FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Vencer o desafio de registrar tudo o que se diz utilizando caracteres grÃficos à o ideal da maioria dos jovens e adultos que, por nunca terem estudado, ingressam na escola para aprender a ler e escrever. Para aqueles que ingressaram quando crianÃa na escola e dela saÃram antes de concluir os estudos, o desafio passa a ser, prioritariamente, aprender a escrita convencional, recurso indispensÃvel para sua participaÃÃo efetiva como cidadÃo do mundo letrado. Todavia, o desafio nÃo se limita ao registro apenas. Hà que se escrever ortograficamente. Neste trabalho, analisaram-se textos de 11 alunos oriundos da EducaÃÃo de Jovens e Adultos com o objetivo de analisar os fatores apoio na fala e infreqÃÃncia de leitura como condicionantes de suas dificuldades ortogrÃficas. Buscou-se, tambÃm, descobrir categorias de desvios diferentes das encontradas por diversos autores nos escritos de crianÃas, alÃm de averiguar se os adultos conseguiam verbalizar os conhecimentos adquiridos sobre normas ortogrÃficas. Detectaram-se 744 desvios ortogrÃficos que, apÃs analisados, distribuÃram-se nas categorias letras concorrentes (40.5%), apoio na fala (23.6%), supressÃo de letras (8.1%), troca de consoante surda/sonora (7.1%), junÃÃo inadequada (4.7%), acrÃscimo de letras e uso generalizado (4.3%), segmentaÃÃo imprÃpria (3.2%), inversÃo de letras (0.8%) e outros (3%). Tais categorias sÃo semelhantes Ãs encontradas nos textos infantis e letras concorrentes (40.5%) ocupou o 1 lugar em nÃmero de ocorrÃncias seguida da apoio na fala (23.6%). Dos 11 alunos, 06 (54.5%) conseguiram verbalizar os conhecimentos que possuÃam sobre ortografia e 05 (45%) deles nÃo praticam constantemente a leitura, o que, acredita-se, nÃo favorece um melhor rendimento ortogrÃfico. AlÃm disso, a pesquisa evidenciou que, mesmo alunos que cometem muitos desvios ortogrÃficos, conseguem expressar verbalmente a norma infringida e se autocorrigem. / Winning the challenge of registering everything that is said using graphic characters is the ideal of most youngsters and adults who, never having studied before, go to school in order to be capable of reading and writing. For those who entered at school when they are children and get out before to conclude their studies, the challenge is conventional written, indispensable recourse to their effective participation as citizens of lettered world. Nevertheless, the challenge is not just about the register. It is necessary to write orthographically. In this paper, it was analyzed texts of 11 students come from of Youngsters and Adults Education, whit the objective of analyzing factors of support in oral speech and the infrequency of reading as conditioning of their orthographic difficulties. Also, it was sought to find categories of deflection different of those found by many authors in children written, further to verify if adults succeed in verbalize the knowledgements acquired about orthographic standard. It was detected were distributed in categories: competing letters (40,5%), support in oral speech (23,6%), suppression of letters (8,1%), exchange of consonant voiceless/ voiced (7,1%), unsuited junction (4,7%), addition of letters and generalized use (4,3%), improper segmentation (3,2%), inversion of letters (0,8%) and others (3%). These categories are similar to the ones found in the texts of children and competing letters took the first place in number of occurrence followed by support in oral speech (23,6%). Of 11 students, 06 (54,5%) succeed verbalize knowledgements about orthography and 45% of them do not have constant practice in reading, that is believed, it does not favour a letter orthographic improve. Besides that, the research showed that, even students who make many deflections, succeed in express in a verbal way the infringed standard and correct themselves.

