Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SauloHGA_DISSERT.pdf: 5438309 bytes, checksum: adf73f5840135cac15d7a6e65ee7199b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-08 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / With the growth and development of modern society, arises the need to search for new raw materials and new technologies which present the "clean" characteristic, and do not harm the environment, but can join the energy needs of industry and transportation. The Moringa oleifera Lam, plant originating from India, and currently present in the Brazilian Northeast, presents itself as a multi-purpose plant, can be used as a coagulant in water treatment, as a natural remedy and as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In this work, Moringa has been used as a raw material for studies on the extraction and subsequently in the synthesis of biodiesel. Studies have been conducted on various techniques of Moringa oil extraction (solvents, mechanical pressing and enzymatic), being specially developed an experimental design for the aqueous extraction with the aid of the enzyme Neutrase? 0.8 L, with the aim of analyzing the influence variable pH (5.5-7.5), temperature (45-55?C), time (16-24 hours) and amount of catalyst (2-5%) on the extraction yield. In relation to study of the synthesis of biodiesel was initially carried out a conventional transesterification (50?C, KOH as a catalyst, methanol and 60 minutes reaction). Next, a study was conducted using the technique of in situ transesterification by using an experimental design variables as temperature (30-60?C), catalyst amount (2-5%), and molar ratio oil / ethanol (1:420-1:600). The extraction technique that achieved the highest extraction yield (35%) was the one that used hexane as a solvent. The extraction using 32% ethanol obtained by mechanical pressing and extraction reached 25% yield. For the enzymatic extraction, the experimental design indicated that the extraction yield was most affected by the effect of the combination of temperature and time. The maximum yield obtained in this extraction was 16%. After the step of obtaining the oil was accomplished the synthesis of biodiesel by the conventional method and the in situ technique. The method of conventional transesterification was obtained a content of 100% and esters by in situ technique was also obtained in 100% in the experimental point 7, with a molar ratio oil / alcohol 1:420, Temperature 60?C in 5% weight KOH with the reaction time of 1.5 h. By the experimental design, it was found that the variable that most influenced the ester content was late the percentage of catalyst. By physico-chemical analysis it was observed that the biodiesel produced by the in situ method fell within the rules of the ANP, therefore this technique feasible, because does not require the preliminary stage of oil extraction and achieves high levels of esters / Com o crescimento e desenvolvimento da sociedade moderna, surge a necessidade de busca por novas mat?rias primas e por novas tecnologias que apresentem caracter?sticas limpas , e que n?o agridam o meio ambiente, mas que possam suprir as necessidades energ?ticas da ind?stria e do transporte. A Moringa ole?fera Lam, planta oriunda da ?ndia, e presente atualmente no Nordeste brasileiro, apresenta-se como uma planta multiuso, podendo ser utilizada como coagulante no tratamento de ?gua, como rem?dio natural e como mat?riaprima para a produ??o de biodiesel. Neste trabalho, a Moringa foi utilizada como mat?ria prima em estudos sobre os processos de extra??o e posteriormente na s?ntese de biodiesel. Foram realizados estudos sobre as diversas t?cnicas de extra??o do ?leo de Moringa (solventes, prensagem mec?nica e enzim?tica), sendo especialmente desenvolvido um planejamento experimental para a extra??o aquosa com o aux?lio da enzima Neutrase? 0,8L, com o objetivo de analisar a influ?ncia das vari?veis pH (5,5-7,5), temperatura (45-55?C), tempo (16-24 horas) e quantidade de catalisador (2-5%) sobre o rendimento de extra??o. Em rela??o ao estudo sobre a s?ntese de biodiesel, foi inicialmente realizada uma transesterifica??o convencional (50?C, KOH como catalisador, metanol e 60 minutos de rea??o). A seguir, foi realizado um estudo utilizando a t?cnica da transesterifica??o in situ por meio de um planejamento experimental utilizando como vari?veis a temperatura (30-60?C), quantidade de catalisador (2-5%), e raz?o molar ?leo/?lcool (1:420-1:600). A t?cnica de extra??o que obteve o maior rendimento de extra??o (35%) foi a que utilizou hexano como solvente. A extra??o utilizando etanol obteve 32% e a extra??o por prensagem mec?nica alcan?ou 25% de rendimento. Para a extra??o enzim?tica, o planejamento experimental indicou que o rendimento da extra??o foi mais afetado pelo efeito da combina??o entre a temperatura e tempo. O rendimento m?ximo obtido nesta extra??o foi de 16%. Ap?s a etapa de obten??o do ?leo, foi realizada a s?ntese de biodiesel pelo m?todo convencional e pela t?cnica in situ. Pelo m?todo de transesterifica??o convencional foi obtido um teor em ?steres de 100% e pela t?cnica in situ, tamb?m foi obtido 100% no ponto experimental 7, com uma raz?o molar ?leo/?lcool de 1:420, temperatura 60?C, 5% em massa de KOH, com o tempo de rea??o de 1,5 h. Pelo planejamento experimental, foi constatado que a vari?vel que mais influenciou no teor de ?steres final foi a porcentagem de catalisador. Pela an?lise f?sicoqu?mica foi observado que o biodiesel produzido pelo m?todo in situ se enquadrou nas normas da ANP, sendo, portanto esta t?cnica vi?vel, pois n?o necessita da etapa pr?via de extra??o do ?leo e alcan?a altos teores de ?steres

