decades. The ability to spell correctly is considered to be important by both teachers and pupils. The teachers have different views on what the best way of learning correct spelling looks like. Despite these differences their pupils share common views. This study has also shown a connection between ways of teaching, different periods within the Swedish teachers’ education system and curriculum standards for compulsory grades. The views on spelling have changed both within curriculum standards and teachers education. The teachers seem to keep the foundation from their education. The older teachers learned, according to our study, more teaching methods in relation to spelling while this was not the case regarding the younger teachers. This study has also shown what consequences different views on spelling and teaching techniques may lead to when learning pupils to spell. Keywords spelling, spelling development, spelling mistakes, teaching spelling, reading and writing development, reading, writing, curriculum standards, teacher education, pupils’ thoughts

This diploma thesis deals with grammatical structures expressing future, which are presented in series of English language textbooks. This thesis is divided into two parts a theoretical and an empirical one. Emphasis is given on the empirical part. There is defined grammar and particular types of grammar are also described in theoretical part. There is focus especially on the linguistic and pedagogical grammar. Particular attention is paid to the conception of grammatical structures expressing future which is presented in the linguistic and pedagogical grammars. This part functions as theoretical basis for empirical part. The objective of the empirical part is to present research of chosen series of English language textbooks. The heart of the empirical part comprises an in-depth analysis and comparative study of grammatical structures expressing future which are presented in chosen series of English language textbooks. The aim of the analysis and comparison is to find out, which grammatical structures expressing future are presented in the series, what order they are presented in, what thematic context they are presented in, if there is paid attention to typical mistakes in these structures in the series, if the conception of grammatical structures expressing future which is presented in the linguistic grammars matches the presentation of these structures in the series. The aim is also to find out whether there are presented the same grammatical structures expressing future in similar orders and analogous thematic contexts in the chosen series of textbooks.

PINHEIRO, Marilene Barbosa. O domínio da ortografia por alunos oriundos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos. 2005. 131 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2005. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-22T12:44:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_DIS_MPINHEIRO.pdf: 1075624 bytes, checksum: 3e0f82728f7ae7bce0d0ddd3002bc0bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-11-14T13:03:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_DIS_MPINHEIRO.pdf: 1075624 bytes, checksum: 3e0f82728f7ae7bce0d0ddd3002bc0bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-14T13:03:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_DIS_MPINHEIRO.pdf: 1075624 bytes, checksum: 3e0f82728f7ae7bce0d0ddd3002bc0bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Winning the challenge of registering everything that is said using graphic characters is the ideal of most youngsters and adults who, never having studied before, go to school in order to be capable of reading and writing. For those who entered at school when they are children and get out before to conclude their studies, the challenge is conventional written, indispensable recourse to their effective participation as citizens of lettered world. Nevertheless, the challenge is not just about the register. It is necessary to write orthographically. In this paper, it was analyzed texts of 11 students come from of Youngsters and Adults Education, whit the objective of analyzing factors of support in oral speech and the infrequency of reading as conditioning of their orthographic difficulties. Also, it was sought to find categories of deflection different of those found by many authors in children written, further to verify if adults succeed in verbalize the knowledgements acquired about orthographic standard. It was detected were distributed in categories: competing letters (40,5%), support in oral speech (23,6%), suppression of letters (8,1%), exchange of consonant voiceless/ voiced (7,1%), unsuited junction (4,7%), addition of letters and generalized use (4,3%), improper segmentation (3,2%), inversion of letters (0,8%) and others (3%). These categories are similar to the ones found in the texts of children and competing letters took the first place in number of occurrence followed by support in oral speech (23,6%). Of 11 students, 06 (54,5%) succeed verbalize knowledgements about orthography and 45% of them do not have constant practice in reading, that is believed, it does not favour a letter orthographic improve. Besides that, the research showed that, even students who make many deflections, succeed in express in a verbal way the infringed standard and correct themselves / Vencer o desafio de registrar tudo o que se diz utilizando caracteres gráficos é o ideal da maioria dos jovens e adultos que, por nunca terem estudado, ingressam na escola para aprender a ler e escrever. Para aqueles que ingressaram quando criança na escola e dela saíram antes de concluir os estudos, o desafio passa a ser, prioritariamente, aprender a escrita convencional, recurso indispensável para sua participação efetiva como cidadão do mundo letrado. Todavia, o desafio não se limita ao registro apenas. Há que se escrever ortograficamente. Neste trabalho, analisaram-se textos de 11 alunos oriundos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos com o objetivo de analisar os fatores apoio na fala e infreqüência de leitura como condicionantes de suas dificuldades ortográficas. Buscou-se, também, descobrir categorias de desvios diferentes das encontradas por diversos autores nos escritos de crianças, além de averiguar se os adultos conseguiam verbalizar os conhecimentos adquiridos sobre normas ortográficas. Detectaram-se 744 desvios ortográficos que, após analisados, distribuíram-se nas categorias letras concorrentes (40.5%), apoio na fala (23.6%), supressão de letras (8.1%), troca de consoante surda/sonora (7.1%), junção inadequada (4.7%), acréscimo de letras e uso generalizado (4.3%), segmentação imprópria (3.2%), inversão de letras (0.8%) e outros (3%). Tais categorias são semelhantes às encontradas nos textos infantis e letras concorrentes (40.5%) ocupou o 1° lugar em número de ocorrências seguida da apoio na fala (23.6%). Dos 11 alunos, 06 (54.5%) conseguiram verbalizar os conhecimentos que possuíam sobre ortografia e 05 (45%) deles não praticam constantemente a leitura, o que, acredita-se, não favorece um melhor rendimento ortográfico. Além disso, a pesquisa evidenciou que, mesmo alunos que cometem muitos desvios ortográficos, conseguem expressar verbalmente a norma infringida e se autocorrigem

