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O problema das vibrações induzidas por vórtices em cilindros flexíveis inclinados em relação ao perfil de correnteza incidente é estudado através de uma abordagem experimental. Este tema se mostra de grande importância e aplicação na Engenharia Naval e Oceânica uma vez que são diversas as estruturas que se encaixam nesta descrição, como são o casos dos risers e linhas de amarração. Apesar de extensa, a literatura técnica especializada no assunto é focada em simplificações, tais como os estudos de cilindros rígidos fixos, cilindros rígidos montados em base elástica e cilindros flexíveis verticais ou lançados em catenária livre. A questão da inclinação é abordada em termos do Principio da Independência que diz que as forças e a frequência de emissão de vórtices em um cilindro inclinado são iguais as de um cilindro vertical se considerada apenas a parcela da correnteza normal à direção de inclinação. Estudos anteriores mostraram que este princípio é válido somente em algumas condições específicas e poucos deles apresentam resultados para cilindros flexíveis. Com base nisso, um ensaio em escala reduzida em tanque de reboque foi realizado com um modelo de linha composto por um tubo de silicone preenchido com microesferas de aço e condições de contorno articuladas em suas extremidades, o que conferiu características inerciais e geométricas ideais para a obtenção do fenômeno. Além da configuração vertical (? = 0°), que é o caso de referência, o modelo foi estudado em outras quatro inclinações com a vertical: ? = 10°, 20°, 30° e 45°. Estas inclinações foram ensaiadas para cinco diferentes azimute: ? = 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° e 180°, resultando em vinte e uma configurações de inclinação. Os resultados são analisados em termos da decomposição modal da vibração da linha, ou seja, são apresentadas amplitudes e frequências de oscilação ocorridas em cada um dos modos de vibrar. Além disso são realizadas análises espectrais, gráficos de evolução espaço-temporal, trajetórias de pontos ao longo do modelo flexível, entre outros. Frequências naturais, coeficientes de amortecimento e trações no topo são apresentados, complementarmente, como resultados de caracterização do modelo. Os estudos apontaram para uma validade do PI com algumas ressalvas, principalmente influenciadas pela diferença nas frequências do primeiro e segundo modo que é crescente com o aumento da inclinação. Além disso conclusões importantes sobre a coexistência modal, em regiões de ressonância e/ou de transição da dominância modal, foram obtidas. / The vortex-induced vibration problem in flexible cylinders yawed in relation to the incident current profile is studied through an experimental approach. This topic has great importance and application on Naval and Oceanic Engineering once there are multiple structures that fit into this description, such as risers and mooring lines. Though extensive, technical literature specialized on this topic is focused on simplifications such as the study of fixed rigid cylinders, elastic base rigid cylinders and flexible cylinders assembled vertically or launched in free hanging catenary. The inclination issue is addressed in the terms of the Principle of Independence which states that the forces and frequency shedding in an inclined cylinder are equal to those of a vertical cylinder if only considered the current component normal to the inclination plane. Previous studies showed that this principle is valid only on some specific conditions and few of them showed results to flexible systems. Based on this, a scaled tow tank test was performed with a line model composed of a silicone tube filled with steel microspheres and articulated end conditions, which offered the ideal inertial and geometrical conditions to obtaining the phenomenon. Besides the vertical configuration (? = 0°), which is the reference case, the model was studied in other four inclinations with the vertical: ? = 10°,20°, 30° and 45°. These inclinations were tested for five different azimuth directions: ? = 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° and 180°, resulting in 21 configurations. The results are analyzed on terms of the modal decomposition of the line motions, that is, amplitudes and oscillation frequencies are presented for each one of the vibration modes. Furthermore other analyzes are made, as spectral graphs, spatio-temporal evolution graphs, line points trajectories, among others. Natural frequencies, damping coefficients and tensions at the top are presented, complementarly, as results of the model characterization. The studies pointed to a validity of the IP with some reservations, mainly influenced by the difference in of the first and second mode frequencies that is increasing with the yaw increase. In addition, important conclusions about modal coexistence in regions of resonance and / or transition of modal dominance were obtained.

