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This thesis re-examines the suspension of the gold standard rule in Britain between 1797 and 1821 within the framework of the theory of credible and time consistent monetary policy. By combining both historical and theoretical analysis the thesis challenges the prevailing theory in which the gold standard is considered as a contingent rule and the suspension as an exogenously credible regime. Firstly, the thesis analyses what made the suspension credible in the absence of the gold standard rule. It is proposed that the suspension was a credible regime, because the resumption of the gold standard at the old par value in the future was a sustainable plan. It is shown that monetary policy during the bad state -- such as war -- can still be time consistent in the absence of the formal commitment rule, if the policy maker's plan is to resume the original commitment rule when the economy returns to the good state. The equilibrium is based on trigger strategies where private agents retaliate if a policy maker deviates from its policy plan to resume the gold standard rule. Secondly, the thesis aims to establish why the gold standard rule was suspended for twenty-four years. Both historical analysis and a dynamic general equilibrium model demonstrate that the gold standard was a shock amplifier when the shocks became persistent in the 1790s, and suspension was used to restore monetary stability during the French Wars. As the suspension of cash payments was a credible regime, it maintained the value and circulation of paper currency that in turn stabilised production and consumption. Suspension increased the degree of flexibility in the economic policy as the monetary authority had an opportunity to stimulate the economy by issuing fiat money during the war, on the understanding that the fiat money so issued would be withdrawn from circulation before the gold standard resumed. Finally, it is explained why the gold standard was resumed after the relatively successful Suspension Period. The gold standard was seen as a solution to the problem that arose from the Bank of England's ambiguous role as a public and private institution. Rules were considered to be better than discretion, and the gold convertibility was a transparent principle, which maximised the long-run welfare of the society. The thesis demonstrates how already in the eighteenth century commitment to the gold standard rule had increased the efficiency of capital markets and enabled Britain to finance its eighteenth-century wars by using deficit finance. Maintaining these abilities through the gold standard was desirable.

Essa dissertação investiga a existência de um canal de custos de política monetária. Para tanto, utiliza métodos econométricos e de simulação. No primeiro caso, três métodos diferentes são utilizados para a estimação com dados brasileiros de quatro especificações, sendo três delas além das estimadas na literatura. Os resultados obtidos indicam a presença do canal de custos quando essas outras especificações são consideradas. Logo, a literatura empírica existente pode ter subestimado a importância do canal de custo da transmissão monetária. Além disso, foi adaptado e simulado um modelo stock-flow, estudando-se seu comportamento quando são impostas mudanças exógenas nos juros. Neste exercício também foi ilustrada a possibilidade de operação do canal de custos. / This dissertation investigates the existence of a cost-push channel of monetary policy. For this aim, it uses econometric and simulation methods. In the first case, three different methods are used for the estimation using Brazilian data of four specifications, three of them being unusual in the literature. The obtained results reveal the presence of the cost-push channel when these other specifications are considered. Hence the existing empirical literature may have underestimated the relevance of the cost-push channel of monetary transmission. Also, a stock-flow model was adapted and simulated, where we looked into its behavior when exogenous changes on the interest rate are imposed. In this exercise the possibility of the operation of the cost-push channel was also present.

Essa dissertação investiga a existência de um canal de custos de política monetária. Para tanto, utiliza métodos econométricos e de simulação. No primeiro caso, três métodos diferentes são utilizados para a estimação com dados brasileiros de quatro especificações, sendo três delas além das estimadas na literatura. Os resultados obtidos indicam a presença do canal de custos quando essas outras especificações são consideradas. Logo, a literatura empírica existente pode ter subestimado a importância do canal de custo da transmissão monetária. Além disso, foi adaptado e simulado um modelo stock-flow, estudando-se seu comportamento quando são impostas mudanças exógenas nos juros. Neste exercício também foi ilustrada a possibilidade de operação do canal de custos. / This dissertation investigates the existence of a cost-push channel of monetary policy. For this aim, it uses econometric and simulation methods. In the first case, three different methods are used for the estimation using Brazilian data of four specifications, three of them being unusual in the literature. The obtained results reveal the presence of the cost-push channel when these other specifications are considered. Hence the existing empirical literature may have underestimated the relevance of the cost-push channel of monetary transmission. Also, a stock-flow model was adapted and simulated, where we looked into its behavior when exogenous changes on the interest rate are imposed. In this exercise the possibility of the operation of the cost-push channel was also present.

