A study was performed to evaluate whether established methods of analysis of protein content in barley (Kjeldahl, Dumas, or NIT (short for Near Infrared Transmittance)) gives different results for wet and dried barley. This was carried out because there are concerns regarding the well-worn NIT prediction model giving different results for these conditions and that such an error causes significant price fluctuations on the market. By performing analyses of samples, both before and after drying, of the three different barley varieties Tipple, Prestige, and Quench, with all the techniques, data was obtained that could be analyzed statistically. The study showed that the NIT prediction model gives results for wet barley that is about 0.29 percentage points higher compared to dried barley. This difference was also statistically significant when a t-test was performed. The same difference was substantially smaller for Kjeldahl and Dumas and furthermore not statistically significant. When the difference between the different barley varieties is studied a deviation of 0.34 percentage points was obtained for Tipple, 0.18 percentage points for Prestige, and 0.30 percentage points for Quench. NIT, thereby, gave results with greatest deviation when wet Tipple was analyzed. When t-tests were performed for each barley variety, it was found that results for all varieties differ significantly between wet and dry barley. A study of the difference between the crude protein content determination by Kjeldahl and Dumas was also performed by calculating the mean differences between the various methods of determination. The average difference in crude protein determination was calculated to 0.07 percentage points.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen determination.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elvis Canteri.pdf: 1285842 bytes, checksum: f2c5d9e754ae68692d585d59818e0e5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nitrogen (N) is a nutrient that is directly related to the plants development and proper nitrogen fertilization can provide harvest in less time and increase productivity. The N have been handled incorrectly and often non-satisfactory supplied to the land. Proper management depends on constant monitoring of nutritional status that can be accomplished by predicting the leaf nitrogen content. This work aims to evaluate digital image processing algorithms, in order to establish a valid method to estimate the nutritional stress of N (nitrogen) on maize, and the feasibility of its implementation on mobile devices using photos sampled in the field under natural lighting environment. It was found that the thresholding process should use the HSV factor, more suitable under natural light if the sampling in the field was conducted between 11:15 am and 14:55. Among the algorithms we highlight the results of the DGCI (Dark Green Color Index) obtained from factor HSV (Hue, Saturation, Vibration), with significant correlation to leaf analysis of corn (R² = 0.92) and the adoption of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) obtained from the RGB histogram (Red, Green, Blue). This is the same method studied considering the FieldScout CM 1000 and GreenSeeker chlorophyll meters used in this research. No significant correlation among the readings was found when considering values from chlorophyll meters obtained in any moment of the day or from different light conditions. However, there is a positive correlation among the FieldScout CM 1000 and GreenSeeker, corresponding to sampling among 11h16m and 14h32m (R² = 0.75) and among 12h15m and 14h53m (R² = 0.92), as well is possible to estimate the IRC of maize based on the DGCI to V5 to V7 phenological stages directly at crop field using a mobile device. / O nitrogênio (N) é um nutriente que é diretamente relacionado ao desenvolvimento das plantas e a adubação nitrogenada adequada pode proporcionar a colheita em menor tempo e com aumento na produtividade. O N vêm sendo manejado incorretamente e frequentemente suprido de modo insatisfatório pelo solo. O manejo adequado depende do monitoramento constante do estado nutricional que pode ser realizado estimando-se o teor de N foliar. O objetivo principal deste trabalho visa qualificar a utilização de algoritmos de processamento digital de imagens, com a finalidade de estabelecer um método válido para estimar o estresse nutricional de N (nitrogênio) da cultura do milho, bem como a viabilidade de sua implementação em dispositivos móveis, utilizando fotos amostradas em ambiente de campo sob iluminação natural. Constatou-se que o processo de limiarização deve ter base no fator HSV, mais adequado sob iluminação natural se considerarmos a amostragem em ambiente de campo, compreendido entre as 11h15min e 14h55min. Dentre os algoritmos destacam-se os resultados do DGCI (Dark Green Color Index) obtido do fator HSV (Hue, Saturation, Vibration), com significativa correlação para análise foliar do milho (R²=0,92) e a adoção do NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) obtido a partir do histograma RGB (Red, Green, Blue), sendo o mesmo método investigado com o uso dos clorofilômetros FieldScout CM 1000 e GreenSeeker, Não há correlação significativa entre as leituras efetuadas pelos clorofilômetros se forem consideradas leituras em qualquer momento do dia e sob diversas condições de luminosidade. Porém, há correlação positiva das leituras dos clorofilômetros FieldScout CM 1000 e GreenSeeker, correspondendo a amostragem entre as 11h16m e 14h32m (R²=0,75) e entre as 12h15m e 14h53m (R²=0,92), bem como torna-se possível estimar o IRC da cultura do milho com base no DGCI para o estádio fenológico V5 a V7 em ambiente de campo utilizando um dispositivo móvel.

