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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:39:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antoniella Fernanda Mendanha Sousa.pdf: 2903899 bytes, checksum: ec3428888f580d02453116414b41e866 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-11 / Cancer arises as a consequence of genetic or epigenetic alterations in genes that have a variety of different influences on the cell cycle, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Nowadays, cancer is among the most prevalent, costly, and preventable of all health problems. In Brazil, it represents the second cause of death of the adult population. Penile cancer is a rare disease, generally more prevalent in poor populations from developing countries, associated with precarious hygiene habits, especially of uncircumcised men. Penile cancer incidence varies across Brazilian geographical regions and it is more common on the North and Northeast regions. Penile cancer usually develops between the fourth and seventh decade of life and Squamous Cell Carcinoma accounts for up to 97% of all penile cancers. Molecular and epidemiological data has found strong evidence of the presence of HPV genome associated with penile carcinomas. The prevalence of HPV genome has been reported to be as high as 80%, depending on the sensitivity of the detection method and the selection of the tumor type. High-oncogenic-risk viral genotypes 16 and 18 are the most common types detected in association with penile tissue. The general objective of the current study was to detect and genotype HPV genome associated with penile cancer tissue using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Furthermore, the potential association between the presence of HPV in the samples and the clinicopathological aspects of all cases was also investigated. The study group comprised of 29 cases diagnosed with penile carcinomas at the Urology Department/Hospital Araújo Jorge in Goiânia from 2001 to 2006. Total DNA was isolated from frozen tumor tissue and HPV DNA amplification was performed using GP5+/6+ primer pairs. Samples identified as positive for HPV DNA were genotyped with type-specific primer pairs. Appropriate positive and negative PCR controls were run with all reactions. As an internal control, a fragment of the GAPDH gene was also amplified. In our study, the mean age at the diagnosis was 61,5 years. With respect to tumor topography, 24% was present on the penile shaft, 28% on the glans, 16% on glans and foreskin as the three most frequent observations. Regarding Jackson s staging, 32% of the cases were J-I, 36% J-II, 24% JIII, and 8% J-IV. Partial penectomy was the most frequent surgical approach during treatment, 32% of all cases had metastasis and phimosis was present in 72% of the patients. HPV genome was amplified in 34,5% (10/29) of samples, and HPV-16 was the most prevalent. HPV role in penile cancer must be investigated and viral infection should be considered an import risk facto for penile cancer development, most likely to be implicated in tumor initiation, and should be investigated in association with the occurrence of phimosis, poor hygiene habits, chronic smoking, and individual promiscuity. / O Câncer é uma conseqüência de alterações genéticas ou epigenéticas em uma variedade dos genes que são fundamentais ao processo de crescimento, proliferação, diferenciação e morte programada da célula. Atualmente, essa doença, configura-se um dos principais problemas da saúde mundial, e no Brasil, representa a segunda causa de óbito na população adulta. O câncer de pênis é um tipo raro de neoplasia, que acomete indivíduos de países subdesenvolvidos com baixo nível social e precários hábitos de higiene associado à fimose e não circuncizados. No Brasil a incidência varia conforme a região estudada: 5,5% a 16% nas regiões Norte e Nordeste de 1 a 4% nas regiões Sul e Sudeste e 3,8% na região Centro-Oeste. Este tipo de câncer ocorre freqüentemente entre a quarta e sétima décadas de vida, com 97% dos casos representados pelo carcinoma epidermóide. No entanto, indivíduos jovens também podem ser afetados. Estudos epidemiológicos e moleculares têm identificado a associação entre o Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) e carcinoma de pênis. O genoma desse vírus já foi identificado em 15-80% dos casos desse tipo de tumor, sendo os subtipos de alto risco oncogênico (16 e 18), os mais freqüentes. Os objetivos do estudo foram detectar e genotipar HPV em espécimes biológicos de tumor de pênis e determinar as possíveis associações existentes entre a persença dos tipos virais e os aspectos clínico patológicos (ACP) dos pacientes diagnosticados com câncer de pênis no Serviço de Urologia do Hospital Araújo Jorge (SU-HAJ), no período de 2001 a 2006 e identificar o genoma do HPV pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Foram diagnosticados 29 pacientes no SU-HAJ e os ACP foram obtidos a partir dos prontuários e tabulados com estatística descritiva. As amostras de tecido com carcinoma peniano foram submetidas à extração de DNA e posteriormente realizada as reações de PCR. Nestas, utilizou-se os primers GAPDH, GP5+/6+ e tipo-específicos, como controle interno da reação, detecção de qualquer tipo de HPV e genotipagem, respectivamente. A média das idades foi de 61,5 anos. Para topografia, observou-se 24% para haste, 28% para glande, 16% para glande e prepúcio, 12% para glande e haste, 8% para prepúcio e 12% para outras especificações. A morfologia de maior prevalência foi carcinoma escamoso invasor variando do grau I ao IV. No estadiamento (classificação de Jackson), foi verificado 32% para Jackson I, 36% para Jackson II, 24% para Jackson III e 8% para Jackson IV. O tratamento de escolha para a maioria dos casos foi a penectomia parcial, sendo que 32% dos pacientes apresentaram metástases e 72% dos pacientes apresentaram fimose. Na avaliação molecular, o conjunto de primers GAPDH mostrou-se amplificado em todas as amostras analisadas, demonstrando eficácia na extração de DNA. A amplificação para o genoma viral com os primers GP5+/6+ foi observada em 34,48% (10/29) e o tipo mais freqüente de HPV foi o 16. Os estudos sobre a associação entre o HPV e os tumores de pênis são importantes, pois podem avaliar a relação desse vírus com o processo de iniciação e promoção de tumores, junto a outros fatores de risco, como a fimose, má higiene, o tabagismo e a promiscuidade.

Because tuberculosis (TB) is a public health threat that continues to elude elimination in the United States, there is a need to identify contributing factors that may have implications for targeted control measures. Molecular studies of genetic clustering are crucial for pinpointing these contributing factors. It is for this reason this study was conducted. This was a non-experimental, cross-sectional population-based molecular epidemiological study of TB in SC from 2005 to 2011. Its purpose was to estimate the proportion of TB that may be due to recently acquired infection and to determine the risk factors associated with the genetic clustering of identical M. tuberculosis isolates from TB patients in South Carolina from 2005-2011. The analysis sample included 627 confirmed pulmonary and/or pleural cases of TB, for which complete data on all covariates and a valid genotype were available. The results strongly suggested that about 50% of TB in South Carolina is recently transmitted. The study also revealed that being born in the United States and Black race were independently and significantly associated with being part of a TB genotype cluster. The key messages of this study were as follows: a substantial portion of TB in South Carolina is due to recent transmission, not reactivation or importation, and transmission of TB in South Carolina occurs in groups often defined by American birth and Black race. These important findings indicate that most TB in South Carolina is preventable and that enhanced TB control efforts should be explored. The implication for positive social change is that employing targeted contact investigation informed by these findings could lead to decreased disease transmission. Future studies should explore pilot programs that investigate alternatives to the traditional TB contact investigation.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T12:10:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cesar Augusto Sam Tiago Vilanova Costa - 2006.pdf: 1500361 bytes, checksum: 3401843db66da8f77a90a41b7a08f826 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-07T12:14:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cesar Augusto Sam Tiago Vilanova Costa - 2006.pdf: 1500361 bytes, checksum: 3401843db66da8f77a90a41b7a08f826 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-07T12:14:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cesar Augusto Sam Tiago Vilanova Costa - 2006.pdf: 1500361 bytes, checksum: 3401843db66da8f77a90a41b7a08f826 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Hypo pharynx is the under region of pharynx and serves both respiratory and digestive tract, acting as a passageway to air and food. It’s composed by squamous nonkeratinized epithelial tissue. Statistical studies indicates that 85 to 90% of neoplasies rush pyriform sinus and are characterized by fast dissemination and metastization. Epidemiological trends of hypo pharynx cancer in Goiania on period 1998 to 2003 analyzing data derived from Cancer Registry of Association for Cancer Combat of Goias, shows that the relative survival rate for men diagnosed with hypo pharynx cancer was 38% past 60 months while women presented a survival rate of 100%. Surgery was the treatments that present fewer rates (34%) and chemotherapy was associated to the most survival rate (54%). Patients that use tobacco presented a survival rate of 43% while non-tabagists present a rate of 60% of surviving. Relative survival rate for patients diagnosed with hypo pharynx tumor was 38% and estimated censure for 5 years was just 5%. Survival rate was extremely decreased due to 45% of cases were diagnosed in advanced stages of disease. It is important to point out that preventive campaign is important to evade the increasing of these pathologies that are related to behavior of tabagism and etilism. Present study also evaluates cytogenetically individuals diagnosed with hypo pharynx cancer. Cytogenetic analysis of exfoliated cells is largely used to evaluate cytotoxic and genotoxic alterations on people exposed to potentially mutagens. A number of 36 individuals were analyzed, representing case group, and 36 healthy individuals composed control group. Data was collected and analysis was performed to estimate main nuclear alterations. Standard protocols were adopted to collect and counting cells. Micronuclei test was used to determinate the frequency of cytotoxic and genotoxic alterations. Besides than micronuclei others alterations like broken-eggs, binucleated cells and piknotic nuclei are good markers of cell alterations because they are resulted from cytotoxic events frequently related to occupational exposure. Behaviors like tabagism, etilism and exposition time were also investigated to correlate cells alterations. The correlation between micronuclei frequencies of case and control group test doesn’t show statistic difference. Broken egg and binucleated cells were the most observed anomalies on case group and showed up significant statistic difference (p=0.03). Results indicates a high grade of cytotoxic anomalies on individuals with hypo pharynx cancer, specially in tabagists and chronic etilists individuals, behaviors that are correlated to induct and promote tumors in susceptible people due their capabilities to affect cell cycle. Studies about relationship between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and cancer development are performed since 80’s. Although the correlation of HPV and cervical cancer are well established, the possible role of HPV and head and neck cancer are still unclear. Among controversial factors of HPV and carcinogenesis of squamous epithelial cells, there is a viral incidence that oscillates from 0 to almost 100% on studies that includes a myriad of viral genome detect methods, such Blotting and PCR. Importance of HPV infection and epithelial carcinogenesis is related to capabilities of High risk HPV 16 and 18 to promote cell alterations, by tumor suppressor proteins inactivation, tumor suppressor genes blockage and insertions of HPV oncogenes. On present study, HPV detection and typing was performed on tumors derived from hypo pharynx of 24 patients diagnosed with cancer (CID-O: C12,0 to C13,9). All samples was submitted to PCR with generic primers MY09/11 and GP05/06, as specific primers to HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 33, 35, 45 and 58. Results shows that on 9 of 24 samples, HPV were detected by generic primers (a rate of 37,5%) and HPV types 16, 18 and 45 were identified, with a sample presenting coinfection of HPV 16 and 18. / A hipofaringe, região inferior da faringe, também chamada de laringofaringe ou faringolaríngea, serve aos sistemas respiratório e digestivo, funcionando como passagem para o ar e os alimentos. É composta de tecido epitelial escamoso estratificado não-queratinizado, com grande quantidade de glândulas seromucosas. As estatísticas mostram que entre 85 e 90% dos cânceres que acometem a hipofaringe são carcinomas espino-celulares. A lesão inicial no seio piriforme apresenta-se macroscopicamente sob o aspecto de um nódulo ou úlcera, tendo como característica principal, a rápida disseminação pela submucosa. Atualmente, com a associação de cirurgias radicais e radioterapia pós-peratória aumentou-se o controle locorregional destes tumores, contudo, a sobrevida global não sofreu alterações em decorrência das metástases à distância, o que não representa uma falha no tratamento realizado e sim uma evolução natural devido à característica invasiva desse tipo de neoplasia. Os tumores malignos de hipofaringe não são freqüentes, representando entre 5 a 10% das neoplasias das vias aerodigestivas superiores e apenas 0,5 % de todos os cânceres. Porém, do conjunto das neoplasias malignas da região da cabeça e pescoço, tumores de hipofaringe apresentam o pior prognóstico. A avaliação das tendências epidemiológicas apresentadas pelo câncer de hipofaringe em Goiânia no período de 1998 a 2003, analisando os dados disponíveis pelo Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional da Associação de Combate ao Câncer em Goiás, mostrou uma sobrevida relativa dos pacientes do sexo masculino diagnosticados com câncer de hipofaringe foi de 38% após 60 meses de segmento, enquanto que para o feminino apresentou-se uma sobrevida máxima de 100%, com todas as pacientes curadas. Dentre os tratamentos realizados, a cirurgia apresentou a menor taxa de sobrevida (34%) ao passo que para a quimioterapia foi associada uma sobrevida de 54%. A sobrevida dos pacientes tabagistas (43%) se mostrou muito inferior à dos indivíduos que não eram tabagistas (60%). Em fim, ao longo de cinco anos de segmento deste estudo, a taxa de sobrevida relativa para portadores de tumores malignos da hipofaringe foi de aproximadamente 38%, estimada para cinco anos com uma censura de apenas 5%. A taxa de sobrevida relativa é diminuída uma vez que cerca de 45% dos casos, o diagnóstico é feito tardiamente. O presente estudo também avaliou as alterações citogenéticas nucleares de pacientes portadores de câncer na região da hipofaringe. Foram analisados 36 indivíduos do grupo de casos, constituído de pacientes diagnosticados com tumores de hipofaringe, e 36 indivíduos saudáveis do grupo controle. Para obtenção dos dados foram considerados hábitos de consumo como tabagismo e etilismo e principalmente o tempo de exposição. Foram contadas 5000 células por indivíduo e as freqüências de micronúcleo, binucleadas, broken eggs e demais aberrações nucleares, foram calculadas para ambos os grupos. A freqüência de micronúcleo mostrada entre o grupo controle e o de casos não apresentaram diferença estatística. Porém, foi observado, por parte do grupo de casos, um grande número de células com broken eggs e binucleadas. Tais resultados demonstraram diferença estatística (p = 0,03). A binucleação e a formação de dois núcleos em forma de broken egg sugere que agentes como o tabaco e o alcoolismo crônico podem estar relacionados com a indução e progressão de tumores em pessoas susceptíveis, devido à capacidade desses mutágenos afetarem o ciclo celular. Dentre os fatores que geram controvérsias, podemos destacar o achado freqüente de variados tipos de HPV em mucosa oral normal, numa incidência que varia de 0% a quase 100% em diversos estudos, com numerosos métodos de identificação, incluindo entre eles um método altamente sensível, a PCR. A importância da infecção pelo HPV na carcinogênese de células epiteliais é suportada pela capacidade dos HPVs de alto risco, principalmente os tipos 16 e 18, de imortalizar os queratinócitos orais, quando em análise in vitro. O processo de imortalização pode envolver a desativação de proteínas supressoras de tumores pré-formadas pelas oncoproteínas virais, o bloqueio da transcrição de genes supressores de tumores como resultado da inserção do oncogene do HPV, ou a estimulação da transcrição do oncogene celular pela inserção de seqüências ativadoras de transcrição derivadas do próprio genoma do HPV. No presente estudo, o grupo amostral foi constituído de 24 pacientes diagnosticados com carcinoma de hipofaringe. Os casos foram obtidos do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional de Goiânia/GO da Associação de Combate ao Câncer em Goiás. Todos os pacientes considerados foram diagnosticados como carcinomas de hipofaringe (CID-O: C12.0 a C13.9). Todas as amostras foram submetidas a uma PCR com os primers genéricos MY09/11 e GP05/06 para detecção em amplo espectro do genoma de HPV. Posteriormente, utilizou-se a mesma abordagem, com os primers tipo-específico para HPVs 6, 11, 16, 18, 33, 35, 45 e 58. Em 9 das 24 amostras utilizadas, foi