No description available.

Published Article / The efficient design and manufacturing of injection moulds (and other tooling), requires collaboration between multi-disciplinary, geographically separated units and companies, including the company that orders plastic parts, the ones that design and/or produce the moulds and/or mould-components, and those that use injection moulding machines to produce components. Distributed collaborative tooling design and manufacturing, while being a great concept, is still difficult to implement in today's complex environment. This is clear as more functional groups become involved in the total product development process earlier to meet time-to-market and cost objectives. <br>Although internal design and manufacturing groups may have experience in collaborating with different degrees of success, the global trend is towards greater outsourcing of activities and inclusion of complementary organisations. The requirement for extended collaboration - the process of securely and selectively exchanging, reviewing, and managing the change of product information with other internal participants and external groups such as customers, design partners, suppliers and distributed manufacturing companies - presents huge challenges. <br>Delivering these capabilities in today's global product development processes requires a different approach to doing business than a few years ago. Companies must be willing to share more information, which "is hard because we are competitors." The toolmaking companies' in South Africa (of which 90% are small and medium size enterprises (SMEs)) concern for success in delivering these capabilities, can also be greatly impacted by the underlying software or information technology infrastructure required for supporting the entire product development process. <br>This article provides a perspective for SMEs and others that might participate in collaborative tool design and manufacture in South Africa today or in the future.

Published Article / The paper presents a critical review of the techniques that are used to cool plastic injection moulds. It examines research on cooling of injection moulds by conventional cooling, the benefits and the limitations of the method. It compares the deployment mechanisms that have been proposed by various researchers. It also examines how the various mechanisms affect the plastic cooling rate and the overall heat transfer performance of the mould and how the various deployments affect the stress distribution of the mould and mould durability. The paper also presents the possibilities that have been presented by rapid prototyping. It discusses the development of conformal cooling as an alternative to conventional cooling. It presents the state of the art on the method. The paper presents the deficiencies in the current theories on conformal cooling and suggests areas that require further work in order to fully exploit the technique.

No description available.

The nature of this research is in advancing conventional structures and their methods of construction by exploring new technology. The formwork construction of the modern concrete structure involves the use of rigid materials such as steel and timber. This type of formwork often produces structures of forms with limited flexibility which would also hinder the even distribution of the induced stresses. To construct concrete structures with more organic forms; ones that responds to a more natural flow of the induced stresses, it is thought to be more logical to use flexible mould such as the fabric formwork. In such form-active shape the materials’ utilization can be maximized and the degree of material waste can be reduced. For example, when the form responds to the externally applied loads in the way that the internally incurred stresses at any point of the body closely match the capacity of the material, then the form is material-efficient and said to be in its optimal form. The use of fabric formwork, due to its permeability can also improve the quality of concrete by eliminating any air holes on the surface, and also there are reports showing the increase in concrete’s compression strength due to the reduction in water-cement ratio when cast in a fabric mould. This research concentrates on finding such material-efficient form (thus more sustainable) for reinforced concrete beam of improved material quality, through the development of the more efficient construction system of flexible fabric formwork. For this research 11 different types of beams have been built and tested in total, and their construction methods are illustrated and discussed also (Chapter 7 and Chapter 4 respectively). The designs of the beams are developed through consecutive experiment, analysis, evaluation, and modification process (Chapter 6). For the structural analysis of the beams, the most widely accepted analysis methods are reviewed and adapted (Chapter 8). Based on the evaluations of the analytical results the following variables of the beams are modified through the development of the beam designs: The effect of Compression Steel Mesh in Flange Stress Distribution Around Anchorage; Vertical and Horizontal Web Geometry Varying Depth of Flange Steel Content Also it is a part of the current research’s aim to look at the possible application of the current design methods for the design of the fabric formed beams that are discussed in this research. Thus the experimental results are compared with the results which are calculated from the standard design methods suggested by the British Standard Code of Practice (BS8110) (Chapter 9). Computational finite element (FE) analysis is carried out where more intensive analysis is required (Chapter 10). The results of the FE analysis are also compared with the theoretical and experimental results for the verification purpose. The material efficiency of the beam in its final form is assessed through the embodied energy analysis, which compares the total embodied energy consumed through the construction of the beam with a virtual beam that is designed in accordance with the BS8110 (Chapter 11). The analysis indicates that the total embodied energy of the fabric formed beam is about 20~40% less in comparison with the beam designed in accordance with the BS8110. This thesis has the purpose to illustrate and provide the practical information on the design and the construction process of the fabric formed beams, which can be used as a reference to the future research and construction.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Submitted diploma thesis deals with laboratory diagnostics of filamentous micromycetes (moulds) genus Fusarium in the laboratories of medical mycology. In the first part of the diploma thesis is dedicated space for general familiarization with filamentous microscopic fungi. Next separate chapter describes the genus Fusarium, especially in relation to human medicine. The final part of the diploma thesis summarizes current possibilities of laboratory diagnostics of filamentous micromycetes, focusing on the genus Fusarium. Invasive infections caused by filamentous fungi are increasingly common complication, especially in immunocompromised patients. In most cases they affect the patients with hematologic malignity and patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or solid organ transplantation. The most common etiological agent of such infections is unambiguously the Aspergillus genus. However, in recent years, increasingly cases of infections due to less common filamentous fungi, including Fusarium spp. are described. Invasion fungal infections are associated with very high mortality. The basic requirement thus becomes the speed and accuracy of diagnosis. The most important methods for the laboratory diagnostics of invasive infections caused by filamentous fungi are conventional methods -...

Onicomicose é um termo geral usado para definir infecção fúngica da unha. Seus agentes podem ser dermatófitos, leveduras ou fungos filamentosos não dermatófitos - FFNDs. Estes são comumente encontrados na natureza como saprófitas do solo e de restos vegetais e patógenos de plantas e têm sido considerados fungos patógenos primários de lesões cutâneas. Não existe até o momento terapêutica padrão para o tratamento de onicomicoses por Scytalidium spp., sendo escassos os dados na literatura pesquisada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar e comparar a resposta terapêutica a três abordagens diferentes de tratamento combinado para onicomicose por Scytalidium spp., todos associados à onicoabrasão. Foram selecionados 30 pacientes com diagnóstico de onicomicose provocada por Scytalidium spp., divididos em três grupos de dez, recebendo cada um os seguintes tratamentos, além da onicoabrasão: Grupo I: Terbinafina oral e esmalte de ciclopiroxolamina 8%, duas vezes por semana por 12 meses; Grupos II e III: Esmalte de ciclopiroxolamina 8%, duas e 5 vezes por semana, respectivamente, por 12 meses. Os parâmetros de avaliação da eficácia foram clínico e micológico ao término do tratamento e seis meses após. Foram utilizados os critérios de cura total, cura parcial, falha terapêutica aos 12 meses e recidiva/reinfecção no acompanhamento de seis meses. Vinte e cinto pacientes completaram o estudo. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos nos diversos parâmetros utilizados para avaliação da resposta terapêutica. A avaliação do resultado terapêutico mostra que ao final de 12 meses de tratamento apenas um paciente preencheu os critérios para cura total, e que 32% dos pacientes de todos os grupos apresentaram cura parcial. Todos os pacientes que completaram o estudo obtiveram melhora clínica, que se manteve no período de acompanhamento. A presença dos fungos na lâmina ungueal foi constante, mesmo com a melhora clínica. Embora não se possa afirmar qual a melhor forma de intervenção entre as três terapêuticas propostas devido ao pequeno número de pacientes do estudo, deduz-se, deste trabalho, que não houve vantagem na administração de terapia sistêmica concomitante. É possível considerar que a terapia tópica exclusiva, seja duas ou cinco vezes por semana, possa constituir opção mais adequada para o tratamento da onicomicose por Scytalidium spp. / Onychomycosis is a general term used to define a fungal infection of the nail. Its officials may be dermatophytes, yeasts and non-dermatophyte moulds. These are commonly found in nature as soil saprophytes and plant remains and plant pathogens. In recent years fungi have been considered primary pathogens of skin lesions. The main ones are Scopulariopsis and Scytalidium spp. There isnt by now a standard therapy for treatment of onychomycosis by Scytalidium spp., and there are few data in the literature. To evaluate and compare the therapeutic response to three different approaches of combined treatment of onychomycosis by Scytalidium spp., all associated with onicoabrasão. We selected 