No description available.

Filtros modais permitem que se identifique a contribuição de cada modo de vibrar na resposta dinâmica de uma estrutura, o que pode simplificar o projeto de sistemas dinâmicos em diversas aplicações como controle de vibrações, controle de forma, monitoramento de integridade estrutural e aproveitamento de energia. O objetivo desta dissertação é desenvolver uma metodologia para projetar e otimizar filtros modais a partir de uma rede de sensores piezelétricos discretos. É de especial interesse a relação entre a topologia da rede de sensores e o desempenho dos filtros modais obtidos pela soma ponderada dos sinais de tensão elétrica medida por cada sensor. A modelagem estrutural, usando o método dos elementos finitos com acoplamento eletromecânico, considera uma placa retangular de alumínio com trinta e seis sensores piezelétricos, em forma de pequenas pastilhas, colados sobre uma de suas superfícies. As topologias de rede consideradas neste trabalho consistem das possíveis combinações de trinta e seis sensores tomados doze a doze. Esta estratégia permite um amplo processo de otimização topológica a partir de um único modelo de elementos finitos. Duas funções-objetivo definem os índices de desempenho de cada topologia de rede avaliada, objetivando projetar filtros modais capazes de isolar a resposta dos primeiros modos de vibrar que maximizem a faixa de frequência e minimizem o número de sensores necessários. Em uma primeira abordagem ao problema de otimização topológica combinatorial, é utilizado o método de busca extensiva em um espaço de soluções reduzido. Em seguida, o problema é codificado para o uso de um algoritmo genético. Os resultados mostram que aumentos de 25% a 50% na faixa de frequência dos filtros modais podem ser obtidos a partir da otimização topológica da rede de sensores. / Modal filters allow identifying the contribution of each vibration mode to the dynamical response of a structure, which can simplify the design of dynamical systems in several applications, such as vibration control, shape control, structural health monitoring and energy harvesting. The aim of this dissertation is to develop a methodology to design and optimize modal filters by using a discrete array of piezoelectric sensors. The relationship between the sensors array topology and the performance of the modal filters, which are obtained by means of weighted sum of the voltage signs, draws special interest. The structural modeling through the finite element method with electromechanical coupling considers a retangular aluminum plate with thirty-six patch-shaped piezoelectric sensors bonded on one of its surfaces. The array topologies considered in this work consist of the possible combinations of thirty-six sensors taken twelve at a time. This strategy allows for a broad process of topological optimization by using only one finite element model. Two objective functions define the performance index associated with each evaluated array topology, aiming to design modal filters able to isolate the response of the first vibration modes that maximize the frequency band and minimize the number of sensors needed. As a first approach to the combinatorial topology optimization problem, the extensive search method is applied to a reduced solutions space. Next, the optimization problem is codified for using a genetic algorithm. The results show that an increase from 25% to 50% in the frequency band of the modal filters can be obtained from the topology optimization of the sensors array.

Filtros modais permitem que se identifique a contribuição de cada modo de vibrar na resposta dinâmica de uma estrutura, o que pode simplificar o projeto de sistemas dinâmicos em diversas aplicações como controle de vibrações, controle de forma, monitoramento de integridade estrutural e aproveitamento de energia. O objetivo desta dissertação é desenvolver uma metodologia para projetar e otimizar filtros modais a partir de uma rede de sensores piezelétricos discretos. É de especial interesse a relação entre a topologia da rede de sensores e o desempenho dos filtros modais obtidos pela soma ponderada dos sinais de tensão elétrica medida por cada sensor. A modelagem estrutural, usando o método dos elementos finitos com acoplamento eletromecânico, considera uma placa retangular de alumínio com trinta e seis sensores piezelétricos, em forma de pequenas pastilhas, colados sobre uma de suas superfícies. As topologias de rede consideradas neste trabalho consistem das possíveis combinações de trinta e seis sensores tomados doze a doze. Esta estratégia permite um amplo processo de otimização topológica a partir de um único modelo de elementos finitos. Duas funções-objetivo definem os índices de desempenho de cada topologia de rede avaliada, objetivando projetar filtros modais capazes de isolar a resposta dos primeiros modos de vibrar que maximizem a faixa de frequência e minimizem o número de sensores necessários. Em uma primeira abordagem ao problema de otimização topológica combinatorial, é utilizado o método de busca extensiva em um espaço de soluções reduzido. Em seguida, o problema é codificado para o uso de um algoritmo genético. Os resultados mostram que aumentos de 25% a 50% na faixa de frequência dos filtros modais podem ser obtidos a partir da otimização topológica da rede de sensores. / Modal filters allow identifying the contribution of each vibration mode to the dynamical response of a structure, which can simplify the design of dynamical systems in several applications, such as vibration control, shape control, structural health monitoring and energy harvesting. The aim of this dissertation is to develop a methodology to design and optimize modal filters by using a discrete array of piezoelectric sensors. The relationship between the sensors array topology and the performance of the modal filters, which are obtained by means of weighted sum of the voltage signs, draws special interest. The structural modeling through the finite element method with electromechanical coupling considers a retangular aluminum plate with thirty-six patch-shaped piezoelectric sensors bonded on one of its surfaces. The array topologies considered in this work consist of the possible combinations of thirty-six sensors taken twelve at a time. This strategy allows for a broad process of topological optimization by using only one finite element model. Two objective functions define the performance index associated with each evaluated array topology, aiming to design modal filters able to isolate the response of the first vibration modes that maximize the frequency band and minimize the number of sensors needed. As a first approach to the combinatorial topology optimization problem, the extensive search method is applied to a reduced solutions space. Next, the optimization problem is codified for using a genetic algorithm. The results show that an increase from 25% to 50% in the frequency band of the modal filters can be obtained from the topology optimization of the sensors array.

