Orientadores: Rosana de Fátima Possobon, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T03:24:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_LualeLeao_D.pdf: 1787266 bytes, checksum: 2462e51df97412a947920a0fe6605173 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Considerando o crescente interesse da odontologia em conceber a saúde bucal para além do paradigma biomédico, visando atender aos preceitos do modelo biopsicossocial e de prevenção e promoção da saúde, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar comportamentos em saúde bucal e variáveis biopsicossociais que permeiam a saúde bucal em escolares. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidas três análises baseadas em levantamento epidemiológico observacional com delineamento transversal, que apresentou os seguintes objetivos específicos: 1. Avaliar as variáveis de desfecho frequência de consultas odontológicas e prevalência de cárie, investigando sua associação com variáveis psicossociais e nível socioeconômico; 2. Investigar a ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico nos escolares, e testar associações entre a ansiedade, condições clínicas odontológicas, variáveis psicossociais e socioeconômicas; 3. Avaliar a existência de associações entre odontalgia e fatores socioeconômicas, condições de saúde bucal e variáveis psicossociais. Para o estudo 1 e 2, a amostra foi composta por de 532 escolares de 15 anos de idade, provenientes de escolas públicas estaduais de Piracicaba, São Paulo. Para o estudo 3, a amostra contou com 592 escolares. Foram coletados dados clínicos relativo a presença de cárie dentária, avaliada pelo índice CPOD segundo recomendações da OMS, e sangramento gengival. Informações relativas à ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico foram coletadas por questionário validado para população brasileira. Os escolares também responderam a questões referentes ao acesso do adolescente a consultas odontológicas, aos comportamentos de higiene bucal, ao motivo de última consulta odontológica, à ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico, à coesão e à adaptabilidade familiar e à alimentação do adolescente em ambiente escolar. Os pais ou responsáveis pelos adolescentes responderam às questões sobre o nível socioeconômico. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva, teste qui-quadrado, Odds Ratio e regressão de Poisson. Em relação ao estudo 1, controlando variáveis confundidoras, observou-se que a baixa higiene bucal diária, renda familiar menor que três salários, mais que quatro pessoas residentes na mesma habitação e alta ansiedade odontológica foram associadas à baixa frequência de consultas odontológicas. A presença de dente cariado foi associada à baixa frequência de consultas odontológicas e a presença de dentes obturados foi associado à alta frequência de consultas e ao gênero feminino. A experiência de cárie associou-se à baixa higiene bucal diária, à alta frequência de consultas odontológicas e pai com até 8 anos de escolaridade. Para o estudo 2, verificou-se que a baixa frequência de consultas odontológicas e a baixa frequência de higiene bucal foram estatisticamente associados à ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico dos adolescentes. No estudo 3, a odontalgia foi associada à baixa renda familiar, ao maior número de pessoas residentes no mesmo domicílio, a baixa frequência de escovação diária, à baixa frequência de consultas odontológicas, ao maior tempo da última consulta odontológica, à ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico, ao consumo de alimentos cariogênicos em ambiente escolar, à experiência de cárie e à presença de dente cariado. Conclui-se que a frequência de consultas odontológicas e cárie dentária associaram a variáveis socioeconômicas e psicossociais (Capítulo 1). Além disso, a ansiedade frente ao tratamento odontológico foi associada a frequência de consulta e comportamento de higiene bucal (Capítulo 2). Já a odontalgia associou-se a fatores socioeconômico, a variáveis psicossociais e a condições clínicas bucais (Capítulo 3), demonstrando a importância da avaliação de variáveis comportamentais e psicossociais em aspectos relacionados à saúde bucal em escolares. A associação estabelecida entre estas variáveis indica a importância de uma abordagem biopsicossocial de atenção em saúde, com atuação centrada no adolescente e em seu âmbito familiar / Abstract: Considering the interest to con in designing oral health beyond the biomedical paradigm, meeting biopsychosocial model¿s precepts and prevention and health promotion, this study aimed to assess oral health behavior and biopsychosocial variables that permeate oral health in adolescents. Thus, three analyzes were developed based on observational epidemiological survey with cross-sectional design, which presented the following specific objectives. 1. To assess the frequency of dental visits and oral health, investigating its association with psychosocial variables, and socioeconomic status; 2. To investigate dental anxiety, and test associations between oral health, psychosocial and socioeconomic factors; 3. To assess the association between toothache, socioeconomic factors, oral health status and psychosocial variables. For the study 1 and 2, the sample involved 532 15-year-old adolescents from public schools in Piracicaba, São Paulo. For the study 3, the sample consisted of 592 students. We collected clinical data on dental caries, assessed by DMFT index according to WHO recommendations. Information concerning dental anxiety was collected by a validated questionnaire. The students also answered questions regarding adolescent access to dental visits, oral hygiene, reason for last dental visit, dental anxiety, family cohesion and adaptability and adolescents¿ food intake. Parents answered the socioeconomic status questionnaire. Data analysis were performed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, odds ratio and Poisson regression. Regarding the study 1, controlling variables, low oral hygiene, low family income, more than four persons living in the same house and high dental anxiety were associated with low frequency of dental visits. Decayed teeth were associated with a low frequency of dental visits. Filled teeth was associated with a high frequency of dental visits and the female. Caries experience was associated with low oral hygiene, high frequency of dental visits and father with more than 8 years of schooling. For the second study, it was found that low frequency of dental visits and low oral hygiene was statistically associated with dental anxiety. In study 3, toothache was associated with low family income, more than four persons living in the same house, low oral hygiene, low frequency of dental visits, high dental anxiety, consumption of cariogenic foods, caries experience and decayed teeth. We conclude that the frequency of dental visits and oral health associated the socioeconomic and psychosocial variables (Chapter 1). In addition, dental anxiety was associated with frequency of dental visits and oral hygiene behavior (Chapter 2). Toothache was associated with socioeconomic factors, psychosocial variables and oral health status (Chapter 3), demonstrating the importance of behavioral and psychosocial variables in aspects that relates to oral health in school. The association established between these variables indicates the importance of a biopsychosocial approach, with activities centered on the adolescent and their family environment / Doutorado / Saude Coletiva / Doutora em Odontologia