30 patients diagnosed with onychomycosis caused by Scytalidium spp, divided into three groups, each receiving the following treatments, besides receiving mechanical abrasion: Group I: oral terbinafine and ciclopirox 8% nail polish twice a week for 12 months; Groups II and III: Nail polish of ciclopirox 8% two and five times per week, respectively, for 12 months. Twenty-five patients completed the study. There was no statistical difference between groups in the various parameters used to evaluate therapeutic response. The evaluation of the therapeutic result shows that after 12 months of treatment only one patient met the criteria for cure, and that 32% of patients in all groups showed partial healing. All patients who completed the study achieved clinical improvement, which persisted during the follow-up period. The presence of fungi in the nail plate was constant, even with clinical improvement. Although one cannot say what the best form of intervention among the three therapeutic proposals due to the small number of patients studied, it appears in this study there was no advantage in the concomitant administration of systemic therapy. One may consider that topical therapy alone, or two or five times a week may be more suitable option for the treatment of onychomycosis caused by Scytalidium spp.

Les moisissures sont responsables de contaminations sur les produits de BVP et induisent des pertes économiques conséquentes. Dans ce contexte, les cultures bioprotectrices représentent un intérêt croissant comme alternative aux conservateurs chimiques. L’objectif de la première partie de cette étude a été d’évaluer in vitro et in situ l’activité antifongique de bactéries lactiques et propioniques contre cinq moisissures contaminants isolées de produits de BVP. Les bactéries les plus actives pendant les tests in vitro ont été testées in situ par pulvérisation de surface. Sur le milieu WFH, les isolats bactériens les plus actifs correspondent aux espèces Lactobacillus plantarum, reuteri et au groupe buchneri. Les souches plus actives après ces tests ont été testées par inclusion dans la recette du pain au lait et différentes souches ont montré un effet retard en particulier la souche Leuconostoccitreum qui semble retarder la croissance de Penicillium corylophilum après 10 jours. Dans la deuxième partie de cette étude, les surnageants de cultures actifs sont analysés pour identifier les composés antifongiques grâce à différentes traitements et différentes méthode telle que l’HPLC et la spectrométrie de masse. Les résultats suggèrent que les acides organiques jouent un rôle prépondérant dans l’activité antifongique et ont montré que les composés antifongiques retrouvés correspondaient aux acides lactique, acétique et propionique, à l’éthanol et au peroxyde d’hydrogène, ainsi que d’autres composés mais à plus faible échelle. Sur ces résultats, différentes combinaisons des composés identifiés ont été testées pour leur effet sur la germination et la croissance radiale de P. corylophilum et E. repens. Certaines de ces combinaisons ont montré les mêmes effets que le surnageant actif ce qui confirme l’implication des molécules identifiées dans l’activité. Les résultats suggèrent que l’acide acétique est responsable de la totalité de l’activité antifongique observée sur P. corylophilum et qu’il joue un rôle important dans l’inhibition de E. repens. La souche bactérienne sélectionnée pourrait représenter une possibilité de culture bioprotectrice pour les produits de BVP. / Molds are responsible for the spoilage of bakery products and thus, cause substantial economic losses. In this context, bioprotective cultures represent a growing interest as an alternative to chemical preservatives. The aims of the first part of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in situ antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and propionibacteria against five moulds species isolated from bakery products. The most inhibitorybacteria found during the in vitro test were evaluated in situ after surface spraying. In WFH medium, the most active LAB isolates belonged to the Lactobacillus plantarum, reuteri and buchneri groups. The most active strains were added directly during “pains au lait” preparation and differents strains present delayed effect in particular a strain of Leuconostoc citreum which seems to delay the growth of Penicillium corylophilum after 10 days. In the second part, supernatants were analyzed to identified and quantified antifungal compounds by different treatments and different methods like HPLC, mass spectrometry. The results suggested that organic acids played the most important role in the antifungal activity and show that the main antifungal compounds corresponded to lactic, acetic and propionic acids, ethanol and hydrogen peroxide, as well as other compounds present at low levels. Based on these results, various combinations of the identified compounds were used to evaluate their effect on spore germination and fungal growth of P. corylophilum and E. repens. Some combinations presented the same activity than the bacterial culture supernatant thus confirming the involvement of the molecules in the antifungal activity. The results suggested that acetic acid was responsible of the entire antifungal activity against Penicillium corylophilum and played an important role in Eurotium repens inhibition. The selected bacteria provide a future prospect for use as bioprotective cultures on bakery products.

<p>Cilj istraživanja doktorske disertacije bio je da se ispita pojedinačni i sinergistički uticaj<br />ekstrakata kima (Carum carvi L.), bosiljka (Ocimum basilicum L.), origana (Origanum<br />vulgare L.) i etarskih ulja crnog (Allium cepa L. kultivar Kupusinski jabučar) i belog luka<br />(Allium sativum L. kultivar Bosut) na rast plesni izolovanih iz prehrambenih proizvoda, kao i<br />njihov uticaj na biosintezu mikotoksina.<br />Ukupan broj plesni u uzorcima salata od povrća spremnih za konzumiranje kretao se od<br />10,0 do 5,5&acute;102 cfu/g, u uzorcima poslastičarskih proizvoda do 6,1&acute;102 cfu/g i u<br />proizvodima od mesa do 60,0 cfu/g. Najveći broj plesni izolovan je na DG18 podlozi<br />(1,53&acute;102 cfu/g), a najmanji na MY50G (42,0 cfu/g). U ukupnoj mikopopulaciji svih ispitivanih<br />uzoraka dominirale su vrste rodova Penicillium (39,07%), Cladosporium (23,40%) i<br />Aspergillus (20,42%). Vrste iz rodova Alternaria, Fusarium i Eurotium su bile zastupljene sa<br />5,85%, 4,97% i 2,76%. Dominantne vrste u ukupnoj mikopopulaciji bile su C.<br />cladosporioides (21,63%), A. niger (16,0%) i P. aurantiogriseum (11,81%).<br />Dominirali su potencijalni producenti ohratoksina A (31,89%), proizvo&ntilde;ači fumonizina<br />(4,74%), moniliformina (1,43%) i sterigmatocistina (1,54%). Izolati A. versicolor su<br />biosintetisali sterigmatocistin u koncentracijama od 56,3 i 109,2 ng/mL. Ostale potencijalne<br />toksin-produkujuće vrste nisu pokazale sposobnost produkcije mikotoksina.</p><p>Mikotoksikolo&scaron;kim ispitivanjem hrane u dva uzorka salata spremnih za konzumiranje<br />(kupus beli rezani i FIT salata) utvr&ntilde;en je sadržaj sterigmatocistina u koncentracijama od 3,5<br />i 5,5 mg/kg.<br />Kao glavna komponenta u ekstraktu kima odre&ntilde;en je karvon (43,98%), u ekstraktu bosiljka<br />estragol (metil kavikol) (86,72%), a u ekstraktu origana karvakrol (34,20%) i karvon (18,05%).<br />Najveći deo etarskog ulja crnog luka činili su: dimetil-trisulfid, metil-propil-trisulfid, dimetiltetrasulfid,<br />dietil-1,2,4-tritiolan, metil-(1-propenil)-trisulfid, metil-(1-propenil)-disulfid. Dialildisulfid,<br />dialil-trisulfid, metil-alil-trisulfid i metil-alil-disulfid su glavne komponente koje su<br />odre&ntilde;ene u etarskom ulju belog luka.<br />Koncentracija od 0,35 mL/100 mL ekstrakta kima je bila fungicidna (MFC) prema C.<br />cladosporioides, dok je 0,70 mL/100 mL potpuno inhibirala rast A. carbonarius, A. wentii, E.<br />nidulans, Eurotium spp., C. cladosporioides, P. glabrum, P. brevicompactum, F.<br />subglutinans i F. verticillioides. Na rast P. chrysogenum i P. aurantiogriseum ista<br />koncentracija bila je inhibitorna (MIC). Najslabije delovanje ovaj ekstrakt ispoljio prema A.<br />niger, A. versicolor, F. oxysporum i F. proliferatum.<br />Primena ekstrakta bosiljka u koncentraciji od 0,70 mL/100 mL pokazala je fungicidno<br />delovanje na C. cladosporioides. Koncentracija od 1,50 mL/100 mL potpuno je inhibirala<br />rast A. wentii, A. versicolor, E. nidulans, E. herbariorum, E. chevalieri, E. rubrum, P.<br />chrysogenum i Fusarim spp. Ekstrakt bosiljka je najslabije delovao prema A. niger, A.<br />carbonarius, P. aurantiogriseum, E. amstelodami, P. glabrum i P. brevicompactum.<br />Ekstrakt origana je pokazao najslabije ihibitorno delovanje na rast ispitivanih plesni.<br />Primena ekstrakta u koncentraciji od 1,50 mL/100 mL je bila fungicidna prema E. rubrum.