Previous research has demonstrated a retrieval-induced forgetting effect for verbal material (Anderson & Spellman, 1995), colours and shapes (Ciranni & Shimamura,1999), eyewitness testimony (MacLeod, 2002), and images of novel actions (Koutstaal et al., 1999). However, little research has been conducted into retrieval-induced forgetting and self-performed actions. A recent study by Sharman (2011) demonstrated retrieval-induced forgetting for familiar and bizarre self-performed actions. The current thesis aims to examine retrieval-induced forgetting and actions including self-performed and observed actions, and combinations of self-performed and observed actions. The first experiment demonstrated retrieval-induced forgetting for novel motor sequences. In addition, retrieval-induced forgetting was also found for less novel actions (Experiments 3 and 4) for both typical and non-typical self-performed actions (Experiment 3) and memorable self-performed actions (Experiment 4). Experiment 2 demonstrated a retrieval-induced forgetting effect for objects associated with actions suggesting that retrieval-induced forgetting effects occur both for the action and the object. However the findings of experiment 5 suggest that retrieval-induced forgetting may not occur for goal-orientated actions. These experiments may suggest that retrieval-induced forgetting occurs for non goal-orientated actions, but may not occur for goal-orientated actions. These findings are discussed in terms of the inhibitory account.

Mitants of Prosophila melanogaster which are paralysed by exposure to one temperature, but recover mobility at another temperature may aid in the investigation of the neural and muscular components which govern motor activity. With the help of a mechanical screening method, a recessive sex-linked temperature-sensitive paralytic mutant (parats -53°9) was discovered among the progeny of ethyl methane- sulphonate-treated males and attached-X females. Parats flies which had been raised at 22°C were paralysed within 5 seconds after transfer to 29°C, but quickly regained mobility when returned to 22°C. When left at 29°C for prolonged periods, the flies gradually regained mobility. Further studies indicated that the time required for recovery following an increase in temperature was directly related to the magnitude and rate of the temperature rise. Temperature-sensitive paralysis was seen only in adult flies. The abnormal movements which are characteristic of the behavioural mutants Hk1P, Hk2T , Sh⁵, when linked to parats in males,were quickly stopped and started by temperature shifts from 22°C to 29°C and 29°C to 22°C, respectively. The possible significance of these observations is discussed. parats/M(1)0 females exhibited temperature-sensitive paralysis. The possibility that the chromosome bearing the M(1)0 mutation might also carry a deletion or mutant allele of parats has not yet been investigated. A sex-linked dominant mutation which caused abnormal movements of the head and appendages under ether anaesthesia as well as shuddering movements in unetherised flies was also discovered. The mutation was called Shuddering (Shu – 55.1). The shuddering movements could be temporarily suppressed by feeding the flies media containing LiCl but not NaCl, NH₄Cl or KCl. The evidence presented in this and other studies suggests that the effects of parats and Shu mutations upon motor activity are mediated through their effects upon the nervous system. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medical Genetics, Department of / Graduate

