Este trabalho propõe-se a estabelecer e a examinar a relação entre duas traduções do romance São Bernardo de Graciliano Ramos: uma em língua inglesa e outra em língua francesa. Separadas pela língua e pelo intervalo de onze anos, nossa tese é de que a tradução inglesa se constitui uma tradução modelo e, a francesa, uma tradução informada. Os conceitos de tradução modelo e tradução informada foram criados por nós para atender às necessidades de nossa pesquisa; o primeiro nos foi inspirado pela leitura das correspondências entre Guimarães Rosa e seu tradutor alemão Curt-Meyer-Clason (1963 e 1965), enquanto o segundo foi desenvolvido a partir dos conceitos de primeira tradução, e de retradução, lançados por Antoine Berman (1990). Como fio condutor da discussão sobre esses textos que habitam três línguas-cultura distintas, lançou-se mão dos marcadores culturais a fim de estabelecer de que maneira e em que níveis a tradução inglesa informa a tradução francesa. / This study aims to establish and examine the relationship between two translations of the novel São Bernardo by Graciliano Ramos: one in English and the other in French. Separated by language and by an interval of eleven years, our thesis is that the English translation is a model translation, while the French one is an informed translation. This study develops the concept of model translation with the aid of the correspondence exchanged by Guimarães Rosa and his German translator Curt-Meyer-Clason (1963 and 1965). The theory of the informed translation, in turn, was developed from the concepts of first translation and retranslation, coined by Antoine Berman (1990). Cultural markers were employed as the axis of discussion about these texts that inhabit three distinct languages-cultures, in order to establish in what way and to what extent the English translation informs the French translation.

Este trabalho propõe-se a estabelecer e a examinar a relação entre duas traduções do romance São Bernardo de Graciliano Ramos: uma em língua inglesa e outra em língua francesa. Separadas pela língua e pelo intervalo de onze anos, nossa tese é de que a tradução inglesa se constitui uma tradução modelo e, a francesa, uma tradução informada. Os conceitos de tradução modelo e tradução informada foram criados por nós para atender às necessidades de nossa pesquisa; o primeiro nos foi inspirado pela leitura das correspondências entre Guimarães Rosa e seu tradutor alemão Curt-Meyer-Clason (1963 e 1965), enquanto o segundo foi desenvolvido a partir dos conceitos de primeira tradução, e de retradução, lançados por Antoine Berman (1990). Como fio condutor da discussão sobre esses textos que habitam três línguas-cultura distintas, lançou-se mão dos marcadores culturais a fim de estabelecer de que maneira e em que níveis a tradução inglesa informa a tradução francesa. / This study aims to establish and examine the relationship between two translations of the novel São Bernardo by Graciliano Ramos: one in English and the other in French. Separated by language and by an interval of eleven years, our thesis is that the English translation is a model translation, while the French one is an informed translation. This study develops the concept of model translation with the aid of the correspondence exchanged by Guimarães Rosa and his German translator Curt-Meyer-Clason (1963 and 1965). The theory of the informed translation, in turn, was developed from the concepts of first translation and retranslation, coined by Antoine Berman (1990). Cultural markers were employed as the axis of discussion about these texts that inhabit three distinct languages-cultures, in order to establish in what way and to what extent the English translation informs the French translation.

Currently, pupils' interest in science continues to decline, although this area of education is very important in every day life (medicine, environment, etc.) and there is high demand for science professions on the labor market. Molecular biology curriculum concerning DNA and the transfer of genetic information is abstract and difficult topic for pupils to imagine, and for teachers to explain. There are many ways to teach this topic. Very popular are iquiry and laboratory practise. But not all schools have their own laboratories, and can teach molecular practical effectivelly. Inquiry based teaching is time consuming to prepare, and not every topic is appropriate to be taught this way. Another possibilities how to visualize "invisible" molecules and processes are computer software and animations or 3D physical model. In my thesis, I examined the effect of using computers and animations to teach abou DNA compared to using a 3D physical model on students' knowledge. I laso tested the possible influence of gender and pupils' preferences on their achieved score on knowledge tests. The research was performed in five classes at three high schools in Prague. Students in year 12 were on different types of high school and some of them took special biology class, their age was between 15 and 18 years. The...