Esta Tese é composta por dois ensaios sobre Política Monetária. O primeiro ensaio trata da demanda por recursos intradiários e over. Com base no comportamento intradiário, são realizadas simulações para estimar a distribuição do saldo em reservas bancárias ao final do dia. A hipótese principal é de que o saldo em reservas ao longo do dia é um Processo de Levy composto por três componentes: um movimento browniano, um processo de Poisson composto com intensidade negativa e outro com intensidade positiva. Para determinar os parâmetros das simulações foram consideradas as situações em que processo é apenas um movimento browniano, ou apenas um processo de Poisson composto, ou ambos. Os parâmetros foram estimados pelos métodos convencionais e pelo modelo Tweedie, sendo feitas algumas ressalvas com relação às correlações entre defasagens. Além dos procedimentos de simulação tradicionais, foi utilizado o Bootstrap e sugerida uma forma alternativa. O modelo que apresentou melhor desempenho foi o que considera que o processo é um processo de Poisson composto. O segundo ensaio tem como tema a taxa natural de juros. Foram implementados três modelos e duas formas de estimá-los (Filtro de Kalman e estimação bayesiana). O modelo com melhor desempenho foi o modelo sugerido em Kirker (2008) estimado por procedimentos bayesianos. Como resultado, a taxa natural de juros está menor do que a taxa de juros real de curto prazo desde junho de 2009, o que sugere uma política monetária contracionista / This Thesis is composed of two essays on Monetary Policy. The first is about intraday and over reserve balances demand. Based on reserves intraday behavior, simulations are made to estimate reseve balances distribution at the end of the day. The main hypothesis is that reserve balaces along the day are Levy processes, with three components: a Brownian motion and two compound Poisson processes, one with negative and the other with a positive intensity. To determine simulation parameters, the process was alternatively considered a brownian motion, a compound Poisson process, or both. The parameters were estimeted by conventional methods and by the Tweedie model, when there is no autocorrelation. After these procedures of traditional simulation, a Bootstrap was used and an alternative procedure was proposed. The model with the best performance is the compound Poisson Process. The second essay is about natural interest rate. Three models are implementated and estimated by two methods (Kalman Filter e bayesian estimation). The best performance was obtained by the model based on Kirker (2008) and estimated through Kalman Filter. As a result, the natural interest rate was found to be above short run real interest rate since June 2009, sugesting expansionary Monetary Policy.

Thesis advisor: Peter Ireland / Thesis advisor: Matteo Iacoviello / The dissertation is composed by two chapters. In the first one, I study the role of credit constraints and incomplete markets in the short run transmission of monetary shocks, using the superneutrality result that would obtain from preference separability in the Sidrauski model under complete markets as a benchmark. I find that money demand heterogeneity stemming from binding credit constraints invalidates the superneutrality result. I show this result under two alternative settings. In a simple two agents model, with heterogeneity in the rates of time preference, whether positive shocks to the growth rate of money are expansionary or contractionary crucially depends on the transfer scheme adopted by the monetary authority to rebate seigniorage transfers: redistributional effects implied by symmetric lump-sum transfers are contractionary, while wealth-neutral transfers are expansionary. In a model with uninsurable idiosyncratic risk, the approximate aggregation property fails to hold due to the high degree of heterogeneity of money demand and to the properties of the cross-sectional distribution of money holdings, suggesting the inadequacy of the representative agent assumption and the need for a more elaborate approximation of the wealth distribution to predict prices. In the second chapter, we propose a real business cycle model with labor and credit market frictions in which borrowing is conditional on employment status. Relative to a conventional set up, and as long as credit is valued positively, our model generates a non-standard labor/leisure trade off that induces job applicants to accept lower wages and firms to post more vacancies, ultimately increasing employment. A shock to the demand of durable goods, by increasing the collateral value, reduce the opportunity cost of working, and generates an increase in employment and output. The transmission of a financial shock that increases the loan to value ratio, is dampened by the costs, in terms of leisure, incurred by the borrowers. We show that this mechanism is able to generate the positive comovement between outstanding household debt and employment observed in the data, whereas a conventional model, in which employment status is irrelevant for obtaining credit, predicts a counterfactual negative comovement. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