O problema das vibrações induzidas por vórtices em cilindros flexíveis inclinados em relação ao perfil de correnteza incidente é estudado através de uma abordagem experimental. Este tema se mostra de grande importância e aplicação na Engenharia Naval e Oceânica uma vez que são diversas as estruturas que se encaixam nesta descrição, como são o casos dos risers e linhas de amarração. Apesar de extensa, a literatura técnica especializada no assunto é focada em simplificações, tais como os estudos de cilindros rígidos fixos, cilindros rígidos montados em base elástica e cilindros flexíveis verticais ou lançados em catenária livre. A questão da inclinação é abordada em termos do Principio da Independência que diz que as forças e a frequência de emissão de vórtices em um cilindro inclinado são iguais as de um cilindro vertical se considerada apenas a parcela da correnteza normal à direção de inclinação. Estudos anteriores mostraram que este princípio é válido somente em algumas condições específicas e poucos deles apresentam resultados para cilindros flexíveis. Com base nisso, um ensaio em escala reduzida em tanque de reboque foi realizado com um modelo de linha composto por um tubo de silicone preenchido com microesferas de aço e condições de contorno articuladas em suas extremidades, o que conferiu características inerciais e geométricas ideais para a obtenção do fenômeno. Além da configuração vertical (? = 0°), que é o caso de referência, o modelo foi estudado em outras quatro inclinações com a vertical: ? = 10°, 20°, 30° e 45°. Estas inclinações foram ensaiadas para cinco diferentes azimute: ? = 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° e 180°, resultando em vinte e uma configurações de inclinação. Os resultados são analisados em termos da decomposição modal da vibração da linha, ou seja, são apresentadas amplitudes e frequências de oscilação ocorridas em cada um dos modos de vibrar. Além disso são realizadas análises espectrais, gráficos de evolução espaço-temporal, trajetórias de pontos ao longo do modelo flexível, entre outros. Frequências naturais, coeficientes de amortecimento e trações no topo são apresentados, complementarmente, como resultados de caracterização do modelo. Os estudos apontaram para uma validade do PI com algumas ressalvas, principalmente influenciadas pela diferença nas frequências do primeiro e segundo modo que é crescente com o aumento da inclinação. Além disso conclusões importantes sobre a coexistência modal, em regiões de ressonância e/ou de transição da dominância modal, foram obtidas. / The vortex-induced vibration problem in flexible cylinders yawed in relation to the incident current profile is studied through an experimental approach. This topic has great importance and application on Naval and Oceanic Engineering once there are multiple structures that fit into this description, such as risers and mooring lines. Though extensive, technical literature specialized on this topic is focused on simplifications such as the study of fixed rigid cylinders, elastic base rigid cylinders and flexible cylinders assembled vertically or launched in free hanging catenary. The inclination issue is addressed in the terms of the Principle of Independence which states that the forces and frequency shedding in an inclined cylinder are equal to those of a vertical cylinder if only considered the current component normal to the inclination plane. Previous studies showed that this principle is valid only on some specific conditions and few of them showed results to flexible systems. Based on this, a scaled tow tank test was performed with a line model composed of a silicone tube filled with steel microspheres and articulated end conditions, which offered the ideal inertial and geometrical conditions to obtaining the phenomenon. Besides the vertical configuration (? = 0°), which is the reference case, the model was studied in other four inclinations with the vertical: ? = 10°,20°, 30° and 45°. These inclinations were tested for five different azimuth directions: ? = 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° and 180°, resulting in 21 configurations. The results are analyzed on terms of the modal decomposition of the line motions, that is, amplitudes and oscillation frequencies are presented for each one of the vibration modes. Furthermore other analyzes are made, as spectral graphs, spatio-temporal evolution graphs, line points trajectories, among others. Natural frequencies, damping coefficients and tensions at the top are presented, complementarly, as results of the model characterization. The studies pointed to a validity of the IP with some reservations, mainly influenced by the difference in of the first and second mode frequencies that is increasing with the yaw increase. In addition, important conclusions about modal coexistence in regions of resonance and / or transition of modal dominance were obtained.