This thesis focuses on the development of a new method for the continuous<p>monitoring of civil engineering structures in order to locate small damages automatically. A<p>review of the very wide literature on Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) points first out that<p>the methods can be grouped in four categories based on their need or not of a numerical model,<p>as well as their need or not of information of the damaged structure to be applied. This state<p>of the art of the SHM methods highlights the requirement to reach each levels of SHM, which<p>is in particular for the localization of small damages in civil engineering structures the needs<p>for a non-model based output-only damage sensitive feature extraction technique. The origin of<p>the local sensitivity of strains to damages is also analyzed, which justifies their use for damage<p>localization.<p>A new method based on the modal filtering technique which consists in combining linearly<p>the sensor responses in a specific way to mimic a single degree of freedom system and which<p>was previously developed for damage detection is proposed. A very large network of dynamic<p>strain sensors is deployed on the structure and split into several independent local sensor networks.<p>Low computational cost and fast signal processing techniques are coupled to statistical<p>control charts for robust and fully automated damage localization.<p>The efficiency of the method is demonstrated using time-domain simulated data on a simply<p>supported beam and a three-dimensional bridge structure. The method is able to detect and<p>locate very small damages even in the presence of noise on the measurements and variability<p>of the baseline structure if strain sensors are used. The difficulty to locate damages from acceleration<p>sensors is also clearly illustrated. The most common classical methods for damage<p>localization are applied on the simply supported beam and the results show that the modal filtering<p>technique presents much better performances for an accurate localization of small damages<p>and is easier to automate.<p>An improvement of the modal filters method referred to as adaptive modal filters is next<p>proposed in order to enhance the ability to localize small damages, as well as to follow their<p>evolution through modal filters updating. Based on this study, a new damage sensitive feature<p>is proposed and is compared with other damage sensitive features to detect the damages with<p>modal filters to demonstrate its interest. These expectations are verified numerically with the<p>three-dimensional bridge structure, and the results show that the adaptation of the modal filters<p>increases the sensitivity of local filters to damages.<p>Experimental tests have been led first to check the feasibility of modal filters to detect damages<p>when they are used with accelerometers. Two case studies are considered. The first work<p>investigates the experimental damage detection of a small aircraft wing equipped with a network<p>of 15 accelerometers, one force transducer and excited with an electro-dynamic shaker. A<p>damage is introduced by replacing inspection panels with damaged panels. A modified version<p>of the modal filtering technique is applied and compared with the damage detection based principal<p>component analysis of FRFs as well as of transmissibilities. The three approaches succeed<p>in the damage detection but we illustrate the advantage of using the modal filtering algorithm as<p>well as of the new damage sensitive feature. The second experimental application aims at detecting<p>both linear and nonlinear damage scenarios using the responses of four accelerometers<p>installed on the three-storey frame structure previously developed and studied at Los Alamos<p>National Labs. In particular, modal filters are shown to be sensitive to both types of damages,<p>but cannot make the distinction between linear and nonlinear damages.<p>Finally, the new method is tested experimentally to locate damages by considering cheap<p>piezoelectric patches (PVDF) for dynamic strain measurements. Again, two case studies are investigated.<p>The first work investigates a small clamped-free steel plate equipped with 8 PVDFs sensors, and excited with a PZT patch. A small damage is introduced at different locations by<p>fixing a stiffener. The modal filters are applied on three local filters in order to locate damage.<p>Univariate control charts allow to locate automatically all the damage positions correctly.<p>The last experimental investigation is devoted to a 3.78m long I-steel beam equipped with 20<p>PVDFs sensors and excited with an electro-dynamic shaker. Again, a small stiffener is added to<p>mimic the effect of a small damage and five local filters are defined to locate the damage. The<p>damage is correctly located for several positions, and the interest of including measurements<p>under different environmental conditions for the baseline as well as overlapping the local filters<p>is illustrated.<p>The very nice results obtained with these first experimental applications of modal filters<p>based on strains show the real interest of this very low computational cost method for outputonly<p>non-model based automated damage localization of real structures. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished