In this research, the problem of real-time congestion management in a modern distribution system with massive active elements such as electric vehicles (EVs), distributed energy resources (DERs), and demand response (DR) is investigated. A novel hierarchical operation and management framework is proposed that can take advantage of the demand side contribution to manage the real-time congestion. There are five main steps in this framework as 1) the aggregators send their demand to the microgrid operators (MGOs), 2) the MGOs send their demand to the distribution system operator (DSO), 3) the DSO detects the congestions and calls the engaged MGOs to reduce their demand, 4) the MGOs update the electricity price to motivate the aggregators to reduce the overall demand, and 5) the DSO dispatches the system according to the finalized demand. The proposed framework is validated on two modified IEEE unbalanced test systems. The results illustrate two congestion cases at t=8:45 am and t=9:30 am in the modified IEEE 13-bus test system, which needs 363kW and 286 kW load reductions, respectively, to be fully addressed. MG#1 and MG#2 are engaged to maintain the 363 kW reduction at t=8:45, and MG#3 and MG#4 are called to reduce their demands by 386 kW at t=9:30 am. The overall interactions can relieve the congested branches. The DSO’s calculations show three congestions at t=1 pm, t=3 pm, and t=9 pm on the IEEE 123-bus test system. These congestion cases can be alleviated by reducing 809 kW, 1177 kW, and 497 kW from the corresponding MGs at t=1 pm, t=3 pm, and t=9 pm, respectively. The second part of the simulation results demonstrates that the proposed real-time data estimator (RDE) can reduce the DSO’s miss-detected congestion cases due to the uncertain data. There are two miss-detected congestions in the IEEE 13-bus test system at t=1:15 pm and t=1:30 pm that can be filtered for t=1:15 pm and minored for t=1:30 pm using the RDE. The proposed RDE can also reduce the miss-detected congestions from 18 cases to four cases in the IEEE 123-bus test system. As a result, the RDE can minimize the extra costs due to the uncertain data. The overall results validate that the proposed framework can adaptively manage real-time congestions in distribution systems.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’impact du développement des Grandes et Moyennes Surfaces (GMS) sur les producteurs de produits agricoles Jordaniens. Ce travail essaye d’approcher les évolutions nécessaires aux exploitations agricoles traditionnelles, qui écoulent leur production dans les marchés de gros, pour se préparer aux exigences agronomiques, techniques et managériales propres aux circuits de distribution modernes. Cette thèse montre également que la vente dans les GMS n’est pas pour l’instant très rentable pour les agriculteurs Jordaniens. Malgré ce constat, ces derniers adoptent une stratégie d’anticipation en se positionnant dès aujourd’hui dans cette chaîne moderne. / This these focuses on the impact of the development of food retailing on Jordanian agricultural producers. This work is particularly interesting because it allows us to approach the evolutions necessary for traditional farms, which dispose of their production in the wholesale markets, in order to prepare themselves for the agronomic, technical and managerial requirements of modern channels. This thesis also shows that the sale in the supermarkets is not for the moment very profitable for the Jordanian farmers. Despite this, they are adopting a strategy of anticipation by positioning themselves today in this modern chain.