<p>This report deals with the performance of a batch flow treatment of landfillleachate compared with a continuous flow system. The parameters in focus were total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), BOD5 and COD. The pilot-scale experiment used eight barrels with a volume of 150 liters. Each barrel was constructed differently concerning its flow, its bed material grain size and its presence of plants or not. Four of the barrels worked in batch mode, thus four in continuous flow mode. The continuous flow systems were provided with water trough small tubes with regulators. Samples were collected once a week and analysis was carried out yielding results of BOD5, COD, TKN, pH and conductivity of the effluents. The same parameters were analyzed for the influent every week. The result shows that a wetland is a good way of treating the landfill leachate as the BOD5, COD and TKN decreases. Moreover the color, which contravenes with legislative demands in the region, was distinctly decreased. Yet the report failed to show a significant difference between batch loaded and continuous flow wetlands. More studies have to be carried out in order to determine or contradict whether batch mode in fact provides a better treatment.</p>

This report deals with the performance of a batch flow treatment of landfillleachate compared with a continuous flow system. The parameters in focus were total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), BOD5 and COD. The pilot-scale experiment used eight barrels with a volume of 150 liters. Each barrel was constructed differently concerning its flow, its bed material grain size and its presence of plants or not. Four of the barrels worked in batch mode, thus four in continuous flow mode. The continuous flow systems were provided with water trough small tubes with regulators. Samples were collected once a week and analysis was carried out yielding results of BOD5, COD, TKN, pH and conductivity of the effluents. The same parameters were analyzed for the influent every week. The result shows that a wetland is a good way of treating the landfill leachate as the BOD5, COD and TKN decreases. Moreover the color, which contravenes with legislative demands in the region, was distinctly decreased. Yet the report failed to show a significant difference between batch loaded and continuous flow wetlands. More studies have to be carried out in order to determine or contradict whether batch mode in fact provides a better treatment.

Lösningen på rådande klimathot och hälsoproblem kan ligga i att omforma våra kostvanor. Genom att minska på animaliekonsumtionen och öka intaget av vegetabiliska produkter kan miljö och hälsa förbättras. För att stimulera en sådan omställning behövs fler alternativ för konsumenter. Glass tillverkas traditionellt med animaliska produkter men det finns också vegetabiliska alternativ, majoriteten av dessa importeras. Många baljväxter trivs i tempererade klimat och har en lång tradition av att odlas i Sverige. Idag används en del av de inhemska baljväxterna främst till djurfoder med dessa skulle kunna användas även i livsmedel. Syftet med arbetet var att undersökta om svenska baljväxter kan tillämpas som råmaterial vid glasstillverkning. Effekten av groddning och val av fett utvärderades med hänsyn på glassens egenskaper. De parametrar som utvärderades var proteinhalt med modifierad Kjeldahl-metod följt av HPLC, torrsubstans med ugntorkningsmetod, buffertkapacitet via titrering, pH med pH-meter, viskositet med rinntidsviskosimetri och smälthastighet med smälttidsanalys. Resultatet indikerade att svenska baljväxter kan användas som råmaterial vid glasstillverkning. Fettsort eller groddning verkade inte ha någon påverkan på glassens egenskaper. Fermenteringsmöjligheten av glassen utreddes även vilken indikerar på att fler fermenteringsförsök behövs, eventuellt med en andra mjölksyrabakterier. Ytterligare undersökningar krävs för samtliga analyser för att fastställa tillförlitliga resultat. / The solution to current climate changes and lifestyle related diseases can partly be targeted by changing our diet into a more plant based. With the same consumption level and production methods, animal products are very resource demanding. More options are needed to encourage consumers into eating a more sustainable diet. Ice cream is traditionally made from animal products but there are plant based alternatives, of which the majority is imported. Swedish leguminous are easily cultivated in temperate climates and have been traditionally grown in Sweden for many years. Some of the Swedish leguminous are mostly cultivated for feed, but it is possible to use them for human food as well. The aim of this study was to investigate if Swedish leguminous can be utilized as raw material for plant based ice cream. Germination and choice of vegetable fat was evaluated. The parameters that were analyzed were protein content by Kjeldahl with modification and HPLC, total solid content by oven drying methods, buffer capacity by titration, pH by pH-meter, viscosity by capillary methods and melting rate by melting-time analysis. The results indicate that Swedish leguminous can be used as raw material for plant based ice cream. The fat type or germination did not seem to affect the properties of the ice cream. Finally, fermentation of the Swedish leguminous based ice cream was evaluated. The result indicates that more fermentation attempts are needed, perhaps with other types of lactic acid bacteria. Further studies is needed to determine a reliable result.