Dans l’ensemble de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, la gestion des déchets est un problème prioritaire principalement pour les villes qui accueillent une population toujours plus nombreuse. C’est le cas de la ville d’Abomey-Calavi, qui n’a pas un système organisé de gestion des déchets. Pour permettre une gestion optimisée des déchets, une politique globale basée sur des éléments tangibles et démontrés doit être mise en oeuvre. Il est ainsi primordial d’analyser le problème et ses caractéristiques, de tester différentes solutions envisagées, et d’optimiser les systèmes viables. L’objectif de cette étude est de fournir des pistes de solution pour le traitement des déchets d’Abomey-Calavi. Il s’agit ainsi d’étudier la problématique, depuis la caractérisation des déchets jusqu’à la proposition de solutions appropriées et les conditions de leur mise en oeuvre. Les voies testées dans cette étude sont thermochimiques (Pyrolyse, Combustion et Gazéification). L’hétérogénéité des déchets ne permet pas leur étude en laboratoire (cher et non représentatif), c’est la raison pour laquelle il a été mis en place un déchet modèle constitué de 88% de bois, 7% de Carton et 5% de plastique établi sur la base de la caractérisation typologique des déchets de la ville et des hypothèses chimiques. L’étude de la pyrolyse a été réalisée en deux parties : une première partie concerne la pyrolyse lente en ATG tandis que la deuxième partie s’intéresse à la pyrolyse rapide. Les études en ATG ont révélé que la pyrolyse rapide du DM ne peut s’effectuer qu’à une température supérieure à 500°C. Dans la continuité des résultats obtenus en pyrolyse, une étude de gazéification à l’air a été effectuée sur le bois et le DM à une température de consigne de 800°C dans un réacteur à lit fluidisé dense. Les essais ont permis d’observer que les résultats sur ces deux types de combustibles sont très proches. Un modèle simple a été élaboré pour la production de gaz, de condensables et de charbon pendant la gazéification. L’étude de la combustion du DM dans la chaudière à grilles mobiles du LERMAB montre que la combustion est de meilleure qualité lorsqu’elle a lieu dans un réacteur de puissance élevée. Par rapport au bois, la combustion du mélange combustible (DM) dans la chaudière ne présente pas d’effets négatifs. Ces résultats paraissent très intéressants quant au choix définitif d’une meilleure voie de valorisation des déchets de la ville d’Abomey-Calavi. Enfin, une filière de gestion des DSM de la ville d’Abomey-Calavi est proposée en trois étapes, elle est basée sur un traitement mixte biologique-thermochimique des déchets qui auraient été préalablement et éventuellement partiellement séchés / Generaly in West Africa, the waste management is a priority problem mainly for the cities which welcome a growing population. It is the case of the city of Abomey-Calavi, that has no organized system of waste management. To allow an optimized management of waste, an overall policy based on tangible and demonstrated elements must be implemented. It is so essential to analyze the problem and its characteristics, to test various envisaged solutions, and to optimize the viable systems. The objective of this study is to provied solutions for the waste treatment of Abomey-Calavi. It is so a question of studying the problem, since the characterization of waste until the proposal of appropriate solutions and the conditions of their implementation. The methods tested in this study are based on thermochemical ways (Pyrolysis, Combustion and Gasification). The heterogeneous nature of waste does not allow their study in laboratory (more expensive and not representative). Thus, a model waste (MW: wood 88 %, Cardboard 7 %; Plastic 5 %) was established and based on the typological characterization of the waste of the city and the chemical assumptions. The study of the pyrolysis was realized in two parts. Slow pyrolysis in TGA and fast pyrolysis. TGA shows that the fast pyrolysis of the model waste can be made only at temperatures above 500°C. In the continuity of the results obtained in pyrolysis, a study of air gasification was made on the wood and the model waste at temperature of 800°C in a fluidized bed reactor. The tests allowed to observe that the results on these two types of fuels are very close. A simple model for the production of gas, condensable and of char during the gasification in fluidized bed was developed.The study of the combustion of MW in the boiler of LERMAB shows that the combustion is better when it is made in a reactor of high power. Compared with the results obtained on the wood, the combustion of the combustible mixture (MW) in the boiler does not present negative effects. These results seem very interesting for the choice of a better way of thermochemical treatment of the waste of the city of Abomey-Calavi. Finally, a waste management chain of HSW of the city of Abomey-Calavi is proposed in three parts and based on a mixed biological – thermochemical process preceded by the sorting

