Les systèmes temps-réels modernes ont tendance à obtenir la criticité mixte, dans le sens où ils intègrent sur une même plateforme de calcul plusieurs applications avec différents niveaux de criticités. D'un côté, cette intégration permet de réduire le coût, le poids et la consommation d'énergie. Ces exigences sont importantes pour des systèmes modernes comme par exemple les drones (UAV). De l'autre, elle conduit à des complications majeures lors de leur conception. Ces systèmes doivent être certifiés en prenant en compte ces différents niveaux de criticités. L'ordonnancement temps réel des systèmes avec différents niveaux de criticités est connu comme étant l’un des plus grand défi dans le domaine. Les techniques traditionnelles nécessitent une isolation complète entre les niveaux de criticité ou bien une certification globale au plus haut niveau. Une telle solution conduit à un gaspillage des ressources, et à la perte de l’avantage de cette intégration. Ce problème a suscité une nouvelle vague de recherche dans la communauté du temps réel, et de nombreuses solutions ont été proposées. Parmi elles, l'une des méthodes la plus utilisée pour ordonnancer de tels systèmes est celle d'Audsley. Malheureusement, elle a un certain nombre de limitations, dont nous parlerons dans cette thèse. Ces limitations sont encore beaucoup plus accentuées dans le cas de l'ordonnancement multiprocesseur. Dans ce cas précis, l'ordonnancement basé sur la priorité perd des propriétés importantes. C’est la raison pour laquelle, les algorithmes d'ordonnancement avec différents niveaux de criticités pour des architectures multiprocesseurs ne sont que très peu étudiés et ceux qu’on trouve dans la littérature sont généralement construits sur des hypothèses restrictives. Cela est particulièrement problématique car les systèmes industriels temps réel cherchent à migrer vers plates-formes multi-cœurs. Dans ce travail nous proposons une approche différente pour résoudre ces problèmes. / Modern real-time systems tend to be mixed-critical, in the sense that they integrate on the same computational platform applications at different levels of criticality. Integration gives the advantages of reduced cost, weight and power consumption, which can be crucial for modern applications like Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). On the other hand, this leads to major complications in system design. Moreover, such systems are subject to certification, and different criticality levels needs to be certified at different level of assurance. Among other aspects, the real-time scheduling of certifiable mixed critical systems has been recognized to be a challenging problem. Traditional techniques require complete isolation between criticality levels or global certification to the highest level of assurance, which leads to resource waste, thus loosing the advantage of integration. This led to a novel wave of research in the real-time community, and many solutions were proposed. Among those, one of the most popular methods used to schedule such systems is Audsley approach. However this method has some limitations, which we discuss in this thesis. These limitations are more pronounced in the case of multiprocessor scheduling. In this case priority-based scheduling looses some important properties. For this reason scheduling algorithms for multiprocessor mixed-critical systems are not as numerous in literature as the single processor ones, and usually are built on restrictive assumptions. This is particularly problematic since industrial real-time systems strive to migrate from single-core to multi-core and many-core platforms. Therefore we motivate and study a different approach that can overcome these problems.A restriction of practical usability of many mixed-critical and multiprocessor scheduling algorithms is assumption that jobs are independent. In reality they often have precedence constraints. In the thesis we show the mixed-critical variant of the problem formulation and extend the system load metrics to the case of precedence-constraint task graphs. We also show that our proposed methodology and scheduling algorithm MCPI can be extended to the case of dependent jobs without major modification and showing similar performance with respect to the independent jobs case. Another topic we treated in this thesis is time-triggered scheduling. This class of schedulers is important because they considerably reduce the uncertainty of job execution intervals thus simplifying the safety-critical system certification. They also simplify any auxiliary timing-based analyses that may be required to validate important extra-functional properties in embedded systems, such as interference on shared buses and caches, peak power dissipation, electromagnetic interference etc..The trivial method of obtaining a time-triggered schedule is simulation of the worst-case scenario in event-triggered algorithm. However, when applied directly, this method is not efficient for mixed-critical systems, as instead of one worst-case scenario they have multiple corner-case scenarios. For this reason, it was proposed in the literature to treat all scenarios into just a few tables, one per criticality mode. We call this scheduling approach Single Time Table per Mode (STTM) and propose a contribution in this context. In fact we introduce a method that transforms practically any scheduling algorithm into an STTM one. It works optimally on single core and shows good experimental results for multi-cores.Finally we studied the problem of the practical realization of mixed critical systems. Our effort in this direction is a design flow that we propose for multicore mixed critical systems. In this design flow, as the model of computation we propose a network of deterministic multi-periodic synchronous processes. Our approach is demonstrated using a publicly available toolset, an industrial application use case and a multi-core platform.