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment with the requirements for the Masters Degree: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Untreated vegetable oil effluents (VOEs) are known for creating shock-loading problems for the receiving wastewater treatment installations, resulting in poor quality final effluents being produced which do not satisfy municipal discharge standards. Onsite activated sludge treatment as an alternative has not been fully investigated. Hence, in this investigation biological treatment using the activated sludge process was chosen as the method for the treatment of VOE. The effect of VOE on measured process parameters was also determined. Novel molecular techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and dot-blot hybridization have become powerful tools for the analysis of complex microbial communities that exist within activated sludge. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate biological treatment, optimize and apply FISH and dot-blot hybridization in order to analyze the microbial community implicated the biological treatment of VOE using probes EUBmix, ALF1b, BET42a, GAM42a and HGC69a. A laboratory-scale modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) process setup and fed VOE with a COD (chemical oxygen demand) of ± 1000 mg/L. Daily monitoring of the process involved COD and TKN (total kjeldahl nitrogen) analysis of the influent and effluent as well as direct OUR (oxygen utilization rate) measurement and monitoring of the MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) concentration of the aerobic mixed liquor. The process exhibited overall COD and TKN removal capacities of 84% and 90% respectively. The aerobic mixed liquor had an OUR of 19 mgO/L.h and an average MLVSS concentration of 3000 mg/L. FISH results revealed that 72% of cells stained with 4‟, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) within the aerobic mixed liquor bound to probe EUBmix, indicating a substantial Bacterial population within the laboratory-scale biological process. The alpha-Proteobacteria was identified as the dominant bacterial community comprising 31% of Bacterial cells, followed by the beta-Proteobacteria (17% of EUBmix), gamma-Proteobacteria (8% of EUBmix) and Actinobacteria (4% of EUBmix). Results of dot-blot hybridization were in agreement with FISH Adrian Phillip Degenaar| CHAPTER 1: General Introduction - v - results reiterating dominance of the alpha-Proteobacteria. This indicated that the class alpha-Proteobacteria could play a primary role in the biological degradation of VOE. This research will therefore aid in process design and retrofitting of biological processes treating VOE.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-10-02T23:06:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GleilsonDeFrancaVieira_DISSERT.pdf: 2881693 bytes, checksum: de019e4ae58bc0869e88a50dad98acb6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-10-06T23:52:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GleilsonDeFrancaVieira_DISSERT.pdf: 2881693 bytes, checksum: de019e4ae58bc0869e88a50dad98acb6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-06T23:52:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GleilsonDeFrancaVieira_DISSERT.pdf: 2881693 bytes, checksum: de019e4ae58bc0869e88a50dad98acb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / A Moringa ole?fera Lam ? uma ?rvore de origem indiana com v?rias utilidades nas ?reas farmac?utica, de combust?veis, purifica??o de ?gua e principalmente aliment?cia. A planta tem um melhor desenvolvimento em locais de clima seco. A cultura do uso como alimento ? muito ampla em alguns pa?ses africanos e, com efetiva expans?o nos pa?ses latinos e asi?ticos, devido ao seu rico valor nutricional. Neste trabalho foram realizadas a determina??o de macro e micro nutrientes da parede interna e externa da casca, e sementes de duas ?rvores de moringa de mesma esp?cie, mas de localidades diferentes, existentes na UFRN e EAJ para se determinar os teores de umidade, cinzas, prote?nas, gorduras, carboidratos, fibras e metais. Fazer uma compara??o entre estas e tamb?m com outras an?lises feitas com a mesma planta de outras localidades. As duas amostras foram divididas em tr?s partes cada: parede interna e a externa da casca, e sementes, onde foram pulverizadas e mantidas em recipientes de polietileno. Depois do preparo das amostras, foram realizadas as determina??es de umidade e cinzas, lip?deos por extra??o com Soxhlet, prote?nas, pelo m?todo Kjeldahl. Fibras, com o equipamento para determinar fibras. Alguns metais (Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, K, Se, Si, Na e Zn) por ICP-OES, al?m de fazer FTIR-ATR e TG/DSC. Os resultados obtidos mostraram um ?timo teor de lip?deos nas sementes (29,26 ? 35,83%), enquanto que na parede interna e externa das cascas, os teores foram baixos em compara??o com as sementes (0,4 ? 1,2 %). Os teores de prote?nas tiveram um alto valor nas sementes (30,46 - 34,57%), enquanto que as paredes internas e externas das cascas tiveram um teor bem mais baixo (3,54 ? 6,53%). Os teores de fibras das sementes (64,19 ? 70,76%), da parte interna e externa (72,18 ? 85,59%). Os teores de carboidratos tiveram um alto valor na parede interna e externa da casca (70,89 ? 82,72%), enquanto que nas sementes os teores foram baixos (19,41 ? 