Este trabalho é baseado na construção de um novo pensamento jurídico de direito transnacional, justificado na abordagem dos estudos do conflito da lavagem de ativos, consolidado distante do conceito de soberania das Nações, sobre o qual, se buscaram respostas concretas para compreender o referido conflito. O problema da lavagem de ativos aumenta em proporções desmesuradas, a ponto de se tornar em um dos cenários de debate de maior atenção por Organismos Internacionais (Viena, 1988, Palermo, 2000, Mérida 2003) e que muitas Nações temem, pois destrói suas estruturas econômicas e democráticas. É relevante realizar um estudo sobre lavagem de dinheiros para encontrar outras soluções jurídicas distintas àquelas criadas pela comunidade internacional, ou seja, com a assinatura de Convênios Internacionais e cumprimento de Normativas, as 40 Recomendações do GAFI-FATF cominadas a serem cumpridas mais especificamente na América Latina. Neste caso particular, se fez um estudo de direito comparado entre o Brasil e a Colômbia, duas Nações que possuem um mesmo denominador comum, que é o combate, controle e a prevenção deste delito, que atravessa suas fronteiras e sobre os quais pesa o estigma de produtor e rota de drogas, respectivamente. Metodologicamente este estudo foi dividido em três partes que detalham uma complexa análise do porquê o delito transnacional da lavagem tende a crescer constantemente. Primeiro, devido às suas origens e causas que o fundamentam; segundo, pela formulação das normas e convênios que não possuem coerência discursiva e realismo frente ao fenômeno delitivo; e terceiro, pela incompreensão e má adaptação das regras internas em relação às normativas internacionais, que não discorrem, e muito menos combinam, porque suas medidas e sanções entre as Nações partem de uma vontade soberana. Com estes três pilares emergiram os fundamentos teóricos a partir do conceito de direito transnacional referente às sociedades cosmopolitas do sociólogo Ulrich Beck, e ajustado nos processos discursivos da teoria da ação comunicativa, proposta pelo filósofo Jürgen Habermas. Ao ter como paradigma estes dois teóricos, se pensou em um estudo epistemológico do fenômeno da lavagem de ativos, no qual não responde às realidades do mundo globalizado da massificação dos discursos assimétricos provenientes das normativas internacionais. No caso particular do narcotráfico e o consumo de droga, se deixou claro que para cumprir metas a fim de erradicar cultivos e frear a droga, não deve, portanto, legalizar-se e, sim, uniformizarem-se os procedimentos com o intuito de extinguir este mal. Como a soberania das Nações impede este fim faz-se necessário a transnacionalidade normativa que conduz à sua solução / This project is based on the creation of a new juridical way of thinking, on the area of transnational law, which is justified by the approach of studies about the conflict in Money laundering, and consolidated apart from the concept of nation sovereignty, about which concrete answers were sought to comprehend the referred conflict. The problem in Money laundering is increased in immeasurable proportions, to such an extent that it became the scenery for high importance debates in International Organizations (Viena, 1988; Palermo, 2000; Mérida, 2003), and that many nations fear, once it destroys their economic and democratic structures. It is relevant to perform a study on money laundering to find other juridical solutions, different from those created by the international community, or else, with the signature of international agreements and the fulfillment of policies, the 40 recommendations of the GAFI-FATF comminated to be fulfilled more specifically in Latin America. Particularly in this case, a comparative law study was made between Brazil and Colombia, two nations possessing the same common denominator: the combat, the control and the prevention of this wrongdoing that crosses their boundaries and above which the stigma of being a drug producer and the route of drugs, respectively, weighs. Methodologically, this study was divided in three parts, detailing a complex analysis on the reason for the transnational wrongdoing of laundering to be increasing constantly. First, due to its origins and causes that founded it; second, for the formulation of policies and agreements that do not possess discursive coherence and realism when facing the illegal phenomenon; and third, for the incomprehension and bad adaptation of the internal rules to the international policies, that do not concoct, or even match, once their measures and sanctions between the nations come from a sovereign willing. With these three pillars, the theoretical foundations emerged from the concept of transnational law, referring to the cosmopolitan societies as it was described by the sociologist Ulrich Beck, and adjusted on the discursive processes of the communicative action theory, proposed by the philosopher Jürgen Habermas. Regarding these two theorists as a paradigm, an epistemological study on the phenomenon of Money laundering was considered, which does not correspond to the realities of the globalized world, spread in the massification of asymmetrical speeches, originated from the international policies. In the particular case of drug trafficking and consumption, it was clear that, in order to meet goals for the eradication of the crops and to stop the drugs, they should not, therefore, be legalized; in fact, the procedures should be gauged, aiming at the extinction of this evil. As the sovereignty of nations prevents this ending, it is made necessary the transnational policy that conducts to its solution

