CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As mais importantes lactases, em termos de interesse biotecnolÃgico, sÃo aquelas produzidas por leveduras do gÃnero Kluyveromyces, que sÃo intracelulares e, em sua maioria, sÃo obtidas por fermentaÃÃo em cultura submersa. Esta tÃcnica, assim como a maioria dos processos biotecnolÃgicos, envolve a necessidade de purificaÃÃo de proteÃnas e peptÃdeos a partir de uma variedade de fontes. Neste contexto, uma das tÃcnicas mais notavelmente promissoras à a cromatografia de modo misto, que permite interaÃÃes iÃnicas e hidrofÃbicas simultaneamente entre o adsorvente e o adsorbato. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade da recuperaÃÃo e purificaÃÃo da enzima β-galactosidase, produzida por meio de processo fermentativo e utilizando o micro-organismo Kluyveromyces lactis, por tÃcnica de cromatografia de modo misto. OperaÃÃes unitÃrias de precipitaÃÃo proteica e diÃlise foram tambÃm realizadas com o intuito de concentrar a enzima de interesse e eliminar detritos celulares e outros interferentes advindos do meio de fermentaÃÃo, o que ocasionaria uma diminuiÃÃo do rendimento do processo. A produÃÃo se apresentou satisfatÃria, com uma mÃdia de valores de concentraÃÃo de enzimas totais de 0,45 mg/mL, atividade enzimÃtica de 67 U/mL, atividade especÃfica de 167,9 U/mg. O Fator de PurificaÃÃo obtido foi de 1,17. Uma precipitaÃÃo seguida de diÃlise foi realizada e a posterior corrida cromatogrÃfica em leito fixo com esse material rendeu valores de recuperaÃÃo de 41,0 e 48,2% de proteÃna total e atividade total, respectivamente. A anÃlise de eletroforese SDS-PAGE confirmou a evoluÃÃo do processo de purificaÃÃo no decorrer das operaÃÃes unitÃrias, atestando a viabilidade do emprego das tÃcnicas utilizadas para obtenÃÃo de enzimas com considerÃvel grau de pureza com alto valor comercial agregado. / The most important lactases, as far as biotechnological interest is concerned, are those produced by Kluyveromyces yeasts, which are intracellular and currently obtained mostly by submerged-state fermentation. This technique, just as the mainstream biotechnological processes, involves a need for protein and peptide purification from a variety of sources. In this context, one of the most promising notable techniques that can be highlighted is Mixed Mode Chromatography, which allows simultaneous ionic and hydrophobic interactions between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. Thus, the aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of recovery and purification of a Kluyveromyces lactis β-galactosidase, produced via fermentation process, by employing Mixed Mode Chromatography. Unit operations, such as protein precipitation and dialysis were also performed in order to concentrate the enzyme of interest and eliminate cell debris and other interferences inherent in the fermentation medium, something that would result in a decrease in the process yield. The production showed satisfactory results, with mean values for total enzyme concentration of 0.45 mg/mL, enzymatic activity of 77 U/mL and specific activity of 167,9 U/mg. The Purification Factor obtained was 1.17. A precipitation step, followed by a dialysis process, was performed and the later chromatographic run carried out in fixed bed with this material yielded recovery values of 41.0 and 48.2% of total protein and activity, respectively. SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis confirmed the purification evolution throughout the unit operations employed, confirming the viability of the employment of the techniques used to obtain an enzyme of considerable degree of purity and possessing high-added value.