<p>Stavning handlar ej enbart om att stava rätt! Att lära sig stava kan vara en hjälp i en individs läs- och skrivutveckling. Genom att lära sig stava kan det bli lättare att lära sig läsa, samtidigt som läsningen kan bidra till att lära sig stava. Genom att skriva kan en elev lära sig stava bättre samtidigt som goda stavningskunskaper kan skapa en känsla av trygghet och säkerhet i skriftspråket som gör att han/hon vill skriva. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på när, hur och varför lärare arbetar med stavning i de tidiga skolåren och att skapa en överblick över olika synsätt på stavning samt hur dessa kan påverka undervisningen. Studien tar upp stavning ur olika perspektiv, från det teoretiska till det praktiska samt hur elever uppfattar stavning. Studien har en tvärsnittsdesign med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa inslag. Datainsamlingsmetoder som använts har bestått av intervjuer, enkätförfrågningar samt dokumentstudier. Studien har visat att synen på stavning delvis har förändrats de senaste decennierna. Gemensamt för lärare och elever är att det är viktigt att kunna stava rätt. Skillnader mellan lärarna framkom genom att de har olika syn på hur den bästa vägen till korrekt stavning går. Trots dessa skillnader har eleverna väldigt lika uppfattningar i synen på stavning. Dessutom har studien visat ett samband mellan lärares arbetssätt, deras respektive lärarutbildning och styrdokumenten för grundskolan. Synen på stavning har förändrats både inom styrdokument samt lärarutbildning. Gemensamt för lärarna är att de verkar behålla grunden de får med sig från sin utbildning. Äldre lärare fick enligt vår studie lära sig mer om metoder för stavning medan detta uteblivit hos de yngre lärarna. I studien har också berörts vilka konsekvenser lärares olika syn på hur de bäst lär elever stava kan få för det praktiska arbetet och eleverna. Nyckelord stavning, stavningsutveckling, stavfel, stavningsundervisning, läs- och skrivutveckling, läsning, skrivning, styrdokument, lärarutbildning, elevers tankar</p><p>Spelling involves more than spelling correctly! Learning to spell could be useful for an individual’s reading and writing development. The ability to spell could facilitate learning to read, as well as reading could facilitate learning to spell. By writing children become better spellers, at the same time as good spelling ability can create a feeling of confidence in written language that impels children’s will to write. The purpose with our study is to investigate when, how and why teachers work with spelling in the early grades. Different views on spelling and how these can effect the teaching are also examined. Our study includes spelling in different perspectives, from the theoretical to the practical and also pupils’ thoughts on spelling. The study has a cross-sectional design with both qualitative and quantitative parts. The methods that have been used are interviews, questionnaire and document studies. The study has shown that the views on spelling have changed the last decades. The ability to spell correctly is considered to be important by both teachers and pupils. The teachers have different views on what the best way of learning correct spelling looks like. Despite these differences their pupils share common views. This study has also shown a connection between ways of teaching, different periods within the Swedish teachers’ education system and curriculum standards for compulsory grades. The views on spelling have changed both within curriculum standards and teachers education. The teachers seem to keep the foundation from their education. The older teachers learned, according to our study, more teaching methods in relation to spelling while this was not the case regarding the younger teachers. This study has also shown what consequences different views on spelling and teaching techniques may lead to when learning pupils to spell. Keywords spelling, spelling development, spelling mistakes, teaching spelling, reading and writing development, reading, writing, curriculum standards, teacher education, pupils’ thoughts</p>