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1098422 bytes, checksum: 039e2e0f085a54759e9801aac0763212 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation is about the international cooperation in criminal matters and the international assets recovery. The overall analysis of the subject is focused on the reflection on how the brazilian state acts, specially when it comes to international cooperation on fighting against money laundering and its previous illegal acts. Due to the internationalization of private life, the nations noticed the importance of cooperating in order to guarantee its own sovereignty and the possibility to request diligences on other countries. With the view to improve this kind of cooperation, lots of nations became adopting a bunch of international instruments and, also, criminalizing several conducts (participation in a criminal organization, corruption, etc.), wishing to officialize the international cooperation against the money laundering. Nevertheless, many scholars believe that all the financial efforts involved in the recovery of the assets obtained with the money laundering are not worthy, as only a few of that assets are really recovered. After analyzing the money laundering dynamic, we talk a little about how all the government agencies act to fight against this illegal act, specially the Federal Police, the Office of the Attorney-General of the Union and the Council for Financial Activities Control. In order to fight off the money laundering was created, as well, the Department of Assets Recovery and International Legal Cooperation, the major authority in Brazil when it comes to international cooperation for assets recovery. Analyzing some collected data, we could notice that Brazil and USA had cooperated in some cases, but it´s important that the Brazilian state develop its skills of direct assistance, simplify its bureaucracy, amongst other challenges, in order to make the fight off against money laundering and the recovery of assets really effective. / A presente dissertação de mestrado debruça-se sobre a cooperação penal internacional e a recuperação de ativos. A análise geral da problemática restringe-se em examinar a atuação do Estado brasileiro nesse processo, focando na cooperação internacional, no combate ao delito de lavagem de dinheiro, e seus crimes anteriores. Devido à internacionalização da vida privada, os Estados perceberam a necessidade de cooperar entre si para poder garantir sua soberania e diligências dentro dos outros territórios. A fim de facilitar esse processo de cooperação, os governos adotaram uma série de instrumentos internacionais, além de tipificarem vários crimes (participação em organização criminosa, corrupção etc.), a fim de criar mecanismos para institucionalizar a cooperação internacional contra a lavagem de dinheiro. Todavia, vários doutrinadores acreditam que os esforços financeiros exigidos para recuperar os bens produtos da lavagem de dinheiro não compensam, uma vez que é arrecadada uma quantia ínfima, se comparado ao dinheiro lavado. A partir da análise do delito de lavagem de dinheiro, estuda-se a atividade de diversos órgãos responsáveis pelo seu combate e prevenção, como a Polícia Federal, a Advocacia-Geral da União, o Conselho de Controle de Atividades Financeiras. A partir da ação de combate à lavagem de dinheiro, foi criado o Departamento de Ativos e Cooperação Jurídica Internacional, a fim de funcionar como autoridade central e influenciar positivamente em qualquer processo de cooperação internacional, que objetive a recuperação de ativos. Constataram-se alguns dados da cooperação jurídica internacional entre o Brasil e outros Estados, entendendo-se que o país ainda precisa aperfeiçoar suas técnicas de auxílio direto, driblar a burocracia e diversas outras dificuldades, para que seja realmente eficaz no combate ao crime de lavagem de dinheiro e na recuperação de ativos.