ABSTRACT This thesis will examine the feedback a teacher provides to a pupil during a regular daily interaction in English language teaching. This interaction has traditionally a three-phase structure called IRE (initiation, response and evaluation) or IRF, where F is a general follow-up, originally feedback. Traditionally, the third phase had evaluation function, but as it turns out, during the natural interaction between the teacher and the pupils in the classroom when the teacher focuses on the development of communication skills and when such interaction is more like an everyday conversation, this third stage has a different function, which is called discoursal by some authors. Such a feedback is very similar to the reaction heard by the speakers in everyday interaction outside classroom. The purpose is that the teacher tries to include pupils' responses to the discourse and not only correct and evaluate them. The teacher responds to students' answers with interest, some personal note, etc. This thesis will explore techniques that teachers in selected schools use to provide feedback in spoken language, it will examine whether the feedback is of evaluative or discoursal nature and what each type of feedback depends on. The aim of this thesis is to determine which type of feedback or which techniques are showing to be most beneficial for the development of effective communication for students.

Uppsatsen ämnar undersöka det interna hotet inom organisationer som medförs av mänskliga misstag och ovarsamhet hos anställda. Syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera orsaker bakom misstagen och ovarsamheten, redogöra för några konsekvenser av det och även undersöka hur utformningen och arbetet med IT-regler, som är regler och riktlinjer för IT-säkerhetsarbete, bör utföras för att minimera misstag och ovarsamhet. Till det har en undersökning av tidigare litteratur och en kvalitativ datainsamling gjorts, den kvalitativa undersökningen innefattade intervjuer med ett E-handelsföretag, ett IT-konsultföretag samt en IT-säkerhetskonsult. Teori och insamlad data har analyserats och genererat ett antal förslag, där bland annat ett anpassat språkbruk och kategorisering av IT-regler men även kontinuerlig utbildning av anställda förespråkas för att förebygga anställdas misstag och ovarsamhet. Därigenom förebyggs det interna hotet. Uppsatsens framförda förslag kan användas av alla typer av företag som vill förbättra sin IT-säkerhet genom att förebygga det interna hotet som orsakas av de anställda. / The study aims to investigate the internal threat within organizations caused by human mistakes and negligence amongst employees. The purpose of this paper is to identify reasons for the mistakes and the negligence, describe some of the consequences and also investigate how the design of and work with IT policies, which is a set of rules and guidelines for IT security work, should be performed to minimize mistakes and negligence. A survey of previous literature has been conducted and a qualitative data collection has been made. The qualitative data collection included interviews with an e-commerce company, an IT consulting company and an IT security consultant. Previous literature and collected data have been analysed which resulted in a set of suggestions, for instance that customized language usage and categorization of IT policies, together with continuous training of employees is advocated to help prevent employees' mistakes and negligence. Thereby minimizing the internal threat. Any type of company that wants to improve its IT security by preventing the internal threat caused by its employees will benefit from these suggestions.

[pt] O presente trabalho teve como objetivo colocar em discussão a polêmica sobre a educação de fraca formação moral das jovens da baixa burguesia portuguesa. A criação de expectativas romanescas, provocadas por leituras ultra-românticas, segundo o intelectual e escritor Eça de Queirós, levaram as mulheres a tentar representar na vida as situações de amores ilegítimos e exacerbadamente idealistas que viam romanticamente descritas, nos romances lidos. Para analisar essa premissa, apontada por Eça de Queirós, selecionamos a obra O primo Basílio, na qual o autor defende essa tese através da criação de diferentes personagens e situações. Considerando a importância de seus textos ficcionais e não-ficcionais, por conta da constante tematização dos vários aspectos culturais que mantinham Portugal aquém da modernidade do século XIX, buscamos respaldar o presente estudo abordando, também, parte de sua produção intelectual, como as experiências do autor como escritor, como jornalista e sua correspondência com intelectuais da época. / [en] The present study aims at establishing a relation between the precarious education and the weak moral formation of the 19th century Portuguese ladies from the lower bourgeoisie. According to the writer and intellectual Eça de Queirós, the creation of romantic expectations influenced by the ultra-romantic novels led these women and heroines to try to represent in their lives the situations of illegitimate and extremely idealistic love affairs romantically described in the novels they read. In order to premise Eça de Queirós argument, his novel O primo Basílio was selected for this study as it establishes this communication through the creation of different characters and situations. Considering the importance of his fictional and not fictional works due to the constant studies of various moral and pedagogical aspects which kept Portugal far off from the modernity of the 19th century, the present study also considers part of the intellectual production of the author, his experiences both as a writer and journalist and his correspondence with intellectuals of his time about the topics mentioned above.

The main aim of this paper was to find out if and how teachers in upper secondary school use oral feedback when they correct their students' oral mistakes. I also wanted to find out which approach the teachers find most useful and if they use different approaches depending on the error made by the student. I have found that the majority of the teachers find oral feedback as an important tool to help students achieve a higher proficiency in a second and foreign language. My results also show that feedback is most often used when the student makes errors regarding content and pronunciation. Most of my respondents are aware of the necessity of applying different feedback approaches to different errors made by the students. My investigation shows that teachers chose to give feedback on different occasions, both directly, but more commonly, indirectly, to a single student or later on to a full class. Most teachers also prefer a mix of feedback approaches depending on the specific student and situation. My intention with this study has also been to determine what factors influence the students' uptake. My respondents have, among several factors, stressed the importance of comfortable learning situations, students' personal interest and size of group.