Les services de stérilisation sont des lieux de production de soins caractérisés par une multitude d’activités et situations auxquelles ils sont confrontés. En outre, les services de stérilisation doivent assurer leurs missions dans un environnement caractérisé par la présence d’une variété de risques. Les risques présents dans ces milieux peuvent aller des pannes des équipements jusqu’aux contaminations et transmission des maladies nosocomiales. Ces services sont aussi tenus de garder un niveau de performances satisfaisant pour assurer la continuité des soins dans les blocs opératoires.Pour aider ces services dans leur quête d'un système performant, capable d’évoluer dans un environnement à haut niveau de risques, nous nous intéressons dans ce travail de recherche au développement d’une approche intégrée pour l’analyse de risques et l’évaluation des performances. Ce travail s’intègre dans un cadre collaboratif entre le laboratoire G-SCOP et le service de stérilisation du CHU de Grenoble, terrain d’étude choisi pour mettre en œuvre l’approche proposée.L'approche que nous proposons se déroule en plusieurs étapes: tout d’abord, suite à une comparaison entre les méthodes de gestion des risques, nous nous sommes orientés vers l’approche pilotée par modèle, dénommée FIS (Fonction Interaction Structure). En nous basant sur FIS, nous avons développé un modèle de risque dans ce service de stérilisation, décrivant à la fois les fonctions, les ressources permettant la réalisation de ces fonctions ainsi que les différents risques qui peuvent être rencontrés. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons représenté le comportement dynamique du modèle de risques obtenu. Ce modèle dynamique permet de simuler le comportement du service de stérilisation et le voir évoluer dans les situations normales de fonctionnement et les situations de risques. Pour ce faire, nous avons introduit une nouvelle classe de réseau de Petri appelée réseau de Petri PTPS (Predicate-Transition, Prioritized, Synchronous) permettant de représenter et simuler le comportement dynamique du modèle FIS. Par la suite, nous avons automatisé le passage entre le modèle de risque et le modèle dynamique. Cette automatisation est effectuée par un ensemble d’algorithmes de traduction, capables de convertir automatiquement le modèle FIS et le modèle de simulation en réseau de Petri PTPS.Cette approche a donné lieu à un outil de modélisation et de simulation en mode dégradé, appelé SIM-RISK. Nous avons également montré l’utilité de cet outil sur des exemples inspirés des différents risques rencontrés dans le service de stérilisation. / Sterilization services are vulnerable to risks, due to the contagious nature of their environment and to the degradation that risks can cause to their performances and to the safety of patients and staff. The risks in these facilities can range from equipment failure to the transmission of nosocomial infections and diseases. In this kind of high risk environment, these services are also required to maintain an adequate level of performance to ensure continuity of care in operating theaters.We focus in this research on the development of an integrated approach for risk analysis and performance assessment. This work is part of a collaborative work between the G-SCOP laboratory and the sterilization service of the University Hospital of Grenoble, which was the case study chosen to implement the proposed approach.The approach we propose is conducted in several steps: first, following a comparison of the risk analysis methods, we have chosen a model driven approach called FIS (Function Interaction Structure). Based on FIS, we have developed a risk model of Grenoble University Hospital sterilization service. This model describes the functions, the resources to achieve these functions as well as the various risks that may be encountered. Secondly, we introduced a new view to the FIS model dedicated to describe the dynamic behaviour of the resulting risk model.This dynamic model can simulate the behaviour of the sterilization service in normal situations of operations and risk situations.To do this, we have introduced a new Petri Net class called PTPS (Predicate-Transition, Prioritized, Synchronous) Petri Net to represent and simulate the dynamic behaviour of the FIS model. Subsequently, we automated the switching between the risk model and the dynamic model. This automation is performed by a set of translation algorithms capable of automatically converting the FIS model to a PTPS Petri Net simulation model .This approach resulted in a modelling and simulation tool in degraded mode called SIM-RISK. We also showed the usefulness of this tool by some examples based on different risks encountered in the sterilization service.