<br />Koncentracija od 2,50 mL/100 mL je pokazala fungicidno delovanje na E. rubrum, E.<br />herbariorum, A. wentii, C. cladosporioides i P. aurantiogriseum, a inhibitorno prema E.<br />nidulans, E. chevalieri, E. amstelodami, P. glabrum i P. brevicompactum. Ovaj ekstrakt je<br />najslabije delovao na A. niger, A. carbonarius, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans i P.<br />chrysogenum.<br />Etarsko ulje crnog luka pokazalo je signifikantno jače antifungalno delovanje na ispitivane<br />plesni u odnosu na etarsko ulje belog luka. Koncentracija od 14,0 mL/100 mL ulja belog luka<br />fungicidno je delovala prema E. rubrum, E. chevalieri i C. cladosporioides, dok je ulje crnog<br />luka na ovoj koncentraciji pokazalo fungicidni efekat i na E. herbariorum i E. amstelodami.<br />Za ostale plesni fungicidna koncentracija iznosila je 28,0 mL/100 mL, osim za A. niger i P.<br />aurantiogriseum.<br />Neke od ispitivanih sme&scaron;a bosiljka i kima, bosiljka i origana, origana i kima i etarskih ulja<br />lukova pokazale su sinergističko delovanje na inhibiciju rasta A. wentii, E. herbariorum, F.<br />verticilllioides i P. aurantiogriseum sa FICindex od 0,63 do 0,97.<br />Začinski ekstrakti i etarska ulja lukova su pored ograničavanja rasta kolonija plesni<br />uzrokovali i promene u makro i mikromorfologiji.<br />Potpuna inhibicija biosinteze sterigmatocistina i rasta A. versicolor postignuta je pri<br />koncentraciji od 0,20 mL/100 mL ekstrakta kima i origana u periodu od 21 dana. Na ovoj<br />koncentraciji ekstrakt bosiljka je inhibirao biosintezu sterigmatocistina za 88,73% i rast<br />plesni za 52,56%. Sme&scaron;a koja je sadržavala 75% ekstrakta kima i 25% ekstrakta bosiljka<br />potpuno je inhibirala rast plesni i biosintezu sterigmatocistina u YES bujonu tokom 21 dana<br />inkubiranja.<br />Pojedinačne koncentracije etarskih ulja crnog i belog luka od 5,0 i 10,0 mL/100 mL i u sme&scaron;i<br />sa 1,50 mL/100 mL etarskog ulja crnog luka i 0,50 mL/100 mL etarskog ulja belog luka bile su<br />potrebne za potpunu inhibiciju rasta A. versicolor i biosintezu sterigmatocistina.<br />Dodatak sme&scaron;e ekstrakata kima i bosiljka (0,35 mL/100 mL ekstrakta kima + 0,70 mL/100 mL<br />ekstrakta bosiljka) u svež kupus rezanac uticao je na smanjenje inicijalne kontaminacije<br />plesnima za 93,9%, uz pojavu intenzivnijeg, ali prihvatljivog mirisa i neznatne promene boje.</p><p>Definisani matematički model za komparaciju uticaja ekstrakata i etarskih ulja na rast plesni<br />može se primenjivati u formiranju matrica inhibicije i optimizaciji vremena i koncentracije<br />antifungalnih agenasa.<br />Dobijena saznanja o antifungalnom delovanju ekstrakata začina i etarskih ulja lukova mogu<br />biti značajna u pobolj&scaron;anju antifungalne za&scaron;tite namirnica, smanjenju biosinteze<br />mikotoksina i ukupnim smanjenju &scaron;teta izazvanih delovanjem plesni.</p> / <p>The aim of this PhD thesis was to study the individual and synergistic effects of extracts of<br />caraway (Carum carvi L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and the<br />essential oils of onion (Allium cepa L. cultivar Kupusinski jabučar) and garlic (Allium sativum<br />L. cultivar Bosut) on the growth of moulds isolated from food products. The study also<br />focused on the impact of extracts and the essential oils on mycotoxins biosynthesis.