Stavning handlar ej enbart om att stava rätt! Att lära sig stava kan vara en hjälp i en individs läs- och skrivutveckling. Genom att lära sig stava kan det bli lättare att lära sig läsa, samtidigt som läsningen kan bidra till att lära sig stava. Genom att skriva kan en elev lära sig stava bättre samtidigt som goda stavningskunskaper kan skapa en känsla av trygghet och säkerhet i skriftspråket som gör att han/hon vill skriva. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på när, hur och varför lärare arbetar med stavning i de tidiga skolåren och att skapa en överblick över olika synsätt på stavning samt hur dessa kan påverka undervisningen. Studien tar upp stavning ur olika perspektiv, från det teoretiska till det praktiska samt hur elever uppfattar stavning. Studien har en tvärsnittsdesign med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa inslag. Datainsamlingsmetoder som använts har bestått av intervjuer, enkätförfrågningar samt dokumentstudier. Studien har visat att synen på stavning delvis har förändrats de senaste decennierna. Gemensamt för lärare och elever är att det är viktigt att kunna stava rätt. Skillnader mellan lärarna framkom genom att de har olika syn på hur den bästa vägen till korrekt stavning går. Trots dessa skillnader har eleverna väldigt lika uppfattningar i synen på stavning. Dessutom har studien visat ett samband mellan lärares arbetssätt, deras respektive lärarutbildning och styrdokumenten för grundskolan. Synen på stavning har förändrats både inom styrdokument samt lärarutbildning. Gemensamt för lärarna är att de verkar behålla grunden de får med sig från sin utbildning. Äldre lärare fick enligt vår studie lära sig mer om metoder för stavning medan detta uteblivit hos de yngre lärarna. I studien har också berörts vilka konsekvenser lärares olika syn på hur de bäst lär elever stava kan få för det praktiska arbetet och eleverna. Nyckelord stavning, stavningsutveckling, stavfel, stavningsundervisning, läs- och skrivutveckling, läsning, skrivning, styrdokument, lärarutbildning, elevers tankar Spelling involves more than spelling correctly! Learning to spell could be useful for an individual’s reading and writing development. The ability to spell could facilitate learning to read, as well as reading could facilitate learning to spell. By writing children become better spellers, at the same time as good spelling ability can create a feeling of confidence in written language that impels children’s will to write. The purpose with our study is to investigate when, how and why teachers work with spelling in the early grades. Different views on spelling and how these can effect the teaching are also examined. Our study includes spelling in different perspectives, from the theoretical to the practical and also pupils’ thoughts on spelling. The study has a cross-sectional design with both qualitative and quantitative parts. The methods that have been used are interviews, questionnaire and document studies. The study has shown that the views on spelling have changed the last decades. The ability to spell correctly is considered to be important by both teachers and pupils. The teachers have different views on what the best way of learning correct spelling looks like. Despite these differences their pupils share common views. This study has also shown a connection between ways of teaching, different periods within the Swedish teachers’ education system and curriculum standards for compulsory grades. The views on spelling have changed both within curriculum standards and teachers education. The teachers seem to keep the foundation from their education. The older teachers learned, according to our study, more teaching methods in relation to spelling while this was not the case regarding the younger teachers. This study has also shown what consequences different views on spelling and teaching techniques may lead to when learning pupils to spell. Keywords spelling, spelling development, spelling mistakes, teaching spelling, reading and writing development, reading, writing, curriculum standards, teacher education, pupils’ thoughts

PINHEIRO, Marilene Barbosa. O domínio da ortografia por alunos oriundos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos. 2005. 131 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2005. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-22T12:44:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_DIS_MPINHEIRO.pdf: 1075624 bytes, checksum: 3e0f82728f7ae7bce0d0ddd3002bc0bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-11-14T13:03:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_DIS_MPINHEIRO.pdf: 1075624 bytes, checksum: 3e0f82728f7ae7bce0d0ddd3002bc0bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-14T13:03:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_DIS_MPINHEIRO.pdf: 1075624 bytes, checksum: 3e0f82728f7ae7bce0d0ddd3002bc0bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Winning the challenge of registering everything that is said using graphic characters is the ideal of most youngsters and adults who, never having studied before, go to school in order to be capable of reading and writing. For those who entered at school when they are children and get out before to conclude their studies, the challenge is conventional written, indispensable recourse to their effective participation as citizens of lettered world. Nevertheless, the challenge is not just about the register. It is necessary to write orthographically. In this paper, it was analyzed texts of 11 students come from