Des hormones gonadotropiques sont utilisées pour la maîtrise de la reproduction dans le domaine vétérinaire. Ces hormones sont actuellement extraites de tissus ou de fluides animaux. L’entreprise CEVA Santé Animale a récemment fait le choix stratégique de produire ces hormones par voie recombinante. L’objectif de cette étude était d’obtenir une gonadotropine chorionique équine recombinante, reCG, pure et biologiquement active, à partir d’une lignée de cellules mammifères CHO. Les étapes de production, de purification et de caractérisation de l’hormone recombinante ont été développées. Les cellules CHO ont été cultivées en fiole d’Erlenmeyer dans différents milieux de culture. Le suivi de la croissance cellulaire et de la quantité d’hormone produite a permis de sélectionner deux milieux. Le procédé de production, avec ces deux milieux, a été optimisé en bioréacteur en contrôlant les paramètres de culture (température, pH). Les protéines produites dans le surnageant, de ces deux cultures, ont été nommées reCG 1 et reCG 2. Un procédé de purification en 3 étapes a été mis au point pour la reCG 1. Plusieurs résines et conditions chromatographiques ont été criblées en microplaques. Les résines multimodales utilisées ont permis d’éliminer des contaminants majeurs grâce à leur sélectivité. Les agrégats de la reCG ont été éliminés grâce à une résine anionique. Le procédé de purification global a été validé pour la reCG 1 et la reCG 2. Il a permis d’obtenir une pureté de 98 % avec un rendement de 80 %. L’activité biologique de la reCG 1 et la reCG 2, in vitro et in vivo, est comparable à celle de la protéine naturelle. L’activité biologique in vivo des reCG est cohérente avec l’étude réalisée sur les glycosylations des hormones et notamment avec leur degré de sialylation. / The gonadotrophic hormones are used for reproduction control in farming animals. Up to now, these hormones were extracted from animal fluids or tissues. The company CEVA Santé Animal has recently decided to produce recombinant versions of these hormones. The objective of this study was to obtain a pure and biologically active recombinant equine chorionic gonadotropin (reCG) after expression in CHO mammalian cells. The production, purification and characterization steps have been developed. CHO cells were grown in Erlenmeyer flasks with different culture media. Two media were selected based on their cell growth potency and of the amount of reCG produced. By using a bioreactor to control key parameters (temperature, pH), the production process was then optimized. The recombinant proteins that accumulated in the supernatant of the two conditions were called reCG 1 and reCG 2. A 3-steps purification process was then developed using reCG 1. Several resins and chromatographic conditions were screened in microplates. Multimodal resins were used to eliminate the main contaminants thanks to their selectivity. reCG aggregates were efficiently eliminated by a chromatographic step with an anionic resin. The overall purification process was finally validated for reCG 1 and reCG 2. Purity and yield were respectively, 98 % and 80 % for the two reCG. We verified that the in vitro and in vivo activities of reCG 1 and reCG 2 were comparable to those of the CG extracted from natural sources. The in vivo assays also confirmed previous studies showing that the degree of glycosylation of an hormone, and most notably their level of sialytation, is important for their biological activity.

La chromatographie mode mixte représente l’une des plus grandes évolutions de ces dernières années dans le domaine des bioséparations. Cette technique repose sur l'intervention de plusieurs types d'interactions au sein d'un seul et même support. Les résines de chromatographie mode mixte HEA, PPA et MEP HyperCel portent des groupements aliphatiques, aromatiques, thiophiliques ainsi que des groupements aminés protonables en différentes positions. Au moyen d’expériences de chromatographie, à l’aide de protéines standards aux propriétés spécifiques et de mélanges complexes, nous avons isolé ces différentes interactions. Nous avons mis en évidence l’intervention majeure d'au moins deux types d'interactions au sein de ces supports : interactions hydrophobes et électrostatiques. Nous avons pu observer le comportement des résines lors de variations de pH, de force ionique, de types de sels et de tampons ou lors de la présence d'autres composés organiques. Nous avons mis en évidence l'intervention combinée de ces types d'interactions lors des différentes phases de chromatographie. Le comportement des résines mode mixte a révélé des sélectivités particulières et dont le contrôle ciblé à l'aide de l'environnement a permis le développement de méthodes de purification efficaces et originales. Nous avons pu ainsi développer des applications telles que la purification de fragment d’anticorps (Fab’2) à partir de culture de cellules d’insectes, la capture de protéine de type MBP à partir d’extrait bactériens et la capture d’anticorps monoclonaux à partir de cellules de mammifères (CHO), et ainsi améliorer les conditions d’utilisation de la chromatographie en mode mixte. / Mixed mode chromatography is the most innovative technique for bioseparation. Mixed mode resins, as the term suggest, involves multiples types of interaction at the same time. HyperCel mixed mode resins, HEA, PPA and MEP, involve aliphatic, aromatic or thiophilic groups as well as protonable amine located in the spacer arm or as a head group. Using classical chromatographic experiments, standards proteins and complex mixtures, we highlighted the two major types of interactions involved: hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. We specifically influenced these interactions by modifying the environment in terms of ionic strength, pH, salt types, and other compounds. The combination of these interactions during every phase of a chromatographic process has been demonstrated. Mixed mode resins thus offer unique selectivity that can be controlled by the environment. This allowed us to develop several applications from antibodies fragments capture from insect cells, to the purification of MBP-tagged proteins, through monoclonal antibody capture from CHO cells. We thus enhanced mixed mode chromatography.