29,09%). Os metais encontrados nas sementes das duas amostras foram Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na e Zn e os metais encontrados na parede interna e externa da casca foram Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na Si e Zn. A m?dia dos resultados das an?lises foi submetida ao teste t Student em par, com 95 % de signific?ncia para saber se h? diferen?a significativa ou n?o. Os resultados encontrados s?o importantes para compara??es com pesquisas futuras, de ?rvores de mesma esp?cie de outras localidades e ambientes diferentes e, tamb?m, para ser elaborada uma tabela nutricional da casca e sementes de moringa para usos futuros. / The Moringa oleifera Lam is a tree of Indian origin with several utilities in the areas of pharmaceutics, fuels, water purification and mainly food. The plant has a better development in dry climates. The culture of use as food is very broad in some African countries and with widespread expansion in Latin and Asian countries because of its rich nutritional value. In this work were realized the determination of macro and micronutrients of the internal and external wall of the bark, and seeds of two Moringa trees of the same species, but of different localities, existents in the UFRN and EAJ to determine the contents of moisture, ash, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, fiber and metals. Make a comparison between these and, if possible, compare with other analyzes made with the plant from other locations. The two samples were divided into three parts each: internal and external wall of the shell, and seeds, where they were sprayed and kept in polyethylene containers. After preparation of the samples, were carry out moisture and ash determinations, lipid extraction by Soxhlet, Proteins, by the Kjeldahl method. Fibers, with the equipment to determine fibers. Some metals (Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, K Se, Si, Na e Zn) by ICP-OES, in addition to making FTIR-ATR and TG/DSC. The results obtained showed an optimum lipid content in the seeds (29,26 - 35.83 %), while in the inner and outer wall of the shells, the contents were low compared to seeds (0,4 ? 1,2 %). Protein contents had a high value in the seeds (30,46 and 34,57%), while the internal and external walls of the peels had a much lower content (3,54 ? 6,53%). The fiber contents of the seeds (64,19 ? 70,76%), of the internal and external wall (72,18 ? 85,59%). Carbohidrate contents had a high value in the internal and external part of the bark (70,89 ? 82,72%), while in the seeds the contents were low (19,41 ? 29,09%). The metals found in the seeds of the two samples were Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na and Zn and the metals found on the inside and outside of the bark were Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na, Si and Zn. The mean of the results of the analyzes was submitted to the paired Student t test, with 95% significance to know if there was a significant difference or not. The results found are important for comparisons with future research for camparisons with future research, of trees of the same species from other localities and different environments, and also to elaborate a nutritional table of seeds and moringa shells for future use.

Presented master thesis dealt with the analysis of garlic and onion samples and tried to find correlations between chemical composition and country of origin. The parameters examined were dry content, crude protein content, concentration of phenolic compunds, carbohydrate content (fructose, glucose), alliin content and concentration of selected elements (P, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Fe, Zn). Average content of dry matter of fresh samples was 35,84 ±2,12 g/100 g and of dehydrated samples was 90,61 ±2,90 g/100 g. Concentration of phenolic compounds was measured spectrophotometrically with Folin-Ciocault reagent. Average phenolic compounds content of samples was 0,1840 ±0,1286 GAE g/100 g. Crude protein content was measured by Kjeldahl method, and calculated from total nitrogen content. Carbohydrates were measured by HPLC-ELSD after hydrolysis of fructans. Average content of fructose of garlic samples was 57,014 ±0,863 g/100 g, of onion samples was 33,718 ±1,168 g/100 g. Average content of glucose of onion samples was 22,633 ±0,405 g/100 g. Alliin content was measured by HPLC-DAD method. Average alliin content of fresh samples was 4,644 ±0,446 g/100 g and of dehydrated samples was 1,962 ±0,180 g/100 g. Elemental analysis was conducted by ICP-OES method. Average concentration of selected elements was: P 2,15 ±0,11 mg/g, Mg 0,638 ±0,03 mg/g, Ca 1,246 ±0,05 mg/g, Na 0,550 ±0,08 mg/g, K 7,49 ±0,41 mg/g, Fe 79,3 ±6,16 mg/kg, Zn 11,4 ±3,33 mg/kg. Obtained data were statistically processed on significance level 0,05. Based on the principal components analysis, it was found, that the best parameters to differentiate samples from Czechia, Poland and Ukraine from other countries were content of nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and calcium. It was also discovered, that genus differences between onion and garlic have greater significance than geographical differences.

Examination of peat samples collected from hummocks and hollows within a confined bog reveals that peat collected from different locations, designated by surface topography, vary in ash content, ash alkalinity, initial Kjeldahl nitrogen content, and fixed and total nitrogen after ammoniation with an ammonia-air mixture. The values of these properties have shown hummocks and hollows to be true entities having characteristic ranges of certain properties. The results have shown that, although peat is heterogenous with respect to certain properties, use can still be made of determined values if ranges of these values are recognized and utilized. Misinterpretations and meaninglessness of results are possible if this is not done. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)