Recent progresses by the aircraft industry in the development of a quieter supersonic transport have opened the possibility of overland supersonic flights, which are currently banned by aviation authorities in most countries. For the ban to be lifted, the sonic booms the aircraft generate at supersonic speed must be acceptable from a human-perception point of view, in particular inside buildings. The problem of the transmission of sonic booms inside buildings can be divided in several aspects such as the external pressure loading, structure vibration, and interior acoustic response. Past investigations on this problem have tackled all these aspects but were limited to simple structures and often did not account for the coupled fluid-structure interaction. A more comprehensive work that includes all the effects of sonic booms to ultimately predict the noise exposure inside realistic building structures, e.g. residential houses, has never been reported. Thus far, these effects could only be investigated experimentally, e.g. flight tests. In this research, a numerical model and a computer code are developed within the above context to predict the vibro-acoustic response of simplified building structures exposed to sonic booms, at low frequency. The model is applicable to structures with multiple rectangular cavities, isolated or interconnected with openings. The response of the fluid-structure system, including their fully coupled interaction, is computed in the time domain using a modal-decomposition approach for both the structural and acoustic systems. In the dynamic equations, the structural displacement is expressed in terms of summations over the "in vacuo" normal modes of vibration. The interior pressure is expressed in terms of summations over the acoustic modes of the rooms with perfectly reflecting surfaces (hard walls). This approach is simple to implement and computationally efficient at low frequency, when the modal density is relatively low. The numerical model is designed specifically for this application and includes several novel formulations. Firstly, a new shell finite-element is derived to model the structural components typically used in building construction that have orthotropic characteristics such as plaster-wood walls, floors, and siding panels. The constitutive matrix for these types of components is formulated using simple analytical expressions based on the orthotropic constants of an equivalent orthotropic plate. This approach is computationally efficient since there is no need to model all the individual subcomponents of the assembly (studs, sheathing, etc.) and their interconnections. Secondly, a dedicated finite-element module is developed that implements the new shell element for orthotropic components as well as a conventional shell element for isotropic components, e.g. window panels and doors. The finite element module computes the "in vacuo" structural modes of vibration. The modes and external pressure distribution are then used to compute modal loads. This dedicated finite-element module has the main advantage of overcoming the need, and subsequent complications, for using a large commercial finite-element program. Lastly, a novel formulation is developed for the fully coupled fluid-structure model to handle room openings and compute the acoustic response of interconnected rooms. The formulation is based on the Helmholtz resonator approach and is applicable to the very low frequency-range, when the acoustic wavelength is much larger than the opening dimensions. Experimental validation of the numerical model and computer code is presented for three test cases of increasing complexity. The first test structure consists of a single plaster-wood wall backed by a rigid rectangular enclosure. The structure is excited by sonic booms generated with a speaker. The second test structure is a single room made of plaster-wood walls with two double-panel windows and a door. The third test structure consists of the first room to which a second room with a large window assembly was added. Several door configurations of the structure are tested to validate the formulation for room openings. This latter case is the most realistic one as it involves the interaction of several structural components with several interior cavities. For the last two test cases, sonic booms with realistic durations and amplitudes were generated using an explosive technique. Numerical predictions are compared to the experimental data for the three test cases and show a good overall agreement. Finally, results from a parametric study are presented for the case of the single wall backed by a rigid enclosure. The effects of sonic-boom shape, e.g. rise time and duration, and effects of the structure geometry on the fluid-structure response to sonic booms are investigated. / Ph. D.