The main object of this thesis is to estimate the waste in public procurement in Slovakia and estimate its active and passive components. The first part offers a theoretical explanation of legislation related to public procurement, as well as a theoretical explanation of active and passive waste. In the next section there is a brief description of similar study, which estimated the waste of public procurement in Italy. In the second part, which is empirical, there is a analysis of the results of public contracts related to construction work. Data were obtained from the electronic database of Public Procurement Office in Slovakia. From these data I created a regression model obtained by the method of least squares. The aim was to determine the truth of the hypothesis that if the contracts awarded through the procurement of external agencies, the procurement process becomes more efficient. The analysis did not confirm the truth of this hypothesis and thus I could not estimate the amount of passive and active waste. The results obtained from regression analysis were then used to estimate the amount of waste in the case of public procurement related to construction of residential buildings, reconstruction of schools and the revitalization of public spaces, when the public purchaser was the city or village. This analysis also estimates the percentage of the waste of public procurement, when process of public procurement was supervised by external procurement agencies.

<p>Прeдмeт истрaживaњa je кoришћeњe oтпaдa у Рeгиoну Сeвeрo- Истoчнe БиХ зa пoтрeбe грaђeвинaрствa. Циљ истраживања је био рaзвoj мoдeлa зa eфeктивнo упрaвљaњe oтпaдoм сa eкoнoмскoг и eкoлoшкoг aспeктa.<br />Прикaзaни рeзултaти тeoриjских и aпликaтивних истрaживaњa укaзуjу дa се и у услoвимa ограничења eкoнoмскe, тeхнoлoшкe, тржишнe и инфрaструктурнe прирoдe, oствaруjе пoзитивни утицaj система менаџмента отпадом нa нивo oдрживости и нивo рaзвoja пoсмaтрaнoг рeгиoнa.</p> / <p>Predmet istraživanja je korišćenje otpada u Regionu Severo- Istočne BiH za potrebe građevinarstva. Cilj istraživanja je bio razvoj modela za efektivno upravljanje otpadom sa ekonomskog i ekološkog aspekta.<br />Prikazani rezultati teorijskih i aplikativnih istraživanja ukazuju da se i u uslovima ograničenja ekonomske, tehnološke, tržišne i infrastrukturne prirode, ostvaruje pozitivni uticaj sistema menadžmenta otpadom na nivo održivosti i nivo razvoja posmatranog regiona.</p> / <p><strong>The research subject is related to using of waste in region of northeast<br />Bosnia and Hercegovina for purpose of construction. Research<br />and goal was development of model for effective waste management<br />from economic and ecological aspect.<br />Presented theoretical and empirical research results pointed that even<br />condition of constraints of economic, technological, market, and<br />infrastructure nature, using proposed new model are possible to<br />achieve positive impacts of waste management system on level of<br />sustainability and level of development of analyses region.</strong></p>

The hereby presented master’s thesis deals with municipal solid waste separation. The introductory chapters describe current state of handling of selected recyclables and the technologies of their collection. The following chapter is a description of a waste sorting line technology, since this facility’s function is to upgrade the recyclables to secondary materials. The first step of practical part of this thesis was creation of a technical-economic model of the sorting line designed to process plastic and paper waste, therefore the following chapter is dedicated to its description and presentation. Subsequently, the outputs of the model are evaluated for three settings of its input variables, which represent the three imagined scenarios of the modeled sorting line’s operation. Sensitivity analyses focused on selected input variables of this model were also performed. A separate chapter is dedicated to changes in the model outputs in the case of including the waste transportation prices to the selected scenario. At the end of the thesis, the influence of increased material separation of plastic waste on the lower heating value of residual mixed municipal solid waste is evaluated.