of Youngsters and Adults Education, whit the objective of analyzing factors of support in oral speech and the infrequency of reading as conditioning of their orthographic difficulties. Also, it was sought to find categories of deflection different of those found by many authors in children written, further to verify if adults succeed in verbalize the knowledgements acquired about orthographic standard. It was detected were distributed in categories: competing letters (40,5%), support in oral speech (23,6%), suppression of letters (8,1%), exchange of consonant voiceless/ voiced (7,1%), unsuited junction (4,7%), addition of letters and generalized use (4,3%), improper segmentation (3,2%), inversion of letters (0,8%) and others (3%). These categories are similar to the ones found in the texts of children and competing letters took the first place in number of occurrence followed by support in oral speech (23,6%). Of 11 students, 06 (54,5%) succeed verbalize knowledgements about orthography and 45% of them do not have constant practice in reading, that is believed, it does not favour a letter orthographic improve. Besides that, the research showed that, even students who make many deflections, succeed in express in a verbal way the infringed standard and correct themselves / Vencer o desafio de registrar tudo o que se diz utilizando caracteres gráficos é o ideal da maioria dos jovens e adultos que, por nunca terem estudado, ingressam na escola para aprender a ler e escrever. Para aqueles que ingressaram quando criança na escola e dela saíram antes de concluir os estudos, o desafio passa a ser, prioritariamente, aprender a escrita convencional, recurso indispensável para sua participação efetiva como cidadão do mundo letrado. Todavia, o desafio não se limita ao registro apenas. Há que se escrever ortograficamente. Neste trabalho, analisaram-se textos de 11 alunos oriundos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos com o objetivo de analisar os fatores apoio na fala e infreqüência de leitura como condicionantes de suas dificuldades ortográficas. Buscou-se, também, descobrir categorias de desvios diferentes das encontradas por diversos autores nos escritos de crianças, além de averiguar se os adultos conseguiam verbalizar os conhecimentos adquiridos sobre normas ortográficas. Detectaram-se 744 desvios ortográficos que, após analisados, distribuíram-se nas categorias letras concorrentes (40.5%), apoio na fala (23.6%), supressão de letras (8.1%), troca de consoante surda/sonora (7.1%), junção inadequada (4.7%), acréscimo de letras e uso generalizado (4.3%), segmentação imprópria (3.2%), inversão de letras (0.8%) e outros (3%). Tais categorias são semelhantes às encontradas nos textos infantis e letras concorrentes (40.5%) ocupou o 1° lugar em número de ocorrências seguida da apoio na fala (23.6%). Dos 11 alunos, 06 (54.5%) conseguiram verbalizar os conhecimentos que possuíam sobre ortografia e 05 (45%) deles não praticam constantemente a leitura, o que, acredita-se, não favorece um melhor rendimento ortográfico. Além disso, a pesquisa evidenciou que, mesmo alunos que cometem muitos desvios ortográficos, conseguem expressar verbalmente a norma infringida e se autocorrigem

This study investigates spelling errors among Swedish students of English. The purpose of this research is to develop a better understanding of the causes of spelling errors and to investigate whether there are any differences between program orientation and gender. The participants are English A students from Swedish high schools in year 1. The data analysed in this study consists of essays written by the participants which have been gathered into the Uppsala Learner English Corpus (ULEC). The results showed that the academic program has a lower error rate when compared to the vocational program and that female students display a lower error frequency than male students. These results reflect the same pattern found by previous studies on achievement between the programs and across gender. However, when comparing all variables, both gender and program, the results demonstrate that academic male students had the lowest error rate of all groups, which could partially be explained by the fact that the academic male students have a higher level of engagement with video- and online games when compared to the other groups. The language processes that the participants found the most challenging were letter omission, letter insertion and letter substitution. These results follow the same pattern highlighted in previous studies on spelling among both native speakers and learners. Finally, the exchange between the vowels &lt;a&gt;, &lt;e&gt; and &lt;i&gt; was found to be a frequent error among the students. Experiencing difficulties with the correct usage of vowels can be explained as a transfer error.