MPH / Department of Public Health

On t.p.: Degree MSc Dental Science (Community Dentistry) / Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this review was to investigate the management of oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients and to evaluate the different guidelines that are available for its management. To achieve this aim, three objectives were identified: (i) to identify and report on the different interventions used to manage oral candidiasis, in patients with HIV/AIDS, (ii) to determine the efficacy of these interventions, and (iii) to provide guidelines for management. A thorough systematic search of the literature was carried out and all relevant papers were graded into three levels of evidence (A, B, and C) and scored for quality according to set criteria. A number of topical and systemic antifungal medications are used to treat oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. These include the poleyne antibiotics, nystatin and amphotericin B. Milder episodes of oral candidiasis respond to topical therapy with nystatin, clotrimazole troches or oral ketoconazole. Fluconazole has been extensively evaluated as a treatment for candidiasis. With HIV-infection, a cure rate of 82% has been achieved with a daily oral dose of 50 mg. Fluconazole was found to be a better choice of treatment for relapsing oropharyngeal candidiasis, resulting in either better cure rates or better prevention of relapse. Intravenous amphotericin B has been found to be effective therapy in azole refractory candidiasis where it was shown to be safe and well tolerated. Topical therapies were found to be effective treatment for uncomplicated oropharyngeal candidiasis, however patients relapsed more quickly than those treated with oral systemic antifungal therapy. Overall, nystatin appears less effective than clotrimazole and the azoles in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis. With regard to the resolution of clinical symptoms, clotrimazole was found to be just as effective as the azoles, except when patient compliance was poor. Fluconazole-treated patients were more likely to remain disease-free during the fluconazole follow-up period than with those treated with other interventions. Relatively few studies were qualified to address the provision of guidelines for the management of oral candidiasis in primary health care settings. Most of the studies found were of moderate and low quality level of evidence. These studies included the assessment of different guidelines for identification, treatment and dental needs. They stressed that patients with HN need dentists who will act as primary health care providers, together with other providers to ensure adequate overall care. Given the level of interest and importance of candidiasis associated with treatment of HN -positive patients, it is surprising to find that little high quality research has been undertaken. As such, it is hoped that this review would provide researchers, oral health care workers and other health care providers with an overview of the management of oral candidiasis associated with HN/AIDS. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelstelling van die oorsig was om ondersoek in te stel na die hantering van orale kandidiase in HIV/AIDS pasiënte asook om die verskillende beskikbare riglyne vir die behandeling daarvan te evalueer. Ter verwesenliking van hierdie doelstelling is drie doelwitte geïdentifiseer: (i) om die intervensies wat gebruik word in die hantering van orale kandidiase behandeling te identifiseer, (ii) om die effektiwiteit van hierdie intervensies te identifiseer en (iii) om op grond hiervan riglyne vir die hantering voor te stel. 'n Sistematiese literatuursoektog is uitgevoer en alle relevante artikels is in drie groepe geklassifiseer (A, B en C) op grond van die data kwaliteit. 'n Verskeidenheid topikale en sistemiese antifungale middels word gebruik om orale kandidiase in HIV-positiewe pasiënte te behandel. 'n Sukseskoers van 82% is met die gebruik van 'n daaglikse dosis van 50 mg medikament gerapporteer. Fluconazole was die beter keuse van middel vir die behandeling van terugkerende orofaringeale kandidiase. Topikale behandeling was effektief in die behandeling van ongekompliseerde orofaringeale kandidiase, hoewel die kans op terugkeer van die toestand groter was as met die sistemiese middels. Pasiënte wat met flukonasool behandel is, het 'n groter kans gehad om siektevry te bly vergeleke met pasiënte op die ander intervensies. Meeste van die studies was van middelmatige tot lae kwaliteit en gevolglik was dit moeilik om behandelingsriglyne te stel. Wat egter wel duidelik is, is dat HIV pasiënte primêre mondsorg benodig wat saam met ander versorging omvattende sorg sal verseker.