Submitted by THIAGO GIOVANI ROMERO null (thiago.romero@live.com) on 2017-10-20T12:36:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 THIAGO GIOVANI ROMERO.pdf: 1083433 bytes, checksum: 2fcda138ee0be6a55f79bcc4f767a79f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-10-23T19:09:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 romero_tg_me_fran.pdf: 1083433 bytes, checksum: 2fcda138ee0be6a55f79bcc4f767a79f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T19:09:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 romero_tg_me_fran.pdf: 1083433 bytes, checksum: 2fcda138ee0be6a55f79bcc4f767a79f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Inquestionavelmente, no atual cenário da globalização, deparamo-nos com o avanço vertiginoso dos crimes transnacionais, em especial da lavagem de capitais. Desta forma, os Estados e organismos internacionais, como a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), juntaram esforços para prevenir e combater a macrocriminalidade. Neste momento, percebeu-se também que os instrumentos clássicos de cooperação internacional eram insuficientes, à medida que os delitos se multavam rapidamente. Neste contexto, surge o Grupo de Ação Financeira Internacional (GAFI) por iniciativa do G-7, responsável pela definição de padrões internacionais para o combate e prevenção à lavagem de dinheiro. Assim, a finalidade desta dissertação é de analisar a verdadeira importância da cooperação jurídica internacional para o enfrentamento do crime de lavagem de dinheiro, no âmbito do GAFI, através das recomendações 36 a 40, já que se mostram como ferramentas úteis e efetivas. Assim, este estudou buscou amparo na abordagem lógico-dedutiva, realizada através de levantamento e análise bibliográfica, no intuito de apontar as razões determinantes que influenciam os Estados a aderirem os padrões internacionais recomendados pelo GAFI. / Unquestionably, nowadays in the current scenario of globalization, we are faced with the rapid advance of transnational crimes, especially money laundering. States and international organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), have joined efforts to prevent and combat macro-crime. At this point, it was also realized that the classical instruments of international cooperation were insufficient as the crimes were quickly mutated. In this context, the International Financial Action Task Force (FATF) emerges on the initiative of the G-7, organism responsible for defining international standards for combating and preventing money laundering. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the true importance of international legal cooperation to face the crime of money laundering, within the FATF, through recommendations 36 to 40, since they are shown as useful and effective tools. This study sought support in the logic-deductive approach, using survey and bibliographic analysis, in order to identify the determining reasons that influence the States to adhere to the international standards recommended by the FATF.

Although many legal systems criminalizing the laundering of assets derived from a tax crime, in accordance with the principles of the FATF and other international bodies, in this contribution it is argued that the space for the commission of these forms of washing is quite small. insofar as is not acceptable the thesis of the pollution of the total assets of the fraudster, the scale of money laundering is conditioned, as in all cases of laundering, to secure identification, with the minimal evidentiary guarantees of specific goods that come from a previous crime. if this is added to the prescription of tax crime and to the called tax adjustment, it originates the decontamination of the material object, then the scope of these forms of laundering is even more limited. Furthermore, this group of crimes provides a fertileground for strict interpretations, or even restricted, accorded to the objective imputation, as seen for example in the treatment of cases of goods mix. / Aunque múltiples legislaciones tipifican el blanqueo de activos que proceden de un delito tributario, en concordancia con los postulados del GAFI y otros organismos internacionales, en esta contribución se defiende que el espacio para la comisión de estas formas de lavado, es bastante reducido. e n la medida que no es aceptable la tesis de la contaminación total del patrimonio del defraudador, la dimensión del lavado de activos está condicionada, como en todos los casos de blanqueo, a la identificación segura, con las mínimas garantías probatorias, de los concretos bienes que provienen de un delito anterior. si a ello se suma que la prescripción del delito tributario y la llamada regularización tributaria dan lugar a la descontaminación del objeto material, entonces el ámbito de estas formas de blanqueo es aún más acotado. Por lo demás, este grupo de delitos proporciona un terreno bastante fértil para interpretaciones estrictas, cuando no restringidas, conforme a la imputación objetiva, como se aprecia por ejemplo en el tratamiento de los casos de mezcla de bienes.

A presente dissertação de Mestrado visa a discutir os limites da imputação penal de delitos de lavagem de dinheiro a funcionários de instituições financeiras que, ordenada ou casualmente, sejam envolvidos em ações praticadas por terceiros, clientes ou não destas instituições, e que possam configurar a realização do tipo objetivo do crime de lavagem de ativos. Com este propósito, são discutidos aspectos como a evolução da ideia de imputação penal vis-a-vis o desenvolvimento do pensamento chamado pós-contemporâneo e suas implicações na dogmática do concurso de pessoas. Ademais, são também descritos detalhadamente os momentos relativos à lavagem de dinheiro que podem ser propícios à participação de agentes financeiros, debatendo-se, em cada caso, a possibilidade ou não de imputação do crime de lavagem a estes agentes. / The following dissertation aims to discuss the limits of criminal imputation of money laundering on financial institutions employees that, casually or not, become involved in actions perpetrated by third parties, clients or not, of those institutions, which may configure the money laundering criminal fattie species. With this purpose, aspects such as the development of criminal imputation idea vis-a-vis the post-contemporary thinking and its implications to criminal participation theory are discussed. In addition, we focus specifically on the probable moment of the money laundering scheme in which the financial agent might be involved, debating, case by case, the possibility of incrimination.

v anglickém jazyce Economic and legal aspect of money laundering Miroslav Dongres The UN defines it as "Money laundering is a process which disguises illegal profits without compromising the criminals who wish to benefit from the proceeds". Money laundering is a dangerous activity. Funds that pass through this process become a source for a various criminal activities, such as terrrorism, corruption, etc. The thesis is composed of three main parts. First part deal with methods and stages of money laundering. Money laundering is a sophisticated activity, with a high degree of complexity, which requires a certain level of planning. entertain various features and steps which are necessary to clear the funds. Stages are named as placement, layering and integration. The first part is given to a few real examples of ways of money laundering. Money laundering is an international issue. In today's world where there is almost no borders is neccesary develop an appropriate international cooperation, both at global and regional which is one of the characters of fighting against money laundering. The Second part of thesis show some of international organization engaged in this illicit activity, such as UN, EU, FATF, etc. It also introduce their rules and programs to fight to money laundering. There is a large...