A influência da percepção de risco sobre as decisões de demanda por moeda é o tema central que este trabalho busca explorar. Para isso, um modelo de demanda por moeda a ser testado empiricamente foi proposto, com a inclusão de variáveis de volatilidade do mercado de ações, das taxas de juros e do produto interno bruto, além do spread sobre a taxa de juros de política monetária, ao modelo padrão na literatura, com produto e taxa de juros como variáveis independentes. Em seguida, o modelo foi estimado para a economia dos Estados Unidos no período entre 1959 e 2013, utilizando sete diferentes agregados monetários como variável dependente. Para que fosse corretamente considerada a cointegração entre as variáveis envolvidas, foi utilizada a técnica de estimação por modelos ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lags), cuja aplicação na literatura durante a última década em modelos com variáveis de distintas ordens de integração é crescente. Os resultados obtidos são animadores no sentido de sugerir a existência desta relação entre risco e demanda por moeda, particularmente para o período de maior inovação financeira recente, porém dão margem a novas pesquisas que possam aperfeiçoar a metodologia teórica e econométrica a fim de melhor estimar a dimensão e o mecanismo desta relação. / The influence of perceived risk on the decisions of the demand for money is the central theme that this paper seeks to explore. With this goal, we propose a model of demand for money to be tested empirically, with the inclusion of volatilities of the stock market, interest rates and gross domestic product, in addition to the spread on the monetary policy interest rate, to the standard model in the literature, with product and interest rate as independent variables. This model was then estimated for the United States economy in the period between 1959 and 2013, using seven different monetary aggregates as the dependent variable. In order to properly consider the cointegration between the variables involved, we made use of ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lags) modeling technique, whose application in the literature over the last decade, in models with variables of different orders of integration, is increasing. The results are encouraging in the sense of suggesting the existence of such relationship between risk and demand for money, particularly for the most recent period of financial innovation, but leaves room to new research that could improve the theoretical and econometric methodology in order to better estimate the dimension and the mechanism of this relationship.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Felipe Arruda Ambrozio.pdf: 1231313 bytes, checksum: 2995fa371a90ec885d5696f256684c4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-27 / This work has the goal of to execute a review at the recent literature on the Marx s theory of money. For this, relevant works produced at last two decades by Brazilian and foreign authors were elected. Those works were divided at three major themes, who comprise the three chapters of this dissertation. The themes are: the relation between the Marx s theory of value and the concept of money; the problem brought to Marx s theory of money by the ending of dollar-gold standard, and, the determination of the value of the money. At the end of this work was made a critical review of the ideas exposed in which has sought to establish points of connection and dissent between the authors. / O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é fazer uma revisão de literatura do debate recente sobre a teoria monetária de Marx. Para tanto, foram escolhidos autores brasileiros e estrangeiros que possuem produção relevante sobre o tema nas últimas duas décadas, preferencialmente. Após verificar a literatura, o debate foi dividido em três grandes temas que compuseram os três capítulos dessa dissertação. Os temas tratados foram: a relação do dinheiro com a teoria do valor; a problemática do fim do padrão dólar-ouro para a teoria monetária de Marx, e, por fim, a determinação do valor da Moeda para Marx. Após cada capítulo procurou-se fazer uma reconstituição critica do que fora apresentado, bem como, estabelecer pontos de ligação e afastamento entre os autores

