Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-105).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-72).

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a condition commonly experienced by women worldwide. Many women suffer in silence as they refrain from or delay seeking help. Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises (PFME) have proven to be effective and are recommended as the first line of treatment. Regular exercise of the pelvic floor muscles can prevent symptoms developing. However, there is evidence of lack of motivation and poor adherence to exercises. The use of mobile phone applications have been suggested as an effective resource for health behaviour interventions, especially for sensitive or embarrassing conditions. A mixed methodology was used to gather evidence about the experience of community dwelling women in the North of Scotland over a three month period. Of the twenty three participants who completed a three month explanatory randomised controlled trial, fifteen participants exercised at least daily on average by the end of the trial. Of the fifteen who exercised at least daily, five continued average exercise of at least daily at the twelve month follow-up. Taking part in the study helped women to focus on the exercises and this had a positive impact on their adherence. Eleven out of the fifteen participants with incontinence experienced an improvement in their symptoms after twelve weeks. This had a positive impact on their quality of life. Of those who experienced UI, the women who had the biggest increase in level of exercise also had the biggest improvement in symptoms. Participants in the intervention group of the trial were provided with apps for PFME. Six out of the ten of intervention group participants who completed the trial reported that the apps were not useful and of the four who found them useful, their level of use was varied. The data from this study suggests that simply being provided with apps or equipment to use the apps cannot be linked to improved levels of participation in the study. This suggests that the provision of technology is insufficient in itself to engage with individuals in health behaviour change and has important implications for future service provision in continence promotion and mHealth.

Given the critical need to nudge congregants toward sustainable service, surprisingly few studies have explored the possibility of internalizing Christian beliefs and practices through intrinsically motivating ministry activities. According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), an emerging meta-theory of adult motivation, such activities consistently move individuals from external to internal regulation of behavior. Perceiving undeveloped believers as marginalized members of Christ's body, this emancipatory study sought to build awareness of the need to empower all believers to make kingdom contributions through intrinsically-motivated service that internalizes orthodox faith. Following protocols of a qualitative single case study, the researcher explored the rich perceptions and divergent meanings associated with church-sponsored service among a critical array of stakeholders in a thriving evangelical church. In a vivid portrait gleaned from observations, interviews and documents, SDT's theoretical lens shaped the questions, informed the data, and inspired the cause. In the process, traditional assumptions about servant leadership, Christian formation, and spiritual giftedness were challenged. The study's ultimate aim was to stimulate meaningful dialogue on the need to reform church structures that foster Christian formation through inherently satisfying, Spirit-empowered ministry. Organizing the data under the SERVE acronym, the researcher concludes with a motivational model of Christian service.

M.Comm. / The BMW SA Body-in-White section performs an integral function in the production of BMW 3 -series automobiles for the local and international market. The plant as a whole, and the Body-in-White section in particular faces several challenges not least of all the need to reach cost parity with its German sister plants. This means that the planned future production increases will have to be achieved with fewer people, and therefore ways will have to found in order to extract more productive output from existing staff. In this regard the understanding and application of motivational theory holds the key to overcoming the challenges that the department will face. In the course of this research, the theories directly related to motivation as well as certain associated theories will be investigated in order to gain insight as to the content and process of motivation in the work place. The aim is to gain a holistic view of motivational aspects in general, and to provide the basis for a questionnaire aimed at identifying what motivational factors are currently at play in the BMW Body-in-White section. Finally, having identified the issues affecting motivation in the department certain deficiencies or areas of possible improvement will be identified. Recommendations will then be put forward as to how management can go about addressing motivational factors specifically in the BMW Body-in-White section, with the aim of creating an environment conducive to high employee job satisfaction and performance.

M.Comm. / Spoornet ( South African Transport Services before 1991) realised since the early 1980's that pressure from its environment would have a serious effect on its economic survival. Since 1991 it has had to fight for its marketshare. Road transport companies started to beat Spoornet on all levels and robbed it of its client base. Spoornet was forced to reform its customer services approach. Pantograph-overheadwire entanglements is one of the obstacles in obtaining customer satisfaction due to the fact that one such incident can cause a train delay of up to three hours. Due the impact this has on the predictability of service, the Chief Engineer (Electrical) set as first objective an entanglement figure of 1 per million pantograph kilometres. A few informal investigations were made into possible technical reasons but none was made into the possible non-technical reasons. As hypothesis it was stated that the efforts of personnel in the organisation to solve the entanglement problem were being handicapped by the lack of motivation, which caused a atmosphere of conflict and frustration. This frustration and conflict has a negative influence on productivity and effectiveness which could be the cause of entanglements. Research done on this was conducted on a dual approach; Literature study as secondary information. Structured interview as primary information. The hypothesis was tested with this study and it was shown that inter-groupconflict, motivation, resource employment and the current approach all had aspects which needed to be addressed to solve the pantograph-overheadwire entanglement problem.