A investigacao experimental do fenomeno de vibracoes induzidas pela emissao de vortices (VIV) em modelos flexiveis longos lancados em catenaria e sujeitos a pers de correnteza variavel e ortogonais ao plano de lancamento e o tema principal desta tese de doutorado. O objetivo, neste trabalho, e identicar, descrever e discutir os comportamentos dinamicos do VIV nas catenarias sob correnteza variavel, comparando-os com aqueles exibidos por este fenomeno agindo em um cilindro flexivel vertical. Desta forma, tenciona-se contribuir para a compreensao mais geral do VIV nas linhas oceanicas utilizadas na exploracao de petroleo e gas no mar. Neste contexto, muito se sabe sobre o comportamento do VIV em cilindros rgidos montados em suportes elasticos, bem como em cilindros flexiveis nao curvados, ambos os arranjos com uma vasta literatura descrevendo nao so os comportamentos dinamicos, como tambem suas relacoes com os aspectos fluidos que lhe dao origem. Contudo, no caso dos cilindros flexiveis longos, ainda existem pontos que precisam de compreensao mais profunda, particularmente aqueles que representam condicoes mais proximas da operacao oceanica real - o lancamento em catenaria e a acao de um perfil variavel e ortogonal de correnteza. Para tanto, um dispositivo denominado braco giratorio foi projetado e construido para que experimentos com modelos de catenaria em correnteza variavel com a profundidade fossem conduzidos no tanque de provas fisico do laboratorio Tanque de Provas Numerico (TPN), caracterizando uma pesquisa inedita no tema. Como condicoes de ensaio foram consideradas diferentes configuracoes geometricas da catenaria, todas comparadas com um cilindro flexivel vertical ensaiado tanto no braco giratorio, como tambem em tanque de reboque. Tratados segundo uma tecnica de decomposicao modal, os resultados de deslocamento ao longo dos modelos nessas condicoes de ensaio permitiram a identicacao e a descricao de comportamentos dinamicos bastante parecidos nas catenarias, sempre comparados aqueles do modelo vertical, o que trouxe grande abrangencia a compreensao do VIV nas linhas flexiveis em geral. Como contribuicao adicional, este trabalho dotou o tanque de provas do TPN de um equipamento bastante interessante para ampla gama de investigacoes sobre as interacoes fluido-estruturais - o braco giratorio. / The experimental investigation of Vortex-Induced Vibrations (VIV) on long catenary models and subjected to non-uniform velocity profiles, orthogonal to the catenarys plane, it is the main subject of this doctoral thesis. As a main goal, this work search to identify, describe and discuss the dynamic behaviors of VIV on catenary lines under non-uniform velocity profiles, comparing the results with those coming from the same phenomenon acting on flexible cylinders in a vertical configuration. Thus, it is intended to help for a more general understanding of VIV in offshore lines used in the oil and gas exploration at sea. In this context, much is known about the behavior of VIV on rigid cylinders elastically supported, as well as on flexible cylinders with no curvature, both configurations counting with a large literature describing not only the dynamic behaviors, but also their relationships with hydrodynamics aspects. However, in the case of long flexible cylinders, there are still more points to be understand, particularly at those conditions closer to the offshore operations - with catenary lines under variable current profile. Under those considerations, a rotating-arm was designed and assembled in the model basin at Numerical Offshore Tank (TPN), Brazil, for model tests under non-uniform current profile, featuring itself as an unpublished research on this topic. Different catenary geometries were tested in the rotating-arm at USP and also in the towing tank at Institute for Technological Research of the State of Sao Paulo (IPT), Brazil, all of them being compared with a vertical flexible cylinder. From those conditions of test, data was analyzed according to a technique of modal decomposition, so the motion results from all the models allowed the identication and the description of a dynamic behavior quite similar in the catenary when compared to that from a vertical cylinder, which has brought great understanding about the VIV on flexible lines. As an contribution, this work has provided to the TPN\'s model basin an interesting device for a wide variety of researchs on fluid- structural interaction - the rotating-arm.

A investigacao experimental do fenomeno de vibracoes induzidas pela emissao de vortices (VIV) em modelos flexiveis longos lancados em catenaria e sujeitos a pers de correnteza variavel e ortogonais ao plano de lancamento e o tema principal desta tese de doutorado. O objetivo, neste trabalho, e identicar, descrever e discutir os comportamentos dinamicos do VIV nas catenarias sob correnteza variavel, comparando-os com aqueles exibidos por este fenomeno agindo em um cilindro flexivel vertical. Desta forma, tenciona-se contribuir para a compreensao mais geral do VIV nas linhas oceanicas utilizadas na exploracao de petroleo e gas no mar. Neste contexto, muito se sabe sobre o comportamento do VIV em cilindros rgidos montados em suportes elasticos, bem como em cilindros flexiveis nao curvados, ambos os arranjos com uma vasta literatura descrevendo nao so os comportamentos dinamicos, como tambem suas relacoes com os aspectos fluidos que lhe dao origem. Contudo, no caso dos cilindros flexiveis longos, ainda existem pontos que precisam de compreensao mais profunda, particularmente aqueles que representam condicoes mais proximas da operacao oceanica real - o lancamento em catenaria e a acao de um perfil variavel e ortogonal de correnteza. Para tanto, um dispositivo denominado braco giratorio foi projetado e construido para que experimentos com modelos de catenaria em correnteza variavel com a profundidade fossem conduzidos no tanque de provas fisico do laboratorio Tanque de Provas Numerico (TPN), caracterizando uma pesquisa inedita no tema. Como condicoes de ensaio foram consideradas diferentes configuracoes geometricas da catenaria, todas comparadas com um cilindro flexivel vertical ensaiado tanto no braco giratorio, como tambem em tanque de reboque. Tratados segundo uma tecnica de decomposicao modal, os resultados de deslocamento ao longo dos