A teoria econômica mostra que instabilidade financeira é um problema que atinge as economias nos períodos de recessão causando desemprego, queda nos níveis de consumo e poupança, surgimento de corridas bancárias e, consequentemente, a redução do bemestar da sociedade. A literatura que estuda instabilidade financeira divide-se em duas vertentes as quais importantes referências nas áreas de estudo sem serviço sequencial e com serviço sequencial são Allen e Gale (2000) e Bertolai, Cavalcanti, e Monteiro (2016), respectivamente. A contribuição deste trabalho consiste em apresentar os modelos e principais resultados de Allen e Gale (2000) e Bertolai et al. (2016) como casos limites de um mesmo problema de escolha do sistema bancário ótimo para estabelecer, em seguida, resultados complementares à essas referências. A primeira contribuição, no ambiente em que não existe serviço sequencial, é propor uma nova forma de divisão do choque inesperado de liquidez no modelo de Allen e Gale (2000) de modo que esse mecanismo de cooperação no interbancário consiga evitar contágio e o colapso generalizado entre os bancos. Já no ambiente com serviço sequencial, uma segunda contribuição é estender Bertolai et al. (2016) ao estabelecer novos equilíbrios de corrida bancária, em que os três últimos depositantes de cada um dos bancos da economia não participam da corrida bancária. / Economic theory shows that financial instability is a problem that affects economies in times of recession, causing unemployment, falling consumption and saving levels, the emergence of bank-run , and consequently the reduction of the welfare of society. The literature that studies financial instability is divided into two strands where important references in the study areas without sequential and sequential service are Allen e Gale (2000) and Bertolai et al. (2016), respectively. The contribution of this work is to present the models and main results of Allen e Gale (2000) and Bertolai et al. (2016) as limiting cases of the same problem of choosing the optimal banking system, in order to establish subsequent results complementary to these references. The first contribution, in the environment in which there is no sequential service, is to propose a new way of dividing the unexpected liquidity shock in the Allen e Gale (2000) model so that this mechanism of interbank cooperation can avoid contagion and the generalized collapse between the banks. In the sequential service environment, a second contribution is to extend Bertolai et al. (2016) by establishing new banking run balances in which the last three depositors of each of the banks of the economy do not participate in the bank run.

A influência da percepção de risco sobre as decisões de demanda por moeda é o tema central que este trabalho busca explorar. Para isso, um modelo de demanda por moeda a ser testado empiricamente foi proposto, com a inclusão de variáveis de volatilidade do mercado de ações, das taxas de juros e do produto interno bruto, além do spread sobre a taxa de juros de política monetária, ao modelo padrão na literatura, com produto e taxa de juros como variáveis independentes. Em seguida, o modelo foi estimado para a economia dos Estados Unidos no período entre 1959 e 2013, utilizando sete diferentes agregados monetários como variável dependente. Para que fosse corretamente considerada a cointegração entre as variáveis envolvidas, foi utilizada a técnica de estimação por modelos ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lags), cuja aplicação na literatura durante a última década em modelos com variáveis de distintas ordens de integração é crescente. Os resultados obtidos são animadores no sentido de sugerir a existência desta relação entre risco e demanda por moeda, particularmente para o período de maior inovação financeira recente, porém dão margem a novas pesquisas que possam aperfeiçoar a metodologia teórica e econométrica a fim de melhor estimar a dimensão e o mecanismo desta relação. / The influence of perceived risk on the decisions of the demand for money is the central theme that this paper seeks to explore. With this goal, we propose a model of demand for money to be tested empirically, with the inclusion of volatilities of the stock market, interest rates and gross domestic product, in addition to the spread on the monetary policy interest rate, to the standard model in the literature, with product and interest rate as independent variables. This model was then estimated for the United States economy in the period between 1959 and 2013, using seven different monetary aggregates as the dependent variable. In order to properly consider the cointegration between the variables involved, we made use of ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lags) modeling technique, whose application in the literature over the last decade, in models with variables of different orders of integration, is increasing. The results are encouraging in the sense of suggesting the existence of such relationship between risk and demand for money, particularly for the most recent period of financial innovation, but leaves room to new research that could improve the theoretical and econometric methodology in order to better estimate the dimension and the mechanism of this relationship.