Pas de résumé en français / Being compared with oxide glasses, chalcogenide glasses have fine infrared transmissivity and higher optical nonlinearity, and also could be drawn into optical fibers. So chalcogenide glasses and fibers have potential wide applications in the fields of all-optical information processing, infrared lasers, nonlinear optical devices, and so on, the studies of their optical nonlinearity are one of the attractive subjects in the area of optoelectronics at present. The main purpose of this paper is to improve the stability and enhance the intensity of nonlinearity in chalcogenide glasses and fibers by means of exploring new glass compositions, optimizing the external field poling method, designing and fabricating fibers with special structures, all of these will promote their real applications. The main results are concluded as follows . The glass-forming region of GeS2-GA2S3-AgX (X=Cl, Br, I) and GeS2-Ga (In)2S3-CuI systems were determined , the maximal content of the additive halides are 70% and 12% respectively. In both two systems glasses, with the increasing addition of halides, the thermal stability reduce, density and linear refractive index increase, the ultraviolet cut-off edges shift to longer wavelength, while the infrared cut-off edges keep almost the same. 30GeS2 35Ga2S3 35AgCl and 47.5GeS2 17.5Ga2S3 35AgCl surface- and bulk-crystallized glasses that contain AgGaGeS4 nonlinear optical crystallites were prepared. Obvious second harmonic generation (SHG) could be observed in these crystallized glasses, and their intensity relate to the distribution and size of the precipitated AgGaGeS4 crystals, the maximal second-order nonlinearity coefficients is as high as 12.4pm/V. These crystallized glasses have good chemical and SHG stability. For GeS2-Ga (In)2S3-CuI systems glasses, due to their small glass-forming region, they are not suit for the preparation of crystallized glasses that contain CuGaS2 or CuInS2 nonlinear optical crystals. According to the structural studies of two system glasses, the main structural units of theses glasses are [YS4-xXx] (Y=Ge, Ga, In. X=Cl, Br, I) mixed anion tetrahedrons, they form a three-dimensional glassy network through bridging sulphur bonds. When the contents of halides MX(M=Ag, Cu. X=Cl, Br, I) are low, some [XxS3-xGe(Ga)S3-xXx] (X=Cl, Br, I) mixed ethane-like structural units exist in the glass network, and they will gradually transform to [YS4-xXx] (Y=Ge, Ga, In. X=Cl, Br, I) mixed anion tetrahedrons with the increasing content of halides, till totally disappear. Both two system glasses have ultrafast (~150fs) third-order optical nonlinearity and reverse saturation absorption, they belong to self-focusing medium. The third-order optical nonlinearity mainly originate from the distortion of electron cloud of Y-X (Y=Ge, Ga, In, X=Cl, Br, I, S) bonds in the structural units. For GeS2-GA2S3-AgX (X=Cl, Br, I) system glasses, the largest nonlinear susceptibility n2 is 10.50x10-18 m/W, the smallest figure of merit (FOM) is 0.606. In addition, the relation of n2 with n0 do not obey Miller’s rule, but in accordance with the structural variation. Among the glass compositions with different additive halogens, Br-containing glasses have relatively best third-order nonlinearities. For GeS2-Ga (In)2S3-CuI system glasses, the largest nonlinear susceptibility n2 is 9.37x10-18 m/W, the smallest figure of merit (FOM) is 2.237. High purity AS2S3 glass performs and low loss single index fibers with diameter of 100~400µm that drawn form these performs were prepared, the transmission losses between 2~6 µm is only 0.5dB/m. AS2S3 tapered fibers have a uniform diameter of taper wasit, fine surface smoothness, and sharp taper transition part.

Pas de résumé en français / The goal of this research was the synthesis and spectroscopic, structural andphysical-chemical characterization of cyclic 6- and 7-membered hydroxamicacids, a tetrahydroxamic calix[4]arene-based tetrapodal receptor, and their metalcomplexes with trivalent and tetravalent metal cations. They were characterizedby several techniques such as 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopies,single crystal X-ray analysis, and potentiometry. Cyclic hydroxamic acids arefound in a few mix siderophores but their coordination properties were stillunknown. The structural features of metal complexes formed with Fe(III),Ga(III), Ce(IV), Zr(IV), Hf(IV), U(IV) and U(VI) have been investigated both inthe solid state and in solution. The synthesis and complexation studies of anoriginal calix[4]arene-based tetrapodal receptor is described. Reactionparameters for all key steps in the synthetic route have been optimized. Thesingle X-ray crystal analysis of benzyl-protected receptor was obtained.Complexation studies with zirconium(IV) and hafnium(IV) evidenced theformation of two metal two ligand complexes rather than 1:1 species, whichwere shown to interact in solution with a third alkali cation