Magister Legum - LLM / The aim of this research paper is to examine the legal framework for the recovery of corruptly-acquired assets, with particular emphasis on the Nigerian situation. Its primary focus is a detailed examination of the legal mechanisms for the recovery of such assets in the context of international asset recovery. Despite the success of the Nigerian government in recovering the Abacha loot,8 siphoning off of public funds by public office holders continues, and charges of fraud persist against top bank executives alleged to have converted depositors’ funds fraudulently. The prevailing criminal or conviction-based forfeiture mechanism in Nigeria appears inadequate to deal effectively with these situations. The need to enhance capacity through the adoption of civil or non-conviction based forfeiture laws therefore becomes imperative. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM

Moneymaking schemes such as prostitution, drug dealing, fraud, corruption, pyramid schemes and the sale of counterfeit goods have been around for years. The taxing of these transactions/schemes has become a contentious issue. It has recently been reported in the press that SARS has lodged a claim for R183 million in income taxes against the estate of the slain mining magnate, Brett Kebble, in respect of the R2 billion allegedly stolen by him from the mining companies of which he was a director.4 It is further reported that the Master of the High Court has rejected the claim on the grounds that the amounts on which SARS sought to levy tax constituted money stolen by Kebble, and that stolen money is not subject to income tax. It has been reported that SARS is to take the Master’s decision in this regard on review.5 The Kebble case raises an interesting and unresolved tax issue and, in view of the large sum at stake, it may be a case that will go all the way to the Supreme Court of Appeal and bring long-overdue certainty to the law. The Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962 (the Act) is of no assistance in determining the issue. Section 23(o) states that payments that are illegal in terms of Chapter 2 of the Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act No. 12 of 2004 or that constitute a fine or penalty for any “unlawful activity carried out in the Republic or in any other country if that activity.

Through an analysis of the presence and nature of international monetary flows of non-declared origin and their relation to deviant knowledge, the thesis determines that both terrorism and organised crime are nurtured by a constant trickle from minor sources rather than by large financial transfers; and that anti-money laundering provisions are misapplied, taken too far, too expensive, and incapable of demonstrating their effectiveness. In lieu of more traditional policy recommendations, the thesis develops a complexity-theory based intelligence function, capillary intelligence, to improve the present information-gathering systems and generate consistent and context-relevant intelligence for the consideration of policy-makers. The intelligence function takes into account also the concept of self-organised criticality. The thesis fully adheres to the principle that efficiently applied intelligence-led approaches for detection of organised crime are demonstrably superior to a 'follow the money' approach. An extended concept of deviant knowledge is developed and five methodological techniques employed: Complexity theory, network theory, self-organised criticality, scaling theory, and intelligence treatment. The thesis is multidisciplinary and calls on contributions from International Law, Economics, Criminal Justice Studies, and Governance and Ethics. Its approach is illustrative and fits Baudrillard's 1981 methodological principles known as bricolage. Using five methodologies and six major case studies, the thesis reaches four conclusions. First, the rapid expansion in the currency component of the US money supply (M1) has no domestic explanation and can best be explained by an increase in overseas illegal traffics of various sorts. Second, terrorism and major organised crime are, for a large part, nurtured by a constant trickle of funds originating from minor crime, such as, respectively, smuggling of tobacco product and retail fencing, and sale of counterfeit luxury goods. Third, calculation of the cost of the application of anti-money laundering shows these to be cost-inefficient, apart from being highly intrusive. The thesis' calculations as well as prior literature makes it certain that such provisions, although inefficient, are enforced in a forceful exemplification of the deviant knowledge concept. Fourth, the thesis demonstrates the importance of organised crime in resource depletion and emphasises the nefarious consequences of such criminal behaviour, in particular as regards deforestation, since organised crime can apply the necessary pressure on the local population - in conjunction with extensive corruption of police or military personnel - and provide the managerial expertise to have the trees felled, transported internationally by ship and sold in another country often with false documentation as to the origins of the forest product. In a final case study, the tragic concept of resource curse is considered, in casu the island of Bougainville, PNG.