<br />The total number of moulds detected in samples of vegetable salads &ldquo;ready for use&rdquo; ranged<br />from 10.0 to 5.5&acute;102 cfu/g. In cake and pastries, as well as, meat samples, the number<br />reached 6.1&acute;102 cfu/g and 60.0 cfu/g, respectively. The highest number of mould colonies was<br />isolated in DG18 medium (1.53 &acute; 102cfu/g) and the lowest in MY50G medium (42.0 cfu/g). The<br />species of the genera Penicillium (39.07%), Cladosporium (23.40%) and Aspergillus (20.42%)<br />prevailed in the entire mycopopulation of all tested samples. Species of the genera Alternaria,<br />Fusarium and Eurotium were represented with 5.85%, 4.97% and 2.76%, respectively, while C.<br />cladosporioides (21.63%), A. niger (16.0%) and P. aurantiogriseum (11.81%) were the most<br />dominant species in the entire mycopopulation.<br />Potential producers of ochratoxin A (31.89%) accounted for the largest share of the isolated<br />mycopopulation. The share of producers of fumonisin, moniliformin and sterigmatocystin<br />amounted to 4.74%, 1.43% and 1.54%, respectively. Sterigmatocystin was biosynthesised in</p><p>the concentration of 56.3 ng/mL and 109.2 ng/mL by both isolates of A. versicolor, while other<br />potential toxin producers did not show the ability of mycotoxin production.<br />Mycotoxicological investigation showed the sterigmatocystin content in two samples of<br />vegetable salads &quot;ready for use&quot; (shredded white cabbage and FIT salad - carrot, lettuce and<br />red chicory) in concentrations of 3.5 mg/kg and 5.5 mg/kg, respectively.<br />The major component in the extract of caraway was carvon with a share of 43.98%. The basil<br />extract contained estragol (methyl cavicol) in the highest percentage (86.72%), while<br />carvacrol (34.20%) and carvon (18.05%) were major components of the oregano extract. As for<br />the essential oil of onion, dimethyl trisulphide, methyl propyl trisulphide, dimethyl tetrasulfid,<br />diethyl-1, 2, 4-tritiolan, methyl-(1-propenyl)-trisulphide, and methyl-(1-propenyl) &ndash; disulfide<br />constituted the largest share. The major components isolated in garlic essential oil were<br />diallyl disulfide, diallyl-trisulphide, allyl methyl trisulphide and allyl methyl disulfide.<br />The concentration of the caraway extract of 0.35 mL/100mL exhibited fungicidal effect (MFC)<br />on C. cladosporioides, while the concentration of 0.70 mL/100mL completely inhibited the<br />growth of A. carbonarius, A. wentii, E. nidulans, Eurotium spp., C. cladosporioides, P.<br />glabrum, P. brevicopmactum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides. The same concentration<br />showed the inhibitory effect (MIC) on the growth of P. chrysogenum and P. aurantiogriseum.<br />The poorest effect of the caraway extract was expressed on the growth of A. niger, A.<br />versicolor, F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum.<br />The basil extract application in the concentration of 0.70 mL/100mL showed fungicidal effects<br />(MFC) on the growth of C. cladosporioides. The concentration of 1.50 mL/100mL completely<br />inhibited (MFC) the growth of A. wentii, A. versicolor, E. nidulans, E. herbariorum, E.<br />chevalierii, E. rubrum, P. chrysogenum and Fusarim spp. The poorest effect of the basil<br />extract was exhibited on A. niger, A. carbonarius, P. aurantiogriseum, E. amstelodami, P.<br />glabrum and P. brevicompactum.