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-10-02T23:06:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GleilsonDeFrancaVieira_DISSERT.pdf: 2881693 bytes, checksum: de019e4ae58bc0869e88a50dad98acb6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-06T23:52:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GleilsonDeFrancaVieira_DISSERT.pdf: 2881693 bytes, checksum: de019e4ae58bc0869e88a50dad98acb6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-06T23:52:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GleilsonDeFrancaVieira_DISSERT.pdf: 2881693 bytes, checksum: de019e4ae58bc0869e88a50dad98acb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / A Moringa ole?fera Lam ? uma ?rvore de origem indiana com v?rias utilidades nas ?reas farmac?utica, de combust?veis, purifica??o de ?gua e principalmente aliment?cia. A planta tem um melhor desenvolvimento em locais de clima seco. A cultura do uso como alimento ? muito ampla em alguns pa?ses africanos e, com efetiva expans?o nos pa?ses latinos e asi?ticos, devido ao seu rico valor nutricional. Neste trabalho foram realizadas a determina??o de macro e micro nutrientes da parede interna e externa da casca, e sementes de duas ?rvores de moringa de mesma esp?cie, mas de localidades diferentes, existentes na UFRN e EAJ para se determinar os teores de umidade, cinzas, prote?nas, gorduras, carboidratos, fibras e metais. Fazer uma compara??o entre estas e tamb?m com outras an?lises feitas com a mesma planta de outras localidades. As duas amostras foram divididas em tr?s partes cada: parede interna e a externa da casca, e sementes, onde foram pulverizadas e mantidas em recipientes de polietileno. Depois do preparo das amostras, foram realizadas as determina??es de umidade e cinzas, lip?deos por extra??o com Soxhlet, prote?nas, pelo m?todo Kjeldahl. Fibras, com o equipamento para determinar fibras. Alguns metais (Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, K, Se, Si, Na e Zn) por ICP-OES, al?m de fazer FTIR-ATR e TG/DSC. Os resultados obtidos mostraram um ?timo teor de lip?deos nas sementes (29,26 ? 35,83%), enquanto que na parede interna e externa das cascas, os teores foram baixos em compara??o com as sementes (0,4 ? 1,2 %). Os teores de prote?nas tiveram um alto valor nas sementes (30,46 - 34,57%), enquanto que as paredes internas e externas das cascas tiveram um teor bem mais baixo (3,54 ? 6,53%). Os teores de fibras das sementes (64,19 ? 70,76%), da parte interna e externa (72,18 ? 85,59%). Os teores de carboidratos tiveram um alto valor na parede interna e externa da casca (70,89 ? 82,72%), enquanto que nas sementes os teores foram baixos (19,41 ? 29,09%). Os metais encontrados nas sementes das duas amostras foram Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na e Zn e os metais encontrados na parede interna e externa da casca foram Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na Si e Zn. A m?dia dos resultados das an?lises foi submetida ao teste t Student em par, com 95 % de signific?ncia para saber se h? diferen?a significativa ou n?o. Os resultados encontrados s?o importantes para compara??es com pesquisas futuras, de ?rvores de mesma esp?cie de outras localidades e ambientes diferentes e, tamb?m, para ser elaborada uma tabela nutricional da casca e sementes de moringa para usos futuros. / The Moringa oleifera Lam is a tree of Indian origin with several utilities in the areas of pharmaceutics, fuels, water purification and mainly food. The plant has a better development in dry climates. The culture of use as food is very broad in some African countries and with widespread expansion in Latin and Asian countries because of its rich nutritional value. In this work were realized the determination of macro and micronutrients of the internal and external wall of the bark, and seeds of two Moringa trees of the same species, but of different localities, existents in the UFRN and EAJ to determine the contents of moisture, ash, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber and metals. Make a comparison between these and, if possible, compare with other analyzes made with the plant from other locations. The two samples were divided into three parts each: internal and external wall of the shell, and seeds, where they were sprayed and kept in polyethylene containers. After preparation of the samples, were carry out moisture and ash determinations, lipid extraction by Soxhlet, Proteins, by the Kjeldahl method. Fibers, with the equipment to determine fibers. Some metals (Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, K Se, Si, Na e Zn) by ICP-OES, in addition to making FTIR-ATR and TG/DSC. The results obtained showed an optimum lipid content in the seeds (29,26 - 35.83 %), while in the inner and outer wall of the shells, the contents were low compared to seeds (0,4 ? 1,2 %). Protein contents had a high value in the seeds (30,46 and 34,57%), while the internal and external walls of the peels had a much lower content (3,54 ? 6,53%). The fiber contents of the seeds (64,19 ? 70,76%), of the internal and external wall (72,18 ? 85,59%). Carbohidrate contents had a high value in the internal and external part of the bark (70,89 ? 82,72%), while in the seeds the contents were low (19,41 ? 29,09%). The metals found in the seeds of the two samples were Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na and Zn and the metals found on the inside and outside of the bark were Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na, Si and Zn. The mean of the results of the analyzes was submitted to the paired Student t test, with 95% significance to know if there was a significant difference or not. The results found are important for comparisons with future research for camparisons with future research, of trees of the same species from other localities and different environments, and also to elaborate a nutritional table of seeds and moringa shells for future use.