Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Articular cartilage lines the surfaces of load bearing joints and has limited capabilities for self-repair due to its alymphatic and avascular structure. Attempts at making repairs to this tissue has resulted in substandard materials and/or causing further injury to the patient making this tissue a prime candidate for tissue engineering studies incorporating adult stem cells. These studies have given rise to some answers and many more questions including a search for alternative stem cell sources and what biochemical changes the cells undergo during the differentiation of these stem cells into chondrocytes, the cells which make up articular cartilage. Recently, periodontal dental ligament stem cells (PDLs) have come to the forefront as a practical alternative to other adult stem cells as well as the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in stem cell differentiation via mechanical stimulation. During dynamic unconfined compression, levels of p42/44 MAPK increased by 50% (p<0.05). Additionally, the expression of the chondrogenic differentiation factor SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX-9) increased by 3-fold (p<0.05) as well as the chondrocyte marker aggrecan by over 2-fold after 4h of dynamic unconfined compression. Addition of the p42/44 phosphorylation inhibitor PD98059, along with compression, yielded no change in SOX-9 or aggrecan expression levels from basal levels in uncompressed controls. Inhibition of p38 MAPK or JNK phosphorylation during unconfined compression had no effect on the elevated expression of SOX-9 and aggrecan as compared to compressed cells without the addition of an inhibitor. It is therefore the overall findings of this study that PDLs possess the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes by mechanical compression and this differentiation is mediated by the p42/44 MAPK cascade.

The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing. CKD is characterized by a gradual decrease in renal function leading to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Damage to the glomerular podocytes, is one of the first hallmarks of CKD. We hypothesized that podocyte prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors contribute to the progression of glomerular injury in models of CKD. To test this hypothesis, transgenic mice were generated with either podocyte-specific overexpression or deletion of the PGE2 EP4 receptor (EP4pod+and EP4pod-/- respectively). Mice were next tested in the 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) or angiotensin II (Ang II) models of CKD. These studies revealed increased proteinuria and decreased survival for EP4pod+ mice while EP4pod-/- mice were protected against the development of glomerular injury. Furthermore, our findings were supported by in vitro studies using cultured mouse podocytes where an adhesion defect was uncovered for cells overexpressing the EP4 receptor. Additionally, our investigations have demonstrated a novel synergy between angiotensin II AT1 receptors and prostaglandin E2 EP4 receptors. This was revealed by in vitro studies using isolated mouse glomeruli. There we were able to show that Ang II stimulation leads to increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), the enzyme responsible for synthesis of PGE2, in a p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) dependent fashion. Moreover increased PGE2 synthesis was measured in response to Ang II stimulation. We confirmed the presence of this synergy in our cultured mouse podocytes and showed an adhesion defect in response to Ang II stimulation which was COX-2 and EP4 dependent. These findings suggest that Ang II AT1 receptors and PGE2 EP4 receptors act in concert to exacerbate glomerulopathies. Studies using mice with either podocyte-specific overexpression of a dominant negative p38 MAPK or mice with global deletion of the EP1 receptor did not provide conclusive results as to their respective signaling involvement in podocyte injury. Altogether our findings provide novel insight for podocyte PGE2 EP4 and Ang II AT1 receptor signaling in models of CKD. These studies provide novel avenues for pursuing therapeutic interventions for individuals with progressive kidney disease.

The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing. CKD is characterized by a gradual decrease in renal function leading to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Damage to the glomerular podocytes, is one of the first hallmarks of CKD. We hypothesized that podocyte prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors contribute to the progression of glomerular injury in models of CKD. To test this hypothesis, transgenic mice were generated with either podocyte-specific overexpression or deletion of the PGE2 EP4 receptor (EP4pod+and EP4pod-/- respectively). Mice were next tested in the 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) or angiotensin II (Ang II) models of CKD. These studies revealed increased proteinuria and decreased survival for EP4pod+ mice while EP4pod-/- mice were protected against the development of glomerular injury. Furthermore, our findings were supported by in vitro studies using cultured mouse podocytes where an adhesion defect was uncovered for cells overexpressing the EP4 receptor. Additionally, our investigations have demonstrated a novel synergy between angiotensin II AT1 receptors and prostaglandin E2 EP4 receptors. This was revealed by in vitro studies using isolated mouse glomeruli. There we were able to show that Ang II stimulation leads to increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), the enzyme responsible for synthesis of PGE2, in a p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) dependent fashion. Moreover increased PGE2 synthesis was measured in response to Ang II stimulation. We confirmed the presence of this synergy in our cultured mouse podocytes and showed an adhesion defect in response to Ang II stimulation which was COX-2 and EP4 dependent. These findings suggest that Ang II AT1 receptors and PGE2 EP4 receptors act in concert to exacerbate glomerulopathies. Studies using mice with either podocyte-specific overexpression of a dominant negative p38 MAPK or mice with global deletion of the EP1 receptor did not provide conclusive results as to their respective signaling involvement in podocyte injury. Altogether our findings provide novel insight for podocyte PGE2 EP4 and Ang II AT1 receptor signaling in models of CKD. These studies provide novel avenues for pursuing therapeutic interventions for individuals with progressive kidney disease.

