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Este estudo visa o reconhecimento do valor artístico dos mosaicos e da importância do espaço onde estão inseridos. Para isso foram enfocadas as questões do ver mosaicos, que implica seu entendimento como objetos compostos de diversas partes, e do fazer mosaicos, que abrange as questões técnicas de projeto e execução. O espaço é apresentado como elemento essencial na hora de ver mosaicos, visto que os mosaicos transformam o espaço e, também, no sentido contrário, o espaço transforma o mosaico. Na questão de fazer mosaicos, na fase do projeto, exige-se um estudo do espaço em que ele será aplicado. Este trabalho inclui uma amostra de mosaicos de pastilha de vidro em seu espaço na cidade e em edifícios com fotos e ilustrações, visando transportar o leitor para esses espaços, e para os pontos de vista de um mosaicista e de um artista plástico, que projeta murais para espaços públicos. / This study aims at the recognition of the artistic value of mosaics and of the importance of the space into which they are introduced. To achieve this purpose, focus is directed at issues relating to the seeing of mosaics - which implies their being understood as objects composed of diverse parts - and of the making mosaics, which involves technical questions having to do with project and execution. The space is presented as an essential element at the moment in which the mosaic is seen - once the mosaic transforms the space - as well as, in the contrary sense, the space transforms the mosaic. The problem of making mosaics in the project phase demands a study of the space in which it will be applied. This work includes a sample of glass tile mosaics in their space in the city and building, with photos and illustrations, aiming transporting the reader into these spaces, and into the point of view not only of the mosaicist, but also of the plastic artist, who projects murals onto public spaces.

Dans le royaume végétal, les plantes doivent faire face à de nombreux facteurs de stress environnementaux abiotiques et biotiques. La diversité des agents pathogènes conduit encore aujourd’hui à des pertes économiques importantes en impactant le rendement et la qualité des fruits des plantes cultivées. Si pour certains agents pathogènes les traitements chimiques sont adaptés, ils restent inopérants contre les virus menant à l’utilisation de moyen empirique fastidieux à mettre en place et souvent onéreux. La tomate est une plante d’intérêt agricole majeur dont l’un des challenges les plus importants consiste à lutter contre les maladies et ravageurs pouvant provoquer de graves dégâts industriels. Parmi ces fléaux, le PepMV fait partie d’un groupe de virus émergeants dont les connaissances générales sont encore très limitées et méritent d’être approfondies compte tenu de son impact agronomique important. Puisqu’aucune résistance naturelle n’a encore été identifiée chez la tomate vis-à-vis du PepMV, il devient urgent de développer des moyens de lutte efficace afin d’améliorer la production maraichère. Les études développées lors de ce doctorat se sont donc concentrées sur les nouvelles stratégies d’amélioration des plantes en identifiant dans un premier temps des mécanismes d’interaction du pathosystème PepMV/tomate par la mise en place d’une stratégie sans a priori en levure. Cette étape a permis de déterminer des gènes candidats de tomate dont certains potentiellement indispensables au cycle viral du PepMV. Des cribles par la méthode TILLING ont été réalisés avec les facteurs hôtes de sensibilité afin d’acquérir, si possible, des plantes possédant une résistance durable, à large spectre vis-à-vis de nombreux virus ou agents pathogènes et commercialisables en Europe car non OGM. D’autres candidats ne pouvant pas être exploités par une perte de fonction, qui conduirait à une sensibilité accrue des plantes suite à l’infection du PepMV, ont alors fait l’objet d’une étude scientifique plus fondamentale. Ces études ont permis de souligner le mécanisme et le rôle de résistance de plusieurs candidats dans le pathosystème PepMV/tomate. / Within the plant kingdom, crops struggle with numerous abiotic and biotic stresses. The fabulous diversity of pathogens still leads to dramatic economic losses by impairing yield and fruit quality. Chemical treatments are available and effective against some pathogens but unfortunately drive to critic environmental damage and remain useless to face viruses. Nowadays, best ways to eradicate or at least to restrain viruses are empirical and expensive. Tomato is one of the most cultivated plants among vegetable crops in agriculture and the major challenge consists in a intense battle against serious damages on industrial benefits caused by pathogens diseases. The emergent virus PepMV is a worldwide scourge and the limited knowledge deserves to be explored. Unfortunately, natural resistance in tomato has not been identified yet and consequently, it appears as an emergency to develop effective strategies in order to improve tomato production. At first, this study has been based on new crops improvement strategies and focused on identifying mechanisms involved in the PepMV/tomato pathosystem by a yeast two hybrid strategy. This approach leads to the determination of tomato candidate genes potentially essential for the viral cycle of PepMV. TILLING screening method has been used for host susceptible factors to possibly acquire marketable non OGM and sustainable resistant plants to a wide range of pathogens. To go one step further with other candidates for which a loss of function strateg might lead to amplified plant susceptibility following by PepMV infection, fundamental investigation has been pursued. Mechanisms and implications of a few candidates in the PepMV/tomato pathosystem have been unraveled.

Este estudo visa o reconhecimento do valor artístico dos mosaicos e da importância do espaço onde estão inseridos. Para isso foram enfocadas as questões do ver mosaicos, que implica seu entendimento como objetos compostos de diversas partes, e do fazer mosaicos, que abrange as questões técnicas de projeto e execução. O espaço é apresentado como elemento essencial na hora de ver mosaicos, visto que os mosaicos transformam o espaço e, também, no sentido contrário, o espaço transforma o mosaico. Na questão de fazer mosaicos, na fase do projeto, exige-se um estudo do espaço em que ele será aplicado. Este trabalho inclui uma amostra de mosaicos de pastilha de vidro em seu espaço na cidade e em edifícios com fotos e ilustrações, visando transportar o leitor para esses espaços, e para os pontos de vista de um mosaicista e de um artista plástico, que projeta murais para espaços públicos. / This study aims at the recognition of the artistic value of mosaics and of the importance of the space into which they are introduced. To achieve this purpose, focus is directed at issues relating to the seeing of mosaics - which implies their being understood as objects composed of diverse parts - and of the making mosaics, which involves technical questions having to do with project and execution. The space is presented as an essential element at the moment in which the mosaic is seen - once the mosaic transforms the space - as well as, in the contrary sense, the space transforms the mosaic. The problem of making mosaics in the project phase demands a study of the space in which it will be applied. This work includes a sample of glass tile mosaics in their space in the city and building, with photos and illustrations, aiming transporting the reader into these spaces, and into the point of view not only of the mosaicist, but also of the plastic artist, who projects murals onto public spaces.

Includes corrigendum attached to back leaf. Bibliography: leaves 114-132. This thesis describes the complete nucleotide sequence and genome organisation of SCSMaV-RNA, examines the taxonomy of SCSMaV by phylogenetic analysis, and describes the development of diagnostic tests for application to field study. (abstract)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, December 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 11, 2009). "Department of Plant Pathology." Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Botany / Master / Master of Philosophy

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