Lifelong learning for adults has almost become compulsory for the maintenance of employability. In the South African context, The National Plan for Higher Education advocated an increase of adult learners entering higher education to facilitate lifelong learning. This study will focus on adult learners returning to institutions of higher education on a full-time basis. The study will determine factors that motivate adults to enter the learning environment, and it will identify inhibitors and contributors during their studies. A qualitative research design has been employed. Analysis of data collected by open-ended questionnaires and in-depth interviews indicated that the motivation to return to higher education was mainly personal and career driven. Students reported on situational, dispositional, and institutional inhibitors they experienced and had to overcome. Contributors identified included various support systems. Recommendations are made in view of the results of the empirical study to assist institutions of higher education in South Africa to meet the unique needs of the adult learner. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Adult Education)

Lifelong learning for adults has almost become compulsory for the maintenance of employability. In the South African context, The National Plan for Higher Education advocated an increase of adult learners entering higher education to facilitate lifelong learning. This study will focus on adult learners returning to institutions of higher education on a full-time basis. The study will determine factors that motivate adults to enter the learning environment, and it will identify inhibitors and contributors during their studies. A qualitative research design has been employed. Analysis of data collected by open-ended questionnaires and in-depth interviews indicated that the motivation to return to higher education was mainly personal and career driven. Students reported on situational, dispositional, and institutional inhibitors they experienced and had to overcome. Contributors identified included various support systems. Recommendations are made in view of the results of the empirical study to assist institutions of higher education in South Africa to meet the unique needs of the adult learner. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Adult Education)

No / Aims and objectives To (1) investigate the organisation, provision and practice of oral care in typical UK stroke units; (2) explore stroke survivors', carers' and healthcare professionals' experiences and perceptions about the barriers and facilitators to receiving and undertaking oral care in stroke units. Cerebrovascular disease and oral health are major global health concerns. Little is known about the provision, challenges and practice of oral care in the stroke unit setting, and there are currently no evidence-based practice guidelines. Design Cross-sectional survey of 11 stroke units across Greater Manchester and descriptive qualitative study using focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Methods A self-report questionnaire was used to survey 11 stroke units in Greater Manchester. Data were then collected through two focus groups (n = 10) with healthcare professionals and five semi-structured interviews with stroke survivors and carers. Focus group and interview data were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using framework approach. Results Eleven stroke units in Greater Manchester responded to the survey. Stroke survivors and carers identified a lack of oral care practice and enablement by healthcare professionals. Healthcare professionals identified a lack of formal training to conduct oral care for stroke patients, inconsistency in the delivery of oral care and no set protocols or use of formal oral assessment tools. Conclusion Oral care post-stroke could be improved by increasing healthcare professionals' awareness, understanding and knowledge of the potential health benefits of oral care post-stroke. Further research is required to develop and evaluate the provision of oral care in stroke care to inform evidence-based education and practice.