modelos nessas condicoes de ensaio permitiram a identicacao e a descricao de comportamentos dinamicos bastante parecidos nas catenarias, sempre comparados aqueles do modelo vertical, o que trouxe grande abrangencia a compreensao do VIV nas linhas flexiveis em geral. Como contribuicao adicional, este trabalho dotou o tanque de provas do TPN de um equipamento bastante interessante para ampla gama de investigacoes sobre as interacoes fluido-estruturais - o braco giratorio. / The experimental investigation of Vortex-Induced Vibrations (VIV) on long catenary models and subjected to non-uniform velocity profiles, orthogonal to the catenarys plane, it is the main subject of this doctoral thesis. As a main goal, this work search to identify, describe and discuss the dynamic behaviors of VIV on catenary lines under non-uniform velocity profiles, comparing the results with those coming from the same phenomenon acting on flexible cylinders in a vertical configuration. Thus, it is intended to help for a more general understanding of VIV in offshore lines used in the oil and gas exploration at sea. In this context, much is known about the behavior of VIV on rigid cylinders elastically supported, as well as on flexible cylinders with no curvature, both configurations counting with a large literature describing not only the dynamic behaviors, but also their relationships with hydrodynamics aspects. However, in the case of long flexible cylinders, there are still more points to be understand, particularly at those conditions closer to the offshore operations - with catenary lines under variable current profile. Under those considerations, a rotating-arm was designed and assembled in the model basin at Numerical Offshore Tank (TPN), Brazil, for model tests under non-uniform current profile, featuring itself as an unpublished research on this topic. Different catenary geometries were tested in the rotating-arm at USP and also in the towing tank at Institute for Technological Research of the State of Sao Paulo (IPT), Brazil, all of them being compared with a vertical flexible cylinder. From those conditions of test, data was analyzed according to a technique of modal decomposition, so the motion results from all the models allowed the identication and the description of a dynamic behavior quite similar in the catenary when compared to that from a vertical cylinder, which has brought great understanding about the VIV on flexible lines. As an contribution, this work has provided to the TPN\'s model basin an interesting device for a wide variety of researchs on fluid- structural interaction - the rotating-arm.

Orientador: Sérgio Kurokawa / Resumo: Nos sistemas de potência, o conhecimento dos parâmetros das linhas de transmissão possibilita o ajuste preciso dos sistemas de proteção, facilita a aplicação de ferramentas e técnicas de análise do sistema elétrico, permite a correta localização de faltas, assim como o monitoramento de indicadores comuns de faltas, como a temperatura e a catenária do condutor. As metodologias de estimação de parâmetros de linha de transmissão baseadas na teoria da decomposição modal são restritas a configurações de torre específicas, nas quais a matriz de transformação da linha de transmissão é conhecida. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um método para a estimação de parâmetros de linhas de transmissão genéricas em regime permanente, utilizando os fatores de correntes e tensões nos terminais da linha. Estabelece-se um sistema de equações não linear indeterminado, a partir das relações fase-modo das correntes e tensões nos terminais da linha e as matrizes de impedância e admitância da linha. Para uma linha trifásica genérica as relações fase-modo são escritas em função dos elementos da matriz transformação, os quais são desconhecidos e uma parte das incógnitas do sistema de equações. O sistema de equações é complementado com equações adicionais para ser resolvido mediante o algoritmo de Newton-Raphson e estimar os parâmetros de linha de transmissão. Foram estimados os parâmetros para uma linha de transmissão trifásica com diferente configuração de torre operando com diferentes cargas para vários co... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Accuracy in transmission lines parameters is essential in power systems since it allows precise adjustment of the protection systems, the application of tools and techniques for analysis of the electrical system, the correct identification of fault location, as well as the monitoring of fault indicators such as the temperature and the catenary of the conductor. Transmission line parameter estimation methodologies based on modal decomposition theory are restricted to specific tower configurations in which the transformation matrix of the transmission line is known. This work presents a method to estimate parameters of generic transmission lines in the steady state, using the voltage and currents phasor at the terminals of the line. A system of consistent non-linear equations is established from the phase-mode relations of these voltage and current phasors and the impedance and admittance matrices of the line. The phase-mode relations are written as a function of the elements within the transformation matrix, which are unknown and part of the variables to be estimated. The system of equations is solved using the Newton-Raphson algorithm to estimate both the transmission line parameters and the transformation matrix. The parameters were estimated for three-phase transmission lines for a particular tower configuration operating under different loads and lengths. The relative error of the estimated parameters evaluates the method’s accuracy and the influence of the line’s lumped r... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Parmi tous les leviers à disposition des entreprises, la prise en compte de la perception par les clients est aujourd'hui centrale, dès la conception des produits. En effet, le consommateur est aujourd'hui mieux informé et attentif à ce qu'il perçoit de la qualité d'un produit et cette perception lui permet d'établir une valeur d'estime de la qualité esthétique des produits, mais aussi de ses fonctionnalités techniques. La méthodologie de l'analyse de la qualité d'aspect des surfaces est donc un enjeu essentiel pour l'industrie. Deux approches de la fonctionnalité des surfaces sont proposées afin de formaliser la méthodologie de détection, et d'apporter aux experts des critères objectifs d'évaluation des anomalies. La première approche proposée est basée sur la métrologie des surfaces. Elle consiste à analyser les topographies mesurées pour lier la fonction aspect aux caractéristiques géométriques extraites. Une approche multi-échelle basée sur la Décomposition Modale Discrète est mise en oeuvre afin de séparer efficacement les différents ordres de variations géométriques d'une surface, et ainsi d'isoler les anomalies d'aspect. D'autre part, cette méthode permet la mise en oeuvre du calcul des courbures sur une surface de façon simplifiée et robuste. On montre que cet attribut géométrique apporte une information supplémentaire et pertinente en lien avec la fonction aspect. Enfin, ces travaux ont mis en évidence l'importance de la qualité des données sources pour analyser l'aspect, et particulièrement deux difficultés d'ordre métrologiques, liées à la présence de points aberrants (hautes fréquences) et de variations géométriques non intrinsèques aux surfaces, générées par le moyen de mesure (basses fréquences). Une méthode innovante d'identification des points aberrants dédiée à la métrologie des surfaces et basée sur une approche statistique multi-échelle est proposée. La problématique des variations géométriques liées aux tables de positionnement du moyen de mesure est traitée au moyen de la Décomposition Modale, et un protocole pour corriger ces variations est présenté. La seconde approche, plus globale, est basée sur l'interaction entre les surfaces et l'environnement lumineux. L'objet de cette approche de l'analyse de l'aspect est d'apporter une aide aux experts pour mieux détecter les anomalies. Les travaux présentés sont basés sur la technique Polynomial Texture Mappings et consistent à modéliser la réflectance en chaque point des surfaces afin de simuler le rendu visuel sous un éclairage quelconque, à la manière de ce que font les opérateurs en analyse sensorielle pour faciliter la détection. Un dispositif d'aide à l'inspection des surfaces basé sur ce principe est présenté. Enfin, une approche industrielle est proposée afin de montrer comment ces 2 axes de recherche peuvent être complémentaires dans le cadre d'une méthodologie globale, industrielle, de l'analyse de la qualité d'aspect de surfaces. / Accounting for customers' perception of manufactured goods has become a major challenge for the industry. This process is to be established from early design to retail. Customers are nowadays more aware and detail oriented about perceived quality of products. This allows one to set not only an estimated price but also the expected quality of the product. Surface appearance analysis has therefore become a key industrial issue. Two approaches are proposed here to formalize the detection methodology and provide objective criteria for experts to evaluate surface anomalies. The first proposed approach is based on surface metrology. It consists in analyzing the measured topologies in order to bind aspect to geometric characteristics. A multi-scale procedure based on Discrete Modal Decomposition is implemented and allows an effective separation of geometric variations. Accordingly, appearance anomalies can be isolated from other geometrical features. This method enables the calculation of surface curvatures in a simplified and robust manner. It is shown that such geometric information is relevant and bound to visual aspect. The presented work also emphasizes the influence of raw data in aspect analysis. Two main metrological difficulties are investigated: the presence of outliers (High frequencies) and the presence of non surface-related geometric defects, generated by the measuring device (Low frequencies). An innovative method for identifying outliers in surface metrology is presented. It is based on a multi-scale statistical approach. Finally, the issue of geometrical variation due to positioning tables is also addressed. A calibration protocol based on DMD that intends to correct this phenomenon is proposed. The second proposed approach, more global, is based on the interaction of a surface with its light environment. It aims at providing experts with assistance, specifically during the anomaly detection phase. The presented work uses Polynomial Texture Mapping. This technique consists of calculating the reflectance at each point of the surface and simulating its appearance while the lighting angles vary. A surface Inspection Support Device based on this principle is presented and detailed. Finally, an industrial study is proposed that shows how these two academic approaches can be combined within a global industrial methodology dedicated to surface appearance quality.

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