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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Effects of the Political Landscape on Social Movement Organization Tactical Choices

Swalboski, Jennifer Marie 01 August 2012 (has links)
The majority of sociological research on social movement tactics and strategies has focused on how theories of resource mobilization and dynamic political opportunities affect the innovation of tactics and types of tactics used. Relatively few studies have explored the roles of institutional, cultural, and political contexts in determining why social movement leaders choose certain tactics. This research study examines lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) social movement organizations (SMO) that are pursuing institutional advocacy. Specifically, it is a comparative case study of how tactics of LGBT organizations in Minnesota and Utah are affected by contested and conservative political landscapes, respectively. The concept of political landscapes was developed and includes three core components: the institutional structure of the political system, the sociocultural context, and dynamic political opportunities. Data was collected from 16 semi-structured interviews of LGBT SMO leaders. Secondary data was also collected by examining public records, newspapers, magazines, and organizational websites. The results from this study suggest that dynamic political opportunities are embedded in the larger institutional and sociocultural contexts. In Minnesota, the combination of a more open and competitive political system and a more diverse Christian presence and ethnically diverse urban areas have resulted in the use of tactics that are much more open and direct. Specifically, LGBT SMOs in Minnesota use tactics such as only endorsing candidates publicly, focusing on building a broad bipartisan base of sponsors for LGBT legislation, working with other SMOs to create large coalitions, using a frame that is all-encompassing of movement goals, and building a large, grassroots movement. By contrast, the closed and conservative political system and a dominant religion in Utah have resulted in more private, compromising, and behind-the-scenes tactics. LGBT SMOs in Utah tactics include using both public and private political endorsements, good-cop bad-cop organizations, delegate trainings, and frame alignment with the conservative culture.
2

Análise das estratégias de movimento adotadas durante a realização de manuseio de carga.