Una de las vías que se postula que tienen una mayor importancia en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas es la de los inositoles fosfato. Para el estudio de esta vía se ha utilizado un inhibidor farmacológico de la fosfoinositol 3 cinasa (PI3K), el LY294002, en un modelo in vitro de células granulares de cerebelo de rata (CGC). Al tratar las CGC con una dosis de 30μM de LY294002 se produce una muerte celular por apoptosis que es independiente de calpaínas y dependiente de caspasas, además no se observa la fragmentación de p35 ni de α espectrina que se da por activación de las calpaínas. Los ensayos de actividad caspasa nos muestran un incremento significativo de la actividad de las caspasas 6 y 9 pero no de la 3 como sucede en otros modelos de apoptosis como la deprivación de S/K+. Nuestros estudios muestran que aunque existen algunas similitudes entre los modelos de inhibición de la PI3K y la deprivación de S/K+ también existen importantes diferencias. En ambos se produce una desfosforilación de AKT en Ser476 y consecuentemente una desfosforilación de GSK3β en Ser9, lo que indica la activación de GSK3β. Respecto a la proteína Rb en ambos modelos se observa un incremento de su fosforilación, si bien su papel es distinto ya que en la deprivación de S/K+ conduce a la liberación del E2F y a la transcripción de proteínas relacionadas con el ciclo celular. Además, se observó un incremento de la síntesis de DNA. Por el contrario el tratamiento con LY294002, pese a provocar un incremento en la fosforilación del Rb, no lleva a la expresión de ciclinas, CDKs ni un aumento de la síntesis de DNA.. Sin embargo el uso de inhibidores de CDK como flavopiridol y roscovitina muestran una protección significativa frente a la apoptosis inducida por LY294002, nuestros estudios muestran por vez primera que, no solo flavopiridol sino también otros inhibidores de CDK como la roscovitina tienen capacidad para inhibir la actividad GSK3β. Rb puede ser fosforilado por p38, un miembro de la vía de las MAPK las cuales son inhibidas por AKT. Nuestros resultados indican que LY294002 produce un incremento de la actividad de p38, pero no de JNK. Además, los cultivos Knockout de JNK3 no muestran una protección frente al tratamiento con LY294002, lo que refuerza la idea de que JNK no juega un papel central en este modelo. El incremento de actividad de p38 fue revertido con SB203580, un inhibidor de p38, así como por SP600125, inhibidor de JNK. Ambos fármacos mostraron una protección significativa frente a la apoptosis inducida por LY294002 y una reducción de la fosforilación del factor de transcripción c‐Jun, implicado en la apoptosis. La activación de c‐Jun conduce a la expresión de genes proapoptóticos como dp5 relacionados con la vía intrínseca, la inhibición de p38 previno del aumento de expresión de dp5. Por el contrario otras proteínas implicadas en la vía como Bim no están reguladas por c‐Jun ya que la inhibición de esta vía no reduce su activación. En nuestro estudio podemos concluir que, LY294002 produce una apoptosis dependiente de caspasas 6 y 9, sin implicación ni de calpaínas ni de proteínas del ciclo celular. La inhibición de AKT lleva a la activación de GSK3β y de p38. Además, p38 es capaz de fosforilar c‐Jun que regula la expresión de genes relacionados con la apoptosis por la vía intrínseca. / The inositol pathway has been reported that plays a key role in neurodegenerative diseases We study the mechansims involved in the apoptosis induced by inhibiting the phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) using a pharmacological inhibitor named LY294002 in an in vitro model of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGC). LY294002 induced apoptotic cell death through calpain independent and caspase dependent. Furthermore, we could not observed neither fragmentation of of p35 or α espectrin which is caused by calpains. The caspase activity assays showed a significant increase in caspase 6 and 9 but not in caspasa 3, in contrast with other apoptotic models such as de S/K+ deprivation. Our studies show that although exist several common points between inhibition of PI3K and S/K+ deprivation, also exist important differences between them. In both cases it has been observed AKT dephosphorylation at Ser476 and consequently GSK3β dephosphorylation at Ser9, which indicates GSK3β activation. On the other side, it was observed an increase of Rb phosphorylation in both models. However, it seems that the role played by this protein is different since in the de S/K+ deprivation leads to E2F released which participates in the transcription of proteins related to cell cycle. Moreover, the BrdU assay showed an increase in DNA synthesis. On the contrary, the LY294002 treatment, in spite of the fact that induced an increase of Rb phosphorylation, it did not induce any change of the levels neither cell cycle proteins or However, CDK inhibitors such as flavopiridol and roscovitine protected from the apoptosis induced by LY294002, our studies showed for the first time, that not only flavopiridol, but also other CDK inhibitors such as roscovitine could inhibit the GSK3β activity. Furthermore Rb can be phosphorylated by p38, which is a protein of MAPK pathway that is down‐regulated by AKT. Our results showed that LY294002 produced an increase of p38 activity, but not of JNK. Moreover, JNK3 Knockout cultures were not significantly protected from LY294002 treatment, this reinforces the idea that JNK is not the main target involved in this model. The increase of p38 activity was prevented with SB203580, a specific p38 inhibitor, and either with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor. Both drugs shown a significant protection from the apoptosis induced by LY294002 and prevented from c‐Jun phosphorylation, a transcription factor implied in apoptosis. The activation of c‐Jun triggered the expression of proapoptotic genes such as dp5 which is related to the intrinsic pathway, p38 inhibition prevented from the increase in dp5 expression. On the contrary, other proapoptotic proteins related to this pathway such as Bim was not regulated by c‐Jun since the inhibition of p38 pathway did not reduce its expression. In our study we can conclude that LY294002 induced apoptosis mediated by caspasas 6 and 9. Neither calpains nor cell cycle proteins were involved in this apoptotic model. The inhibition of AKT leaded to GSK3β and p38 activation. Moreover, p38 was able to phosphorylate c‐Jun that triggers the expression of proapoptotic genes implied in the apoptotic intrinsic pathway.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-93).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-114).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical College of Ohio, 2004. / "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Sciences." Major advisor: Linda A. Dokas. Document formatted into pages: iv, 150 p. Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: pages 44-52.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2004. / [School of Medicine] Department of Neurosciences. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2003. / "December 2003." Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-205). Also issued on the Internet.