INTRODUÇÃO: A atividade física regular trás benefício à saúde, reduzindo a obesidade, morbidades e a mortalidade e, em pacientes asmáticos, a atividade física melhora os sintomas da doença. Apesar disso, ainda existe divergência na literatura se crianças asmáticas são fisicamente ativas, e isto parece depender do método empregado, da gravidade da doença e do controle clínico. OBJETIVO: Comparamos a atividade física de vida diária (AFVD) entre crianças com diferentes gravidades da asma e identificamos fatores que possam dificultar a realização das AFVD. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com 121 crianças, sendo 79 asmáticas das quais (32 asma persistente leve, 24 asma persistente moderada, 23 asma persistente grave) e 42 controles, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 7 a 12 anos. As crianças asmática estavam em tratamento médico há, no mínimo, 6 meses e com a doença controlada. O nível de AFVD foi monitorado com um acelerômetro durante 6 dias (4 dias da semana e 2 de final de semana). A função pulmonar e as barreiras que dificultam a realização da AFVD também foram avaliadas. RESULTADOS: Os nossos resultados mostraram que o número total de passos, e as atividades realizadas em intensidade moderada foram similares entre as crianças com as diferentes gravidades da asma. O percentual de crianças asmáticas fisicamente ativas foi similar quando comparado com as crianças sem asma (respectivamente, 51,9% vs. 50%; p>0,05). Não foi observada diferença nos parâmetros funcionais da função pulmonar (obstrução fixa, resposta ao broncodilatador e variabilidade do VEF1) entre as crianças asmáticas fisicamente ativas e as sedentárias (p>0,05). Porém, foi observado um maior percentual de crianças com sobrepeso ou obesidade entre os asmáticos sedentários quando comparado às crianças fisicamente ativas (respectivamente, 24,1% vs. 11,1%; p<0,05). As barreiras ambientais foram as mais relatadas pelas crianças com e sem asma (p>0,05), porém este fator foi relatado em maior proporção pelas crianças asmáticas sedentárias quando comparado àquelas fisicamente ativas (respectivamente, 34,2% vs. 14,6%; p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: As crianças asmáticas com a doença controlada tiveram o mesmo nível de AFVD entre as diferentes gravidades da doença e que seus pares sem asma. A gravidade da doença, fatores ligados à função pulmonar e a percepção da doença como barreira para atividade física pareceu não estar associadas ao sedentarismo. As barreiras ambientais foram as mais relatadas pelas crianças com e sem asma, porém, nas crianças asmáticas sedentárias essas barreiras pareceram ser ainda mais relevantes / BACKGROUND: Regular physical activity promotes health benefits by reducing obesity, morbidity and mortality, and who has asthma, physical activity improves the symptoms of disease. Nevertheless, there is disagreement in the literature whether asthmatic children are physically active, and this seems to depend on the method used, severity of disease and clinical control. OBJECTIVE: We compared Daily Physical Activity (DPA) among children of different severity levels of asthma and we have identified factors that may hinder DPA. METHOD: Cross-Sectional study with 121 children, 79 with asthma (32 mild persistent asthma, 24 moderate persistent asthma, 23 severe persistent asthma) and 42 children without asthma, of both sexes, aged between of 7 and 12 years. The asthmatic children were under medical treatment for at least 6 months and the disease controlled. DPA was monitored with an accelerometer for 6 days (4 weekdays and 2 weekends). Pulmonary function and barriers that hinder DPA were also assessed. RESULTS: Our results showed that the total number of steps, and the activities performed at moderate intensity were similar between children with different severities of asthma. The percentage of physically active children with asthma was similar when compared with children without asthma (respectively, 51,9% vs. 50%; p>0,05). There was no difference in respiratory function parameters (fixed obstruction, bronchodilator response and variability of FEV1) among the asthmatic children physically active and sedentary (p> 0.05). However, we found that sedentary asthmatic children were more overweight or obese than physically active asthmatic children (respectively, 24,1% vs. 11,1%; p<0,05). The environmental barriers were the most frequently reported by children with and without asthma (p> 0,05), but this factor was reported in a higher proportion by sedentary asthmatic children compared to those physically active (respectively, 34,2% vs. 14,6%; p<0,05). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically controlled asthmatic children had the same level of DPA between different severities of asthma and their peers without asthma. The severity of disease, factors related to lung function and perception of disease as a barrier to physical activity did not seem be associated with sedentary lifestyle. The environmental barriers were the most frequently reported by children with and without asthma, however in sedentary asthmatic children these barriers seemed to be even more relevant

Orientador: Eliete Luciano / Banca: Eduardo Kokubun / Banca: Gustavo Puggina Rogatto / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas grandes têm sido os esforços para reintegrar à população hábitos de vida mais ativos, uma vez que esses hábitos foram modificados ao longo do tempo, como conseqüência da urbanização e modernização da sociedade. As alarmantes taxas de inatividade física no mundo têm aumentado expressivamente a incidência de doenças crônicas. Sabe-se ainda que baixos níveis de atividade física são preditores de mortalidade relacionada à diabetes do tipo 2. O diabetes associado ao processo de envelhecimento e à inatividade física é atualmente apontado como um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo, uma vez que contribui para o declínio da saúde, gerando na população senil perda da sua autonomia. A atividade física é atualmente reconhecida como importante aliada na atenuação e reversão desse quadro. Neste sentido, recomendações de padrões apropriados de atividade física para manutenção de uma boa saúde feitas por importantes órgãos governamentais e grupos de pesquisa têm sido uma das principais ferramentas de combate à inatividade física. A influência da manutenção de níveis satisfatórios de atividade física tem sido recentemente estudada em relação a diversos parâmetros de saúde, buscando-se compreender melhor sua importância em diferentes populações. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação dos níveis de atividade física com parâmetros endócrino-metabólicos, antropométricos e funcionais de mulheres com idade acima de 50 anos, e as possíveis interferências desta relação sobre o diabetes. Baseado nesse objetivo, buscando maior clareza dos protocolos e melhor compreensão de seus resultados, foram desenvolvidos dois estudos: 1) Associação entre gasto energético semanal e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In recent decades, huge efforts have been undertaken to reintroduce a more active life style, once it has modified over time as a consequence of urbanization and modernization of society. Alarming rates of physical inactivity throughout the world have remarkably increased the incidence of chronic diseases. It is also known that low levels of physical activity are a presage of mortality related to diabetes type 2. Diabetes associated to the aging process and physical inactivity is currently considered a serious problem of public health all over the world, once it contributes to the decline in health, engendering a loss of autonomy in the senile population group. Physical activity is currently recognized to be an important ally in attenuating and reversing this situation. In this sense, recommendations of appropriate standards of physical activity for the maintenance of good health by important government departments and research groups have been one of the main tools to fight inactivity. The influence of maintaining satisfactory levels of physical activity has recently been studied in relation to several health parameters, in the attempt to better understand its importance in different population groups. Therefore the present study aims at investigating the relation of the physical activity levels with endocrinal-metabolic, anthropometrical and functional parameters in women aging over 50 and the plausible interferences of this relation on diabetes. Based on this aim, pursuing clearness of the protocols and better understanding of the results, two researches have been developed: 1) Association between weekly energetic expenditure... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, January, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-130).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Dept. of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/11). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-80).