Carregaro, Rodrigo Luiz 02 February 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRLC.pdf: 4124701 bytes, checksum: 7ad00279ff99c72a1e55ee44b80f553a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-02 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Despite recent technological advances, occupational activities of manual nature are still essential in many sectors and industries. Such activities impose risky conditions, which are inherent to its nature and can be responsible for musculoskeletal injuries. In addiction, the complexity and the interaction of risk factors, many still not comprehended, that act together during the performance of manual material handlings confer challenges and stimulations to the preventive approach. In this way, two main studies (Studies I and II) and two unfolding studies had been carried through. The main studies contextualized the hamstrings flexibility and its influence on the performance of occupational tasks. The objectives of Study I had been to compare the results of two clinical tests used to evaluate hamstrings flexibility and to evaluate the reliability of the photogrammetric procedure adopted for the analysis. The fingertip-to-floor test and straight leg raise test were applied in 35 healthy male subjects. Based on tests results, subjects were divided into two groups: normal and reduced flexibility. Superficial anatomical landmarks were fixed on bony references by means of manual palpation in order to permit the tracing of the hip, thoracic-lumbar, leg, knee and tibio-tarsal angles. The student t test was applied to evaluate the differences between the two groups, for each variable. Findings showed that hip angle was significant lower at the reduced flexibility group and that the straight leg raise test was more sensible for detecting subjects with reduced flexibility. The aim of Study II was to evaluate the influence of hamstrings flexibility on the movement strategy of the trunk and pelvis adopted by healthy subjects during the performance of the manual handling. Subjects were divided into two groups, based on the straight leg raise test. A JVC digital camera with a sampling of 50 frames/second and positioned perpendicularly to the sagittal plane of the subjects was used to register the activity. The cross-correlation coefficient was used to quantify movement patterns relationship between groups, and the student t test applied to the movement variables in order to determine differences between groups. The results had demonstrated that subjects with reduced flexibility used a lesser pelvic amplitude and bigger amplitudes of the trunk during handling. Still, subjects with reduced flexibility adopted a retroverted movement of the pelvis, without great alterations during the activity. The unfolding studies contextualized the comparison of the strategies adopted by subjects with experience in load handling activities and inexperienced individuals. The Study III had as objective to evaluate the manual handling performed by 16 experienced subjects and 15 inexperienced ones. It was used a flexible electrogoniometer to measure trunk movements and the University of Michigan 3D software to estimate the intradiscal compression in L5/S1 during the handling. The normalized movement patterns were evaluated and the coefficient of variation was applied to quantify the variability of this movement. The student t test determined the differences between variables. Results pointed out to great variability of adopted postures. Smaller amplitudes of flexion had been found, but bigger amplitudes of trunk extension when the loads were deposited, respectively, in low and high surfaces for experienced individuals. Experienced subjects presented lower intradiscal compression during box deposition and the lowering task was characterized by the highest intradiscal compression. Study IV aimed to compare manual handling strategies adopted by experienced and inexperienced subjects with relation to the positioning of the feet and trunk during lowering and inclination of the box during lowering and lifting activities. Ten experienced workers and 10 subjects without professional experience with the handling activity had been selected. The manual handling carried out between different heights was filmed. By means of one edition software, the images referring to the instant of 50% of the task had been selected and used to classify the postures and to measure the inclination of the box. An ANOVA with 3 factors was used to evaluate the inclination of the box with relation to the experience, handled load and type of handling (lifting and lowering). The results had indicated that subjects with professional experience adopted strategies characterized by biggest inclination of the box and adoption of balanced postures of the trunk, with widening of the support base. Professional experience determined the adoption of different movement strategies, when compared to inexperienced ones, in response to task conditions. However, other studies are suggested in order to determine if such strategies were protective or risky ones. The results presented in this dissertation raise the hypothesis that hamstrings flexibility is a risk factor for the increase of trunk overload, during the performance of manual material handling. / Apesar dos recentes avanços tecnológicos, as atividades ocupacionais de natureza manual ainda são imprescindíveis e amplamente utilizadas em muitos setores e indústrias. Tais atividades impõem condições de risco, que são inerentes à sua natureza e podem ser responsáveis por lesões músculo-esqueléticas. Em adição, a complexidade e a interação de fatores de risco, muitos ainda não totalmente compreendidos, que atuam em conjunto durante a realização do manuseio de materiais conferem desafios e estímulos à abordagem preventiva. Deste modo, foram realizados dois estudos principais e dois estudos decorrentes das pesquisas direcionadas ao estudo do manuseio de carga. Os estudos principais (Estudos I e II) contextualizam a flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais e sua influência na performance de tarefas ocupacionais. Os objetivos do Estudo I foram comparar os resultados de dois testes clínicos utilizados para avaliar a flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais e avaliar a confiabilidade do procedimento fotogramétrico utilizado. Os testes de Dedos ao Chão e Elevação dos Membros Inferiores (MMII) em Extensão foram aplicados em 35 sujeitos sadios do gênero masculino. Com base nos resultados dos testes, os sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos: flexibilidade normal e reduzida. Marcadores superficiais refletivos foram fixados em referências ósseas por meio da palpação para permitir o traçado dos ângulos do quadril, tóraco-lombar, perna, joelho e tíbio-tarsico. Aplicou-se o teste t de student para avaliar as diferenças de cada variável entre os dois grupos. Os achados demonstraram que o ângulo do quadril foi significativamente menor no grupo com flexibilidade reduzida e o teste de Elevação dos MMII foi mais sensível para detectar sujeitos com redução de flexibilidade. O objetivo do Estudo II foi avaliar a influência da flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais na estratégia de movimento do tronco e pelve adotada por sujeitos sadios durante a realização do manuseio de carga. Os sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos, com base na aplicação do teste de Elevação dos MMII. Uma câmera digital JVC com amostragem de 50 quadros/segundo e posicionada perpendicularmente ao plano sagital dos sujeitos foi utilizada para registrar a atividade. O coeficiente de correlação cruzada foi utilizado para quantificar a relação dos padrões de movimento entre os grupos, e o teste t de student aplicado nas variáveis de movimento para determinar as diferenças entre grupos. Os resultados indicaram que sujeitos com flexibilidade reduzida utilizaram uma menor amplitude pélvica e uma maior amplitude do tronco durante o manuseio. Ainda, sujeitos com flexibilidade reduzida adotam movimento em retroversão da pelve, sem grandes alterações ao longo da atividade. Os desdobramentos (Estudos III e IV) contextualizaram a comparação das estratégias adotadas por sujeitos com experiência no manuseio de cargas e por indivíduos inexperientes em tais atividades. O Estudo III teve como objetivo avaliar o manuseio realizado por 16 sujeitos experientes e 15 inexperientes. Utilizou-se um eletrogoniômetro flexível para mensurar o movimento da coluna e o programa 3D da Universidade de Michigan para estimar a compressão intradiscal em L5/S1 durante o manuseio. Foram avaliados os padrões de movimento normalizados e o coeficiente de variação foi aplicado para quantificar a variabilidade deste movimento. O teste t de student foi aplicado na determinação das diferenças para as variáveis em estudo. Os resultados apontam para uma grande variabilidade de posturas adotadas. Foram encontradas menores amplitudes de flexão, mas maiores amplitudes de extensão da coluna quando as cargas eram depositadas, respectivamente, em superfícies baixas e altas para indivíduos experientes. Sujeitos experientes apresentaram menores valores de compressão intradiscal durante a deposição da caixa e a atividade de abaixamento com 15kg foi caracterizada por maior sobrecarga intradiscal. O Estudo IV teve como objetivos comparar as estratégias de manuseio realizadas por sujeitos experientes e inexperientes com relação ao posicionamento dos pés e tronco durante atividade de abaixamento e de inclinação da carga no levantamento e abaixamento. Foram selecionados 10 trabalhadores experientes e 10 sujeitos sem experiência profissional com o manuseio de cargas. O manuseio realizado entre diferentes alturas foi filmado. Por meio de um programa de edição, as imagens referentes ao instante de 50% da tarefa foram selecionadas e utilizadas para classificar as posturas e mensurar a inclinação da caixa. Utilizou-se uma ANOVA com 3 fatores para avaliar a inclinação da carga com relação à experiência, carga manuseada e tipo de manuseio (levantamento e abaixamento). Os resultados indicaram que sujeitos com experiência profissional do manuseio adotaram estratégias caracterizadas pela maior inclinação da caixa e adoção de posturas mais equilibradas do tronco, com afastamento dos pés. A experiência profissional parece determinar a adoção de estratégias de movimento diferentes do grupo inexperiente, em resposta às condições da atividade. Entretanto, novos estudos são sugeridos com o intuito de determinar se tais estratégias foram protetoras ou de risco. Ainda, o conjunto de resultados apresentados na dissertação levanta a hipótese de que a flexibilidade dos isquiotibiais seja um fator de risco para o aumento de sobrecarga na coluna, durante a realização do manuseio de materiais.

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