<br />The oregano extract showed the weakest growth inhibition influence on all of the tested<br />moulds. The application of this extract in the concentration of 1.50 mL/100mL was fungicidal<br />(MFC) to E. rubrum. The concentration of 2.50 mL/100mL showed fungicidal effects (MFC) on<br />the growth of E. rubrum, E. herbariorum, A. wentii, C. cladosporioides and P. aurantiogriseum<br />and inhibitory effects (MIC) on E. nidulans, E. chevalieri, E. amstelodami, P. glabrum and P.<br />brevicompactum. The weakest effect of this extract was expressed on the growth of A. niger,<br />A. carbonarius, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and P. chrysogenum.<br />Onion essential oil showed a significantly stronger antifungal effect on the tested moulds in<br />comparison to garlic essential oil. While the concentration of 14.0 mL/100mL of garlic oil had a<br />fungicidal effect on E. rubrum, E. chevalieri and C. cladosporioides, the same concentration<br />of onion oil was also fungicidal to E. herbariorum and E. amstelodami. With an exception of A.<br />niger and P. aurantiogriseum, the concentration that showed a fungicidal effect on the<br />remaining moulds equalled 28.0 mL/100mL.<br />Some of the tested mixtures of basil with caraway, basil with oregano, oregano with caraway,<br />and essential oils of onion and garlic, showed a synergistic effect on the growth inhibition of<br />A. wentii, E. herbariorum, F. verticilllioides and P. aurantiogriseum with the FIC index ranging<br />from 0.63 to 0.97.<br />Apart from the inhibitory effect on the mould colony growth, the spices extracts and the<br />essential oils of onion and garlic also caused changes in the macro- and micro- morphology<br />of the moulds.<br />Complete inhibition of the growth of A. versicolor and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis was<br />achieved at a concentration of 0.20 mL/100mL of the extract of caraway and oregano in the<br />period of 21 days. At this concentration the basil extract delayed the sterigmatocystin<br />biosynthesis by 88.73% while the mould growth was inhibited by 52.56%. Mixtures containing</p><p>75% of the caraway extract and 25% of the basil extract completely inhibited the mould<br />growth and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in YES broth during 21 days of incubation.<br />The concentrations of 5.0 m L/100mL (onion essential oil) and 10.0 m L/100mL (garlic essential<br />oil) applied in a mixture containing 1.50 mL/100mL of onion and 0.50 mL/100mL of garlic<br />essential oil were necessary for a complete inhibition of the growth of A. versicolor and<br />sterigmatocystin biosynthesis.<br />The addition of the mixture of caraway and basil extracts (0.35 mL/100mL of caraway + 0.70<br />mL/100mL of basil) to fresh shredded cabbage influenced the reduction of initial mould<br />contamination by 93.9%. This was accompanied by the occurrence of acceptable more<br />intense flavour and slight discoloration.<br />The defined mathematical model for comparing the effects of extracts and essential oils on<br />the growth of moulds can be applied in establishing inhibition matrices and optimisation of<br />the time and the concentration of antifungal agents.<br />The obtained results on the antifungal effects of the spices extracts and onion and garlic<br />essential oils can be beneficial for improving the antifungal protection of food and reducing<br />the mycotoxin biosynthesis as well as the overall damage caused by the action of moulds.</p>