observada amplificação com os primers genéricos, identificando-se o genoma de HPV em 37,5% (6/24) dos casos. Em 67% (6/9) das amostras, o genoma viral foi detectado por MY09/11 e em 33% (3/9) pelos primers GP05/06. As amostras positivas foram então submetidas a uma segunda PCR para a genotipagem dos HPVs, tendo sido observados os tipos 16, 18 e 45. Os tipos virais mais associados ao câncer da hipofaringe, no presente estudo, foram os HPV 16 e 18, presente em 6 amostras e o HPV45, encontrado em 1 amostra. Em um paciente foi observada a co-infecção de tipos virais de HPVs 16 e 18. Contudo, mesmo diante de tantas pesquisas realizadas, há muito para ser explorado, apesar de uma hipótese possível para a carcinogênese ser a interação sinérgica de carcinógenos químicos, virais, oncogenes e genes supressores de tumores.

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious neglected zoonosis of cattle that is prevalent but under-investigated in Cameroon, hence this study was designed to assess the epidemiology of bovine TB in cattle, risks for M. bovis infection in cattle and humans; and public health implications of zoonotic bovine TB in the highlands of Cameroon. A retrospective study of meat inspection records (1994 – 2010) was done to estimate the prevalence of TB lesions in slaughtered cattle in the North West region. The prevalence of bovine TB and anti-bovine TB antibodies in live cattle based on tuberculin skin tests (2 surveys) and immune-chromatographic assays respectively were carried out in the Western and Adamawa highlands of Cameroon. The performance of the tuberculin tests for bovine TB diagnosis in cattle using various tuberculin skin test cut-off points against the detection of anti-bovine TB antibodies (hypothesised risks of exposure) was compared. Suspected TB lesions from slaughtered cattle and infected human sputa were cultured on Lowentein – Jesen and Middlebrook 7H9 media to isolate mycobacteria agents for molecular genotyping using genomic deletion analysis and spoligotyping. Risk factors for exposure and transmission of zoonotic bovine TB infection of cattle and cattle professionals, and its public health significance were determined using structured questionnaires. Seventeen years of meat inspection record revealed that suspect TB lesions were identified in 599 of 129,165 slaughtered cattle at the Bamenda abattoir. The lungs and associated lymph nodes (over 60%) were the most affected tissues. Other results showed that the prevalence of anti-bovine TB antibodies in cattle in the study regions was 37.17%. Chi square statistics revealed that irrespective of the tuberculin test cut-off value (P<0.05; χ2>48), strong associations existed between the detection of anti-bovine TB antibodies and disease status. A 95% confidence interval analysis of the comparative cervical tuberculin tests revealed that the prevalence rates were 4.67% – 7.15%, 12.02% – 15.67% and 20.56% – 24.98% at the ≥ 4mm, ≥ 3mm and ≥ 2mm cut-off points, respectively. Overall, the best test performance was realised at ≥ 3-mm, though the ≥ 2-mm cut-off point predicted more positive reactors. Age, sex, breed and husbandry practices served as significant (P<0.05) risks to the prevalence and exposure of bovine TB in cattle. The feedbacks from cattle professionals suggested that there was high possibility of cattle to cattle and cattle to human transmission of bovine TB such as intimate and repeated animal / animal and animal / human interactions, consuming unpasteurised milk and eating raw meat. Genomic deletion analysis of cultured isolates showed evidence of M. tuberculosis from cattle and M. bovis from human while spoligotyping identified five cattle M. bovis strains; and four spoligotype patterns that had not been previously described anywhere. The study has important epidemiological and public health implications requiring prompt and decisive actions from the Cameroonian authority towards controlling zoonotic bovine TB in both humans and animals. A multidisciplinary approach is needed for further collaborative research and effective control strategies such as enhancing the awareness of people to this deadly disease through continuous education, proper food handling and personal hygiene, healthy husbandry practices and maintenance of the environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:55:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Solange Alves Vinhas.pdf: 4494197 bytes, checksum: c05b3a06ae983246a835977f36eb32e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Background: Based on the hypothesis that genetic variability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) could influence virulence and immunopathology we analyzed genetic profiles of different MTB strains in order to detect relatedness between genetic diversity and presence of cavity (disease severity). Methods: We conducted a retrospective molecular study in Vitória ES, based on TB strains (2003 to 2006, n = 214) from patients with pulmonary cavitary and non-cavitary TB using IS6110-RFLP, Spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR methodologies. RESULTS: Initially, we compared the association of the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with the presence of cavities. After logistic regression the variables that most contributed to explain the model of the disease were smear positive (ORajust = 5.96; IC= 2.58-13.73) and sputum production (ORajust = 4.55; IC= 1.28-16.12), there was no statistically significant association with the remaining variables. The LAM family was the most frequent within the samples of the two groups analyzed, representing 65 (62%) of the isolates in the cavitary group and 40 isolates (38%) of the non-cavitary. After comparing the proportions of LAM and other spoligotyping families there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.17). In relation to deletions RDRio (p=0.65) and RD174 (p=0.65) there were no statistically significant difference between the groups. Amongst the 205 isolates analyzed, 25 (12%) belonging to the non-cavitary group and 43 (21%) belonging to the cavitary group, were grouped in clusters. The statistical analysis of the association of the occurence of clusters with the presence of cavity showed no statistically significant difference between the quantity of clusters and the groups that were analyzed, (p= 0.4). Conclusion: The genotipic profile for the isolates from patients with cavitary and non-cavitary disease was determined. Our data showed that LAM9 was the most frequent among the strains between cavitary and noncavitary groups, corroborating findings that this family is the most frequent in Brasil. There were no statistical differences that could show association among the variables analyzed related to presence of cavity or disease severity / Introdução: Baseado na hipótese de que a variabilidade genética de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) pode influenciar a virulência e a gravidade da doença os perfis genéticos de isolados clínicos de MTB foram avaliados para detectar associação entre diversidade genética e gravidade da doença. Objetivos: Analisar características genéticas de isolados de MTB e verificar sua possível associação com a gravidade da TB pulmonar. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, caso controle, conduzido em Vitória-ES, utilizando isolados de MTB (2003 a 2006, n=214) de pacientes com TB pulmonar, cavitária (127) e não cavitária (87). Realizou-se genotipagem por meio de RFLP-IS6110, Spoligotyping, MIRU-VNTR 24 loci, e a análise de deleções e inserções, como RDRio, RD174 utilizando PCR multiplex, bem como a detecção do Ag85C103. Realizou-se análise estatística, para verificação dos padrões de distribuição das variáveis, seguida de análises bivariadas para verificação de associações entre elas, empregando-se os teste exato de Fisher ou Chi-quadrado, ambos com 95% de intervalo de confiança e nível de significância (&#61554;) < 0,05. Resultados: Após a regressão logística, as variáveis que contribuíram no modelo explicativo da doença foram baciloscopia (ORajust = 5,96; IC= 2,58-13,73) e produção de escarro (ORajust = 4,55; IC= 1,28- 16,12). Não houve associação estatisticamente significativa com o restante das variáveis.A família LAM foi a mais frequente entre os dois grupos analisados, representando 65 (62%) dos isolados no grupo cavitário e 40 isolados (38%) do grupo não cavitário. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em relação à deleção RDRio (p=0,65) e com relação à deleção RD174 (p=0,65). Dentre os 205 isolados analisados, 25 (12%) isolados do grupo não cavitário e 43 (21%) do grupo cavitário, estavam em cluster. não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a quantidade de clusters e os grupos analisados (p= 0,4). Conclusões: Foi determinado o perfil genotípico dos isolados de pacientes com doença pulmonar, cavitária e não cavitária. Não houve associação entre a presença de cavidade e os genótipos encontrados. Não houve associação do genótipo com nenhum dos marcadores moleculares avaliados