M.Com. (Industrial Psychology) / Orientation: In this study the construct of psychological flow, a form of optimal experience, amongst a small group of South African engineers were explored. Research purpose: The main objective of this dissertation was to explore, describe, and gain an understanding of engineers‟ flow experiences at work. Motivation for the study: The motivation to embark on this study was threefold and based on a personal interest in flow, engineering and qualitative research. Research design, approach and method: I adopted a qualitative research approach by employing a multiple case study that is instrumental and explorative by nature. Three engineers from different fields provided their views and experiences on flow through semi-structured and structured interviews, as well as by keeping a diary. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. Main findings: Confirmation has been found for the nine characteristics of flow according to Csikszentmihalyi (1990). A possible tenth characteristic, namely optimal pressure has emerged from the data where the participants indicate that they also experience forced flow. Implications of findings and discoveries: The understanding of flow and what it constitutes has implications for how engineers can „craft‟ their jobs, how managerial engineers may experience flow and how „incubating‟ engineers can experience flow and improve their performance. Contribution: This study offers a modest contribution to the world of engineering in that it can help engineers to know what is required in order to experience their work in an optimal manner. Furthermore, this study expands on current theoretical work conducted on flow by suggesting a possible tenth characteristic.

D.Ed. (Educational Psychology) / Particular prominence has been given worldwide since the 1920's to educational assistance for handicapped pupils. From the 1930's in South Africa attention has been given to the visually, hearing and ,intellectually handicapped by means of specialized teaching, but after the appearance of the Murray Report (1969) specific aid has been given to learning disabled pupils to a greater degree. This assistance has been aimed almost only at the primary school pupil and a good many pupils enter the secondary school with unsolved specific learning problems. Such pupils generally exhibit specific characteristics such as amongst others, a poor self-image, poor interpersonal relations, failure orientation, a high anxiety level and general lack of motivation.. They generally maintain unsound relationships with their parents because such parents often do not understand their child's problems and consequently become disappointed in their apparently normal child's inability to progress scholastically according to his ability. To assist the learning disabled pupil to realise his potential to the best of his ability, a motivation programme has been compiled and used to raise his learning and achievement motivation. This programme is devised with a clear image of the learning disabled pupil in mind and also by applying the essentials of motivation. The motivation programme is devised around the theme: "I am a winner" whereby an attempt is made to raise the self concept to the central variable. are applicable: Additional to this, strategies like the following Realistic setting of goals; A positive attitude to life; The experience and acceptance of success and failure; Correct study methods…

From Preface: As a teacher with experience in competitive sport, the author became interested in the topic of athletic competition when joining the staff of an all-boys' school. The competitive aspect of sport at such a school can make quite an impression on an inexperienced teacher. The question then arose; Is this competitive atmosphere universal? Is this type of competition acceptable and desirable in our schools? Being a teacher of Physical Education as well as other subjects and also being actively involved in the coaching of senior sports teams the author regarded himself suitably qualified to investigate the matter of athletic competition in our schools.

The primary objective of this mini-dissertation was to investigate whether a relationship exists between rewards, intrinsic motivation, work engagement among school teachers in South Africa. A further aim was to determine if work engagement has a moderating effect on the relationship between rewards and intrinsic motivation. The researcher further investigated whether demographic differences occurred across the three constructs studied. The study made use of quantitative research to achieve the above-mentioned objectives. The researcher made use of Ulrechs Work Engagement Scales (UWES), Intrinsic Work Motivation Scale (IWMS) and the Organisational Rewards Scale (ORS) to measure the mentioned relationships. The ORS was qualitatively piloted on a sample of primary school teachers in a Non-governmental institution. After refinement, a composite questionnaire was electronically completed by 207 teachers within South Africa. Data analysis was conducted in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics, including Cronbach’s alpha testing, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlations, t-tests, analysis of variance and structural equation modelling. The quantitative findings suggested that rewards lead to higher levels of Work Engagement, which in turn causes higher levels of Intrinsic Motivation. Thus, there was full mediation of rewards onto intrinsic rewards through work engagement From a demographics perspective, practically significant differences were discovered between NGO’s and Government High Schools for Rewards. In addition to these results, age differences were discovered across Work Engagement and job level differences were discovered for Intrinsic Motivation, together with significant correlations between the three constructs. These results theoretically contribute to the validation of the newly developed Intrinsic Work Motivation Scale. Furthermore, the results make a valuable